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Energy Security and Just Transition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "C: Energy Economics and Policy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 12650

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: mining technologies; mining machines; magnetics; spraying system; mining hazards; heat pipes; energy storage
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The present geopolitical situation is characterized by a multi-dimensional image typical of a global conflict, which takes place on many differentiated planes. Not only does this situation cause a destabilization of all the strategic directions of the countries’ activities, it is also a hazard to the energy security of Poland and of the European community.

The key hazardous factors of energy security have been identified on the markets of raw materials outside our borders and they are reflected in dynamically increasing prices of hard coal, earth gas and crude oil, as well as in a limited supply of these raw materials on markets.

It is urgent not only to discuss the need to redefine the country's energy policy in the context of reducing dependence on imported raw materials and the use of natural gas as a transition fuel, but also to present and accelerate the implementation of many solutions within the fields of conventional energy and renewable energy sources, which will enable an increase in energy stability and improvement in the flexibility of the national power system.

The process, which is related to decarbonisation, has already started and it is not possible to back a considerable number of activities; however, taking advantage of the funds and mechanisms of the Just Transition programmes and solutions, supporting energy transition and the development of renewable sources of energy brought on by the development and implementation of systematic solutions using unattractive, from the point of view of industrial activity, post-mining areas for an efficient and economically justified integration of dissipated power system with the electro-energy system should also be discussed.

The transformation of the European economy towards a greener and more climate-friendly one is one of the most important tasks defined by the European Union. However, this is a particular challenge for mining regions in terms of technological, social and economic challenges. The transformation process also includes the liquidation of underground workings and the development of an infrastructure surface and a number of indispensable activities aimed at the restitution of the natural environment and protection of mine areas against hazards that may occur after the end of operation. Therefore, this infrastructure should be used to achieve the objectives of Just Transition because it also generates an opportunity to invest in renewable energy sources and create new markets related to green energy, energy storage and sustainable transport. Finally, Just Transition also forms an opportunity to revitalize urban and natural areas and to repair the damage caused as a result of intensive exploitation of mineral deposits.

Despite the decline in hard coal and lignite production related to the energy transformation across Europe, the mining industry still needs modern machinery and equipment. Due to the descent to ever bigger depths of extraction and the associated increase in natural hazards, the mining sector needs intelligent and increasingly automated technical solutions. In the coming years, hard coal mines may become important participants of the so-called Revolution 4.0, popularizing, inter alia, intelligent ICT systems and automating subsequent elements of production processes. The intelligent mine is to be characterized by state-of-the-art solutions that translate into a higher efficiency and an increase in miners' work safety, enabling them to be separated from particularly dangerous work places.

The main objectives of this conference are an active discussion and exchange of experience in the field of activities involved in Just Transition, and the development of solutions supporting the energy transformation, along with the development of renewable energy sources and scenarios for guaranteeing energy security. It also aims to collect the latest scientific, research and technical achievements in the field of transformation of the mining sector, with a particular emphasis on the issues of Just Transition, Green Deal and the exchange of knowledge and experience in the use of innovative techniques and technologies, as well as the presentation of the latest offers of machinery and equipment manufacturers. Every year, this conference contributes to the integration of the scientific community with industry representatives, becoming an excellent forum for discussion and traditionally gathering a large group of participants.

Dr. Dariusz Prostański
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • shaft transportation 
  • horizontal transport 
  • powered roof supports 
  • longwall mining
  • roadway systems 
  • run-of-mine transportation 
  • transportation of people in mine undergrounds 
  • automation and robotization of mining processes 
  • forecasting of natural hazards 
  • elimination of mine hazards 
  • mine management system
  • machines monitoring and diagnostics 
  • driving systems
  • hydraulic and pneumatic systems
  • heat pipes 
  • magnetic brakes 
  • mining electrotechnical 
  • electromobility 
  • energy management 
  • energy storage
  • sustainable transformation of post-mining regions 
  • accident analysis 
  • mineral resources 
  • REEs 
  • methane

