Energies

Research

15 pages, 482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Framework for Activation of Aggregator Led Flexibility

by Sarah O’Connell and Marcus Martin Keane

Energies 2021, 14(16), 4950; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164950 - 12 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1251

This paper presents a novel framework architecture for an online, real-time flexibility assessment and activation platform targeted at unlocking the flexibility potential of commercial buildings and smaller industrial sites, thereby enabling greater levels of renewable grid integration. Renewable integration targets in Europe of [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel framework architecture for an online, real-time flexibility assessment and activation platform targeted at unlocking the flexibility potential of commercial buildings and smaller industrial sites, thereby enabling greater levels of renewable grid integration. Renewable integration targets in Europe of up to 40% of power generation from renewable sources by 2030 and over 90% by 2050 aim to decarbonize the electrical grid and increase electrification of transport, industry, and buildings. As renewable integration targets increase, participation in flexibility programs will be required from a much greater range of buildings and sites to balance grids hosting high levels of renewable generation. In this paper, an online implementation of a standardized flexibility assessment methodology, previously developed for offline contract negotiations between stakeholders, is modified to automate the assessment. The automated assessment is then linked to an aggregator-based multi-building or site optimization stage, enabling increased participation of multiple buildings and sites. To implement the assessment, models for individual flexible systems were reviewed, selected, and adapted, including physics-based, data-driven, and grey-box models. A review of optimization for flexibility found mixed-integer linear programming to be the optimal approach for the selection of flexible systems for demand response events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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17 pages, 5519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chopper-Based Control Circuit for BESS Integration in Solar PV Grids

by B. V. Rajanna and Malligunta Kiran Kumar

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061530 - 10 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2054

Abstract

The power delivered by photovoltaic (PV) arrays is dependent on environmental factors, and hence the availability and quality of power delivered by the PV array is low. These issues can be mitigated by integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) with PV arrays. [...] Read more.

The power delivered by photovoltaic (PV) arrays is dependent on environmental factors, and hence the availability and quality of power delivered by the PV array is low. These issues can be mitigated by integrating a battery energy storage system (BESS) with PV arrays. The integration of the BESS with PV arrays requires controller circuits to regulate power flow between the BESS, PV array, and the load. In this paper, a boost converter-based controller is proposed. The proposed controller has higher reliability and efficiency, and lower operational complexity. It improves the power quality and availability by adjusting the power flow to/from the BESS while delivering the required load power. A simulation study was performed to validate the proposed controller under varying irradiance and temperature of the PV array. The controller was validated against both lithium-ion and lead-acid BESSs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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23 pages, 5384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of an Autonomous Power System Based on Hydrocarbon Reforming and High Temperature Fuel Cell

by Alexandros Kafetzis, Chrysovalantou Ziogou, Simira Papadopoulou, Spyridon Voutetakis and Panos Seferlis

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051371 - 3 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1609

Abstract

The integration and control of energy systems for power generation consists of multiple heterogeneous subsystems, such as chemical, electrochemical, and thermal, and contains challenges that arise from the multi-way interactions due to complex dynamic responses among the involved subsystems. The main motivation of [...] Read more.

The integration and control of energy systems for power generation consists of multiple heterogeneous subsystems, such as chemical, electrochemical, and thermal, and contains challenges that arise from the multi-way interactions due to complex dynamic responses among the involved subsystems. The main motivation of this work is to design the control system for an autonomous automated and sustainable system that meets a certain power demand profile. A systematic methodology for the integration and control of a hybrid system that converts liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to hydrogen, which is subsequently used to generate electrical power in a high-temperature fuel cell that charges a Li-Ion battery unit, is presented. An advanced nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) framework is implemented to achieve this goal. The operational objective is the satisfaction of power demand while maintaining operation within a safe region and ensuring thermal and chemical balance. The proposed NMPC framework based on experimentally validated models is evaluated through simulation for realistic operation scenarios that involve static and dynamic variations of the power load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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22 pages, 10728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Energy Storage in RES-Powered Smart Grids with Nonlinear Model Predictive Control

by Dimitrios Trigkas, Chrysovalantou Ziogou, Spyros Voutetakis and Simira Papadopoulou

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041082 - 18 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2396

Abstract

The integration of a variety of heterogeneous energy sources and different energy storage systems has led to complex infrastructures and made apparent the urgent need for efficient energy control and management. This work presents a non-linear model predictive controller (NMPC) that aims to [...] Read more.

