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Energies
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Development of Electric Vehicles and Engine Emissions
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Development of Electric Vehicles and Engine Emissions

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (12 July 2023) | Viewed by 13350

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Piotr Bielaczyc

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
BOSMAL Automotive Research & Development Institute, 93 Sarni Stok, 43-300 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Interests: powertrain (ICE, hybrid, electric, fuel cell) development; exhaust gas aftertreatment; alternative fuels; gaseous fuels; powertrain and vehicle test methods; global emissions regulation and testing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite the trend toward increased electrification of vehicular powertrains, the internal combustion engine (ICE) will remain part of the powertrain mix for years to come, either as the exclusive means of propulsion or, increasingly, as part of a hybrid system. To meet increasingly stringent emission standards (e.g., Euro 7/VII, China 7/VII), greenhouse gas reduction requirements, especially global CO2 emissions, and reduce the negative impact of air pollution on human health and the environment, ICEs must be cleaner and more efficient than ever before. These trends also increasingly apply to smaller vehicles such as motorcycles—for example, the EU’s Euro 4/5 emissions standards for motorcycles, as well as efforts developing countries are starting to make regarding urban transport vehicles, mopeds, etc.

The control of and reduction in exhaust emissions are currently some of the highest-priority tasks for legislators around the world. Recent studies, conducted in many scientific centers on all continents, indicate that special attention should be paid to hybrid and electric vehicles, with a clear focus on their real-world benefits, as well as holistic environmental performance (i.e., full life-cycle analysis). Solutions now being reconsidered, including fuel cells and hydrogen-fueled ICE, are also important aspects to be examined in the vital search for alternatives and refinements which will reduce emissions and consumption of resources and energy in the road transport sector, while maintaining the operational benefits of various motor vehicle types, ranging from short-distance passenger transport to long-distance transportation of goods and materials. New solutions, particularly electrified ones, require new test and development methods, which represent another important aspect of work in this arena. This Special Issue aims to encourage scientists and engineers to look for solutions for a wider perspective, both locally and globally. We welcome submissions on engine-based solutions, exhaust gas purification, including filtration (aftertreatment systems), test and development methodologies (including those relating to the harmfulness and toxicology of emissions), as well as road transport propulsion concepts that have a clear potential to be implemented on a wide scale and thus contribute to environmental protection. Publication submissions can be in the form of original research articles or comprehensive reviews (e.g., legislative reviews) on topics consistent with the aim and scope of the Special Issue.

Dr. Piotr Bielaczyc
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric and hybrid vehicle development
  • combustion engines
  • exhaust emissions
  • emissions regulation development
  • CO2 emission reduction
  • exhaust gas aftertreatment
  • powertrain and emission testing

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 1058 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Micro-Contaminants in Solid Particles from Direct Injection Gasoline Vehicles
by Wiktor Pacura, Katarzyna Szramowiat-Sala, Mariusz Macherzyński, Janusz Gołaś and Piotr Bielaczyc
Energies 2022, 15(15), 5732; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155732 - 7 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2040
Abstract
Exhaust emissions from vehicles are the subject of numerous studies and legal acts. In the European Union, exhaust emissions are regulated by “Euro” emission standards, which limit emissions of gaseous pollutants such as CO, CO2, HC, and NOx, as well as [...] Read more.
Exhaust emissions from vehicles are the subject of numerous studies and legal acts. In the European Union, exhaust emissions are regulated by “Euro” emission standards, which limit emissions of gaseous pollutants such as CO, CO2, HC, and NOx, as well as the particulate matter (PM) and particle number (PN). Solid particles consist of a number of micro-contaminants, inter alia polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives. Despite their highly mutagenic and carcinogenic character, these micro-contaminants are not regulated in Euro emissions standards. This paper presents both a general discussion of the phenomenon of particulate formation in and emission from direct injection gasoline engines, as well as a wide range of results on the subject. The subject of the micro-contaminants in solid particles from modern gasoline vehicles is explored. The samples of solid particles were collected from 11 groups of vehicles according to the WLTP test methodology. Solid particles from gasoline vehicles were analyzed via various analytical techniques, including ion chromatography (IC) to measure selected anion concentrations, gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to study 16 PAHs and selected PAH derivatives, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) for images and elemental composition, and microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) for qualitative screening analysis of 19 elements. The study of non-regulated compounds is crucial in efforts to establish the influence of solid particles on health and the environment. Furthermore, extended studies can provide a basis for further research on vehicle emissions or other fields, such as medicine or material engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Electric Vehicles and Engine Emissions)
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15 pages, 3248 KiB  
Article
Pollution from Transport: Detection of Tyre Particles in Environmental Samples
by Jagoda Worek, Xymena Badura, Anna Białas, Joanna Chwiej, Kamil Kawoń and Katarzyna Styszko
Energies 2022, 15(8), 2816; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082816 - 12 Apr 