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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29 pages, 5309 KiB  
Article
Functionality of Bearings in the Shafts of a Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine
by Stanisław Szweda, Grzegorz Głuszek, Marek Szyguła, Wojciech Grzegorzek, Daniel Adamecki, Jarosław Mikuła and Stanisław Mikuła
Energies 2024, 17(20), 5189; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205189 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 673
Abstract
The article contains a description of the design solutions proposed by the authors for a hybrid wind turbine bearing, in which the sliding part takes over the load to the turbine shaft after reaching the shaft rotation speed, ensuring hydrodynamic lubrication of the [...] Read more.
The article contains a description of the design solutions proposed by the authors for a hybrid wind turbine bearing, in which the sliding part takes over the load to the turbine shaft after reaching the shaft rotation speed, ensuring hydrodynamic lubrication of the plain bearing and relieving the rolling bearing. This allows for low starting resistance of the power plant and ensures quiet operation during use. Two conceptual solutions of a hybrid bearing were presented, differing in the shape of the plain bearing journal. A mechanism for automatic switching of the load between a rolling and a plain bearing was developed. A solid simulation model of this mechanism was built in the Autodesk Inventor—Dynamic Simulation software Inventor Professional 2023 environment, and its operation was simulated. The results confirmed the usefulness of using this design in shaft-bearing systems of wind turbines with a vertical axis of rotation. Based on the simulation, the speed at which the thrust roller bearing will be released was determined. Technical parameters of a plain bearing with a spherical journal shape were calculated. The height of the lubrication gap and the shaft rotational speed at which the bearing load capacity index reaches a critical value were determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Security and Just Transition)
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16 pages, 7619 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Risk of the Loss of Supply, the Recycling Rate and the Degree of Substitutability of Elements in the NdFeB Magnets of a Small Wind Farm Generator
by Rafał Baron, Daniel Kowol, Piotr Matusiak, Marcin Lutyński and Katarzyna Nowińska
Energies 2024, 17(3), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030671 - 31 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1083
Abstract
Existing shortages on the market of critical and strategic raw materials and problems with the supply chain of selected raw materials, mainly those from China, indicate the need to develop recycling technologies for devices containing the above-mentioned materials. The aim of this work [...] Read more.
Existing shortages on the market of critical and strategic raw materials and problems with the supply chain of selected raw materials, mainly those from China, indicate the need to develop recycling technologies for devices containing the above-mentioned materials. The aim of this work should be to ensure a sustainable supply of raw materials for industry in the EU. One potential source of raw materials may be small-power wind turbine generators equipped with permanent magnets (NdFeB). This research allowed for the development of a methodology for disassembling a generator containing NdFeB magnets in order to determine the shares of individual elements. Due to the significant shares of critical and strategic elements in permanent magnets, a detailed economic analysis was carried out. Based on the research results, economic benefits resulting from the recovery of valuable elements were indicated. The significant market value of critical and strategic raw materials contained in neodymium magnets was demonstrated. The risk of the loss of supplies, the recycling rate and the possibility of replacing the elements in permanent magnets were assessed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Security and Just Transition)
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13 pages, 4960 KiB  
Article
Monitoring the Geometry of Powered Roof Supports—Determination of Measurement Accuracy
by Dariusz Jasiulek, Marcin Skóra, Jerzy Jagoda, Jerzy Jura, Joanna Rogala-Rojek and Mariusz Hetmańczyk
Energies 2023, 16(23), 7710; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237710 - 22 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 789
Abstract
This paper presents a system for measuring the geometry of powered roof support sections (Shield Support Monitoring System, SSMS). The problem of measuring the geometry of powered roof support sections for the purpose of predicting geological hazards during the rock excavation process is [...] Read more.
This paper presents a system for measuring the geometry of powered roof support sections (Shield Support Monitoring System, SSMS). The problem of measuring the geometry of powered roof support sections for the purpose of predicting geological hazards during the rock excavation process is presented. Information on the construction and implementation of the SSMS and research at the Budryk Mine is included. The research aimed to evaluate both the precision and accuracy of the measurement apparatus created, as well as to examine how operating conditions affect the system’s usability. An analysis of inclinometer measurement errors in the prototype system was conducted during in situ tests, demonstrating minimal scattering and high sensor accuracy according to the provided data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Security and Just Transition)
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14 pages, 5389 KiB  
Article
Wind Power Plants and Selected Technical and Economic Aspects of Their Construction on Mine Heaps
by Krzysztof Kaczmarczyk, Piotr Dobrzaniecki, Mariusz Woszczyński, Dominik Bałaga, Kamil Szewerda and Andrzej Dymarek
Energies 2023, 16(19), 6827; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196827 - 26 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1138