The integration of a variety of heterogeneous energy sources and different energy storage systems has led to complex infrastructures and made apparent the urgent need for efficient energy control and management. This work presents a non-linear model predictive controller (NMPC) that aims to coordinate the operation of interconnected multi-node microgrids with energy storage capabilities. This control strategy creates a superstructure of a smart-grid consisting of distributed interconnected microgrids, and has the ability to distribute energy among a pool of energy storage means in an optimal way, formulating a virtual central energy storage platform. The goal of this work is the optimal exploitation of energy produced and stored in multi-node microgrids, and the reduction of auxiliary energy sources. A small-scale multi-node microgrid was used as a basis for the mathematical modelling and real data were used for the model validation. A number of operation scenarios under different weather conditions and load requests, demonstrates the ability of the NMPC to supervise the multi-node microgrid resulting to optimal energy management and reduction of the auxiliary power devices operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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16 pages, 2442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Onboard Energy Storage and Power Management Systems for All-Electric Cargo Vessel Concept

by Dariusz Karkosiński, Wojciech Aleksander Rosiński, Piotr Deinrych and Szymon Potrykus

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041048 - 17 Feb 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3056

Abstract

This paper presents an innovative approach to the design of a forthcoming, fully electric-powered cargo vessel. This work begins by defining problems that need to be solved when designing vessels of this kind. Using available literature and market research, a solution for the [...] Read more.

This paper presents an innovative approach to the design of a forthcoming, fully electric-powered cargo vessel. This work begins by defining problems that need to be solved when designing vessels of this kind. Using available literature and market research, a solution for the design of a power management system and a battery management system for a cargo vessel of up to 1504 TEU capacity was developed. The proposed solution contains an innovative approach with three parallel energy sources. The solution takes into consideration the possible necessity for zero-emission work with the optional function of operation as an autonomous vessel. Energy storage system based on lithium-ion battery banks with a possibility of expanding the capacity is also described in this work as it is the core part of the proposed solution. It is estimated that the operation range for zero-emission work mode of up to 136 nautical miles can be achieved through the application of all fore-mentioned parts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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21 pages, 8409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An ECMS for Multi-Objective Energy Management Strategy of Parallel Diesel Electric Hybrid Ship Based on Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

by Yongbing Xiang and Xiaomin Yang

Energies 2021, 14(4), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040810 - 4 Feb 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2724

Abstract

In order to reduce fuel consumption and reduce the deviation between the final battery state-of-charge (SOC) value and the target value at the same time, a novel double-layer multi-objective optimization method is proposed, which adopts an improved ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm and [...] Read more.

In order to reduce fuel consumption and reduce the deviation between the final battery state-of-charge (SOC) value and the target value at the same time, a novel double-layer multi-objective optimization method is proposed, which adopts an improved ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm and the equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) considering mode switching. The proposed strategy adopts a two-layer structure. In the inner layer, the ECMS considering mode switching was adopted to optimize the working mode and working point, so as to achieve the goal of reducing fuel consumption. In the outer layer, aiming at the shortcomings of traditional ACO, the heuristic factor and adaptive volatilization factor were introduced. An improved ACO method was proposed to optimize the equivalent factor, so as to achieve the goal of reducing the deviation between the final value of SOC and the target value. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, it is compared with the traditional ECMS strategy and the rule-based (RB) ECMS strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed energy management strategy combining an improved ACO algorithm with ECMS considering mode switching can reduce the energy consumption of the whole ship and control the battery power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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28 pages, 9943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Rickshaw Charging Stations as Distributed Energy Storages for Integrating Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources: A Case of Bangladesh

by A.S.M. Mominul Hasan

Energies 2020, 13(22), 6119; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226119 - 22 Nov 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5690

Abstract

This exploratory research outlines an opportunity for increasing renewable energy share in Bangladesh by using electric rickshaws (e-rickshaws) as a catalyst. The overall objective of this research is to show how to utilise an existing opportunity, such as e-rickshaws, as energy storage options [...] Read more.

