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Distributed Energy Resources in Transactive Energy Systems

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "L: Energy Sources".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 10800

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Dr. Young Gyu Jin

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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
Interests: peer-to-peer transaction; distributed system operation; distributed renewables; virtual power plant; energy trading
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The number of distributed energy resources (DERs) particularly connected to the distribution grid has lately increased, and this requires a change in the current power system networks. In this background, transactive energy has attracted attention in terms of research as an active management scheme for prosumers through energy sharing and trading in power systems. However, it is a challenging task to design and build such a distributed and decentralized system, because high-level system requirements should be secured, such as market mechanisms for interactions between prosumers in the virtual layer, supporting technologies for the physical layer, and interoperability across the layers. This introduces the need for innovative methodologies to support a sustainable transaction model, an operation scheme for system reliability, regulation preventing conflicts of interest between stakeholders, and so on. In addition, it is also urgent to discuss supporting technologies, such as blockchains, power routing, smart metering, and digital twins, to realize transactive energy systems with DERs.

This Special Issue calls for original research articles, reviews, and case studies contributing to theories, frameworks, designing mechanisms, regulation, and supporting technologies for DERs in transactive energy systems. Topics to be covered in this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

Distributed generation, renewable energy resources, smart grids, and microgrids.
Energy market designs, energy market mechanisms, energy pricing, and market regulation.
Transactive energy, peer-to-peer energy trading, virtual power plants, demand-side management, and incentive mechanisms.
Optimal market strategies and agent-based models.
Blockchains, power routing, and cybersecurity.

Dr. Young Gyu Jin
Guest Editor

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Keywords

distributed generation, renewable energy resources, smart grids, and microgrids
energy market designs, energy market mechanisms, energy pricing, and market regulation
transactive energy, peer-to-peer energy trading, virtual power plants, demand-side management, and incentive mechanisms
optimal market strategies and agent-based models
blockchains, power routing, and cybersecurity

Related Special Issue

Distributed Energy Resources in Transactive Energy Systems—2nd Edition in Energies

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of a Summer Peak Intelligent Controller (SPIC) for Residential Distribution Networks

by Kanakaraj Parangusam, Ramesh Lekshmana, Tomas Gono and Radomir Gono

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6681; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186681 - 18 Sep 2023

Viewed by 834

Abstract

Electricity demand has increased tremendously in recent years, due to the fact that all sectors require energy for their operation. Due to the increased amount of modern home appliances on the market, residential areas consume a significant amount of energy. This article focuses on the residential community to reduce peak load on residential distribution networks. Mostly, the residential consumer’s power demand increases more during the summer season due to many air conditioners (AC) operating in residential homes. This paper proposes a novel summer peak intelligent controller (SPIC) algorithm to reduce summer peak load in residential distribution transformers (RDT). This proposed SPIC algorithm is implemented in a multi-home energy management system (MHEMS) with a four-home hardware prototype and a real-time TNEB system. This hardware prototype is divided into two different cases, one with and one without taking user comfort into account. When considering consumer comfort, all residential homes reduce their peak load almost equally. The maximum and minimum contribution percentages in Case 2 are 29.82% and 19.30%, respectively. Additionally, the real-time TNEB system is addressed in two different cases: with and without incentive-based programs. In the real-time TNEB system during peak hours, the novel SPIC algorithm reduces peak demand in Case 1 by 113.70 kW, and Case 2 further reduces it to 118.80 kW. The peak load decrease in Case 2 during peak hours is 4.5% greater than in Case 1. In addition, we conducted a residential consumer opinion survey to validate the acceptance rate of the proposed design and algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Energy Resources in Transactive Energy Systems)

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34 pages, 3070 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Zero-Carbon AC/DC Microgrid Planning by Leveraging Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies

by Anuja Gagangras, Saeed D. Manshadi and Arash Farokhi Soofi

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6446; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186446 - 6 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 830

Abstract

This paper explores the strategic planning required for a zero-carbon-emission AC/DC microgrid, which integrates renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs) within its framework. It considers the rapidly growing adoption of EVs and the advent of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which allows EVs to return energy to the grid during peak demand. The study aims to apply optimization techniques to minimize the installation cost associated with various microgrid components. In the case of microgrids, there are decision-making scenarios where multiple alternatives are present; optimization is a valuable technique for efficiently planning and designing microgrids. This work showcases case studies and sensitivity analysis plots, illustrating how output power fluctuates due to uncertainty in renewable energy sources and the absence of EVs. The findings show how V2G contributes to the demand when renewable generation is low. The sensitivity analysis also provides insights into how the unit cost is affected by demand fluctuations. In summary, the principal contribution of this study is developing a comprehensive planning framework for AC/DC microgrids. This framework considers the escalating adoption of EVs and offers practical solutions for future microgrid designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Energy Resources in Transactive Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 3560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mycorrhizal Model for Transactive Solar Energy Markets with Battery Storage

by Zachary Michael Isaac Gould, Vikram Mohanty, Georg Reichard, Walid Saad, Tripp Shealy and Susan Day

Energies 2023, 16(10), 4081; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104081 - 13 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1181