Abstract
As a result of energy transformation and decarbonization, the production of hard coal and lignite mining plants is gradually being phased out. Mine heaps, i.e., mine waste heaps, created as a result of the operation of these plants, are not attractive as land [...] Read more.
As a result of energy transformation and decarbonization, the production of hard coal and lignite mining plants is gradually being phased out. Mine heaps, i.e., mine waste heaps, created as a result of the operation of these plants, are not attractive as land for housing, for the construction of production plants, or for agriculture. One of the most advantageous ways of recultivating these areas is using them as a place for the installation of renewable energy sources. In the case of post-mining heaps, it seems natural to use photovoltaics and wind turbines due to the artificial elevation of the terrain. This issue was analysed within the RFCS project SUMAD (Sustainable Use of Mining Waste Heaps). Experts from various countries and scientific disciplines analysed possible scenarios for the mine heaps’ management, with a special attention to geotechnical, environmental and socio-economic challenges. This article discusses one of the variants, namely the possibility of constructing the wind turbines on mining heaps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Security and Just Transition)
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22 pages, 13739 KiB  
Article
Wireless Capacitive Energy Transfer System for Mining Applications—Preliminary Results
by Marcin Skóra, Piotr Hylla, Krzysztof Stankiewicz, Bartosz Polnik, Marcin Kasprzak, Zbigniew Kaczmarczyk, Kamil Kierepka and Krzysztof Przybyła
Energies 2023, 16(17), 6120; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176120 - 22 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1005
Abstract
This paper presents preliminary tests on a capacitively coupled wireless energy-transfer system (C-WET). Significant emphasis has been placed on discerning the fundamental characteristics of the system. This allowed the simulation model to be refined and the parameters of the physical prototype to be [...] Read more.
This paper presents preliminary tests on a capacitively coupled wireless energy-transfer system (C-WET). Significant emphasis has been placed on discerning the fundamental characteristics of the system. This allowed the simulation model to be refined and the parameters of the physical prototype to be fine-tuned. Then, start-up tests of the prototype of the power supply system were presented, up to about 25% of the rated power. Selected simulation and laboratory test results are presented and directions for further work are set. The system is envisaged for underground mining applications, and the work is being carried out as part of the HEET II (High-Efficiency Energy Transfer) project, funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Security and Just Transition)
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18 pages, 14731 KiB  
Article
Determining and Verifying the Operating Parameters of Suppression Nozzles for Belt Conveyor Drives
by Dominik Bałaga, Marek Kalita, Michał Siegmund, Krzysztof Nieśpiałowski, Sławomir Bartoszek, Piotr Bortnowski, Maksymilian Ozdoba, Andrzej Walentek and Bożena Gajdzik
Energies 2023, 16(16), 6077; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166077 - 20 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1380
Abstract
Drives in belt conveyors are critical components of the conveyor system, susceptible to various factors that can cause disruptions and energy losses. In underground mining conditions, the risk of drive fires is particularly hazardous. Therefore, it is necessary to develop highly effective fire [...] Read more.
Drives in belt conveyors are critical components of the conveyor system, susceptible to various factors that can cause disruptions and energy losses. In underground mining conditions, the risk of drive fires is particularly hazardous. Therefore, it is necessary to develop highly effective fire suppression systems. However, there are no guidelines for designing such systems. This study presents a methodology for selecting and verifying the fire suppression systems for belt conveyor drives. The proposed AMIGA system for extinguishing fires on underground coal mine conveyor belts, incorporating spraying and water mist installations, is supported by a theoretical calculation methodology. This enables determining the number of required nozzles and flow rate for complete fire suppression. The development of a methodology for the selection and verification of the sprinkler system components utilized guidelines provided in the standard VdS 2109:2002-03 and the PN-EN 12845+A2 standard from 2010, while a novel approach is proposed for water mist parameters that has not been previously applied anywhere else, and is based on assessing the fire’s intensity and the persistent disruption of the energy balance of the combusted coal. The theoretical calculations for potential fire power facilitate the determination of the appropriate water flow rate for the spraying system to protect the upper belt drive. For the proposed AMIGA system, the potential fire power was calculated to be 10.33MJ/min. Based on this, the water flow rate for the spraying installation to protect the upper drive belt of the conveyor was established to be a minimum 37.5dm3/min, and 21.4dm3/min for the mist installation used to protect the space below the conveyor drive. In order to verify the developed methodology for parameter selection, on-site tests were conducted to verify the results. Tests were conducted on an AMIGA prototype suppression system integrated into a conveyor drive. The results demonstrate that the developed system is effective in extinguishing fires on the belt using the spraying installation, as well as under the conveyor belt drive using the water mist installation, within the entire supply pressure range ( 0.4MPa to 1.6MPa ). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Security and Just Transition)
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Review