This exploratory research outlines an opportunity for increasing renewable energy share in Bangladesh by using electric rickshaws (e-rickshaws) as a catalyst. The overall objective of this research is to show how to utilise an existing opportunity, such as e-rickshaws, as energy storage options for integrating renewable energy sources. It proposes a grid-connected local energy system considering a battery swapping and charging station (BSCS) for e-rickshaws as a community battery energy storage (CBESS). This system was simulated using the HOMER Pro software. The simulation results show that such systems can help communities significantly reduce their dependency on the national grid by integrating solar PV locally. The proposed BSCS also shows an opportunity for battery demand reduction and circular battery management for electric rickshaws. The research also discusses the economies of scale of the proposed method in Bangladesh, and pathways for implementing microgrids and smart energy systems. The innovative concepts presented in this research will start a policy-level dialogue in Bangladesh for utilising local opportunities to find an alternative energy storage solution and provide momentum to the researchers for further studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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13 pages, 3165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BESS Deployment Strategy in Jeju Carbon-Free Islands for Reducing Renewable Energy Curtailment

by Changgun Lee, Seunghyuk Im, Jaeyeop Jung and Byongjun Lee

Energies 2020, 13(22), 6082; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226082 - 20 Nov 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2066

Abstract

Renewable energy curtailment often occurs to accommodate large amounts of renewable energy sources in power systems while maintaining system stability and reliability. Widely known methods, such as new transmission line construction, the introduction of demand-side resources, and the reduction of conventional generator output, [...] Read more.

Renewable energy curtailment often occurs to accommodate large amounts of renewable energy sources in power systems while maintaining system stability and reliability. Widely known methods, such as new transmission line construction, the introduction of demand-side resources, and the reduction of conventional generator output, can minimize the occurrence of curtailment; however, there are difficulties in introducing them because of social and economic problems. For these problems, the Jeju power system adopted a battery energy storage system (BESS) resource to mitigate the curtailment and secure frequency stability with the high penetration of renewable energy. The small-size Jeju island power system is operated with reliability must-run (RMR) units and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines connected to the mainland. Since the number of RMR units contributes to frequency stability by providing inertia, reducing the number of operating units for curtailment mitigation is difficult. Therefore, in this paper, based on the current “Carbon-Free island” policy and operation plan of the Jeju power system, we proposed a BESS for reducing the number of RMR units, observe the effect of reducing curtailment using the BESS, and suggest a practical operation plan to reduce the number of RMR units under conditions that secure frequency stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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18 pages, 4339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage as a Facilitator of Renewable Energy in Liberalized Electricity Market

by Lazar Šćekić, Saša Mujović and Vladan Radulović

Energies 2020, 13(22), 6076; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226076 - 20 Nov 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3713

Abstract

Besides many benefits deriving from the energy transition process, it is not uncommon for modern power systems to be faced with difficulties in their operation. The issues are dominantly related to the non-dispatchable nature of renewable energy sources (RES) and the mismatching between [...] Read more.

Besides many benefits deriving from the energy transition process, it is not uncommon for modern power systems to be faced with difficulties in their operation. The issues are dominantly related to the non-dispatchable nature of renewable energy sources (RES) and the mismatching between electricity generation and load demand. As a consequence of a constant peak load growth, this problem is particularly pronounced during the daily peak hours. Therefore, it is of great importance to conduct all necessary activities within the system in order to preserve the system stability and continuity of operation. Energy storage systems have been recognized as a major facilitator of renewable energy, by providing additional operational flexibility. Since pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) accounts for almost 97% of the world’s storage capacity, in this paper, we have investigated the benefits of using pumped-storage hydropower in modern power systems characterized by high penetration of RES and the liberalized electricity market. A novel operation algorithm has been developed which finds the balance between providing additional flexibility by alleviating the peak load and obtaining financial revenue to justify the high investment costs associated with PHES. The algorithm has been tested for the daily and monthly operation of the Tonstad PHES in the dynamic environment of the Norwegian power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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24 pages, 3462 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

One-Dimensional Heterogeneous Reaction Model of a Drop-Tube Carbonator Reactor for Thermochemical Energy Storage Applications

by Evgenios Karasavvas, Athanasios Scaltsoyiannes, Andy Antzaras, Kyriakos Fotiadis, Kyriakos Panopoulos, Angeliki Lemonidou, Spyros Voutetakis and Simira Papadopoulou

Energies 2020, 13(22), 5905; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225905 - 12 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2319

Abstract

Calcium looping systems constitute a promising candidate for thermochemical energy storage (TCES) applications, as evidenced by the constantly escalating scientific and industrial interest. However, the technologically feasible transition from the research scale towards industrial and highly competitive markets sets as a prerequisite the [...] Read more.