Abstract

Distributed market structures for local, transactive energy trading can be modeled with ecological systems, such as mycorrhizal networks, which have evolved to facilitate interplant carbon exchange in forest ecosystems. However, the complexity of these ecological systems can make it challenging to understand the effect that adopting these models could have on distributed energy systems and the magnitude of associated performance parameters. We therefore simplified and implemented a previously developed blueprint for mycorrhizal energy market models to isolate the effect of the mycorrhizal intervention in allowing buildings to redistribute portions of energy assets on competing local, decentralized marketplaces. Results indicate that the applied mycorrhizal intervention only minimally affects market and building performance indicators—increasing market self-consumption, decreasing market self-sufficiency, and decreasing building weekly savings across all seasonal (winter, fall, summer) and typological (residential, mixed-use) cases when compared to a fixed, retail feed-in-tariff market structure. The work concludes with a discussion of opportunities for further expansion of the proposed mycorrhizal market framework through reinforcement learning as well as limitations and policy recommendations considering emerging aggregated distributed energy resource (DER) access to wholesale energy markets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Energy Resources in Transactive Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 3961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Price-Guided Peer-To-Peer Trading Scheme and Its Effects on Transaction Costs and Network Losses

by SungJoong Kim, YongTae Yoon and YoungGyu Jin

Energies 2022, 15(21), 8274; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218274 - 5 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1302

Abstract

Distributed energy resources (DERs), such as small-scale renewable energy generators, storage systems, and controllable loads, have been attracting great attention. Accordingly, interest in peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading between prosumers with DERs is growing. The prosumers may perform the P2P electricity trading within the loss-guided framework, where network losses are primarily considered during the peer matching process. However, the loss-guided framework has limitations in that prosumer welfare is neglected in favor of prioritizing the network losses caused by the P2P transactions. Thus, in this study, a price-based framework for P2P electricity trading is suggested, where the prosumer welfare is considered by including not only network loss costs but also energy costs in the matching procedure. The effects of the suggested price-based framework on network efficiency, prosumer welfare, and social welfare are examined by comparing simulation results with the loss-guided framework and the random transactions. Further, how those three properties are affected by the change in loss price is analyzed and a guideline for the suitable choice of the loss price is suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Energy Resources in Transactive Energy Systems)

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Review

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26 pages, 1781 KiB

Open AccessReview

Approaches to Building AC and AC–DC Microgrids on Top of Existing Passive Distribution Networks

by Vladislav Volnyi, Pavel Ilyushin, Konstantin Suslov and Sergey Filippov

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5799; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155799 - 4 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 942

Abstract

The process of building microgrids on top of existing passive distribution networks warrants a multi-criteria analysis. Besides the calculation of the investment outlays needed for the modernization of distribution networks, such an analysis covers an assessment of the technological and economic effects of building microgrids. The resulting effects depend on the topology and configuration of distribution networks, specific microgrid features, the choice of the current type for the entire microgrid or its individual parts, the methods of connecting distributed energy resources (DERs), the availability and maturity of information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure, and other factors. Comprehensive input data allow for designing an optimal microgrid configuration, but the main technological and economic effects are determined by the algorithms of operation and the parameter settings of the automatic control system (ACS) and the protection system. The known approaches to designing microgrids focus on addressing basic tasks while minimizing the investment required for their implementation. The above is fully justified when constructing new microgrids, but building microgrids on top of existing distribution networks, given the uniqueness of their topology and configuration, does not allow the use of standardized solutions. The development of approaches to the design of microgrids under such constraints, with minimized investment in the modernization of existing distribution networks, is an urgent task. The use of different types of current for individual microgrid segments determines the choice of the particular ACS and protection system, which depends on the availability of information and communications technology infrastructure. This article contributes a review of approaches to designing AC and AC–DC microgrids so as to maximize their technological and economic effects. We review techniques for analyzing the existing distribution networks aimed at choosing the type of current for the entire microgrid or its individual parts, the optimal points for the connection of microgrids to distribution networks, and the mix and capacity of DERs, with such choices informed by the conditions of the switching devices and information and communications technology infrastructure. This article presents the results of the analysis of approaches to choosing the optimal configuration of microgrids, microgrid ACS, and protection system, with an evaluation of the technological and economic effects subject to the minimization of investment in the modernization of the existing distribution networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Energy Resources in Transactive Energy Systems)

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29 pages, 5149 KiB

Open AccessReview

Short-Term Load Forecasting Models: A Review of Challenges, Progress, and the Road Ahead

by Saima Akhtar, Sulman Shahzad, Asad Zaheer, Hafiz Sami Ullah, Heybet Kilic, Radomir Gono, Michał Jasiński and Zbigniew Leonowicz

Energies 2023, 16(10), 4060; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104060 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5083

Abstract

Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is critical for the energy industry. Accurate predictions of future electricity demand are necessary to ensure power systems’ reliable and efficient operation. Various STLF models have been proposed in recent years, each with strengths and weaknesses. This paper comprehensively reviews some STLF models, including time series, artificial neural networks (ANNs), regression-based, and hybrid models. It first introduces the fundamental concepts and challenges of STLF, then discusses each model class’s main features and assumptions. The paper compares the models in terms of their accuracy, robustness, computational efficiency, scalability, and adaptability and identifies each approach’s advantages and limitations. Although this study suggests that ANNs and hybrid models may be the most promising ways to achieve accurate and reliable STLF, additional research is required to handle multiple input features, manage massive data sets, and adjust to shifting energy conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Energy Resources in Transactive Energy Systems)

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