Jump to: Research

28 pages, 1326 KiB  
Review
Energy Inequality Indicators: A Comprehensive Review for Exploring Ways to Reduce Inequality
by Lina Volodzkiene and Dalia Streimikiene
Energies 2023, 16(16), 6075; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16166075 - 20 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3773
Abstract
Society faces challenges in achieving a climate-neutral society due to deepening energy inequality. The pandemic led to reduced emissions but also caused an economic downturn. Geopolitical tensions since 2022 raised energy prices, affecting affordability. To address these issues, this research aims to conduct [...] Read more.
Society faces challenges in achieving a climate-neutral society due to deepening energy inequality. The pandemic led to reduced emissions but also caused an economic downturn. Geopolitical tensions since 2022 raised energy prices, affecting affordability. To address these issues, this research aims to conduct a systematic literature review to explore the content, conceptualization, and distinguishing factors of energy inequality compared to similar concepts as well as to identify energy inequality dimensions and its indicators and explore ways to reduce it. A systematic literature review explored recent publications on energy inequality from 2019 to 2023, encompassing both pre-pandemic and pandemic-affected periods. This review analyzed 203 articles, with 61 of them directly focusing on energy inequality indicators. This research is conducted in several stages. Firstly, this article clarifies the concept of energy inequality and highlights its differences from related terms. Secondly, this study investigates the effects of energy inequality taking into account its diverse dimensions, and it categorizes these dimensions and their respective indicators based on their specific contexts. Thirdly, recommendations are provided for potential approaches to reduce energy inequality. The methodology integrates an examination of macroeconomic energy inequality statistics. The resulting findings hold the potential to significantly contribute towards cultivating a more environmentally conscious trajectory. Moreover, these outcomes play a pivotal role in advancing energy justice and effectively tackling the multifaceted challenges posed by energy inequality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Security and Just Transition)
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20 pages, 3042 KiB  
Review
Overview of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Combined with RES in Poland
by Piotr Hylla, Tomasz Trawiński, Bartosz Polnik, Wojciech Burlikowski and Dariusz Prostański
Energies 2023, 16(15), 5792; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155792 - 4 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2027
Abstract
This article reviews the most popular energy storage technologies and hybrid energy storage systems. With the dynamic development of the sector of renewable energy sources, it has become necessary to design and implement solutions that enable the maximum use of the energy obtained; [...] Read more.
This article reviews the most popular energy storage technologies and hybrid energy storage systems. With the dynamic development of the sector of renewable energy sources, it has become necessary to design and implement solutions that enable the maximum use of the energy obtained; for this purpose, an energy storage device is suggested. The most popular methods of electric energy storage are described, with an indication of the features of each technology, along with the presentation of the advantages and disadvantages of a given storage reservoir. Next, hybrid energy storage systems are presented along with their suggested applications and advantages resulting from the hybridization of technologically diverse energy storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Security and Just Transition)
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