Calcium looping systems constitute a promising candidate for thermochemical energy storage (TCES) applications, as evidenced by the constantly escalating scientific and industrial interest. However, the technologically feasible transition from the research scale towards industrial and highly competitive markets sets as a prerequisite the optimal design and operation of the process, especially corresponding reactors. The present study investigates for the first time the development of a detailed, one-dimensional mathematical model for the steady-state simulation of a novel drop-tube carbonator reactor as a core equipment unit in a concentrated solar power (CSP)-thermochemical energy storage integration plant. A validated kinetic mathematical model for a carbonation reaction (CaO_(s) + CO_2(g) → CaCO_3(s)) focused on thermochemical energy storage conditions was developed and implemented for different material conditions. The fast gas–solid reaction kinetics conformed with the drop-tube reactor concept, as the latter is suitable for very fast reactions. Reaction kinetics were controlled by the reaction temperature. Varying state profiles were computed across the length of the reactor by using a mathematical model in which reactant conversions, the reaction rate, and the temperature and velocity of gas and solid phases provided crucial information on the carbonator’s performance, among other factors. Through process simulations, the model-based investigation approach revealed respective restrictions on a tailor-made reactor of 10 kW_th, pointing out the necessity of detailed models as a provision for design and scale-up studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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14 pages, 4234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Energy Efficiency Tracking in the Energy-Stored Quasi-Z-Source Inverter

by Sideng Hu, Zipeng Liang, Jing Zhou and Xiaoli Yu

Energies 2020, 13(22), 5902; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225902 - 12 Nov 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1522

Abstract

In this paper, the interaction between the energy storage (ES) power distribution and system efficiency enhancement is researched based on the energy stored quasi-Z-source inverter. The corresponding current counteraction, stress reduction, power loss profile, and efficiency enhancement around the embedded energy storage units [...] Read more.

In this paper, the interaction between the energy storage (ES) power distribution and system efficiency enhancement is researched based on the energy stored quasi-Z-source inverter. The corresponding current counteraction, stress reduction, power loss profile, and efficiency enhancement around the embedded energy storage units are studied in details. Firstly, the current counteraction effect on the device current is presented with the embedded ES source. The corresponding reduction in the device current stress is revealed. Then, the detailed device power loss expressions with current redistribution in the impedance network are explored mathematically. A quasi-inverted-trapezoidal power loss profile is found with the embedded source power distribution. To further increase the overall system efficiency, an optimal energy efficiency tracking strategy is proposed for the ES-qZSI (energy-stored quasi-Z-source inverter) based on the power distribution control. Both the simulation and the experiment verified that the power loss is reduced by over 40% through the proposed efficiency enhancement method. The device current and loss analysis for the embedding of energy storage can also be extended to the operating range optimization in other ES systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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18 pages, 3127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Under-Frequency Load Shedding Setting at Altai-Uliastai Regional Power System, Mongolia

by Martha N. Acosta, Choidorj Adiyabazar, Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, Manuel A. Andrade, José Rueda Torres, Ernesto Vazquez and Jesús Manuel Riquelme Santos

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5390; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205390 - 15 Oct 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3356

Abstract

The Altai-Uliastai regional power system (AURPS) is a regional power system radially interconnected to the power system of Mongolia. The 110 kV interconnection is exceptionally long and susceptible to frequent trips because of weather conditions. The load-rich and low-inertia AURPS must be islanded [...] Read more.

The Altai-Uliastai regional power system (AURPS) is a regional power system radially interconnected to the power system of Mongolia. The 110 kV interconnection is exceptionally long and susceptible to frequent trips because of weather conditions. The load-rich and low-inertia AURPS must be islanded during interconnection outages, and the under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme must act to ensure secure operation. Traditional UFLS over-sheds local demand, negatively affecting the local population, especially during the cold Mongolian winter season. This research paper proposes a novel methodology to optimally calculate the settings of the UFLS scheme, where each parameter of the scheme is individually adjusted to minimise the total amount of disconnected load. This paper presents a computationally efficient methodology that is illustrated in a specially created co-simulation environment (DIgSILENT^® PowerFactory^TM + Python). The results demonstrate an outstanding performance of the proposed approach when compared with the traditional one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) Based on Energy Storage Systems (ESSs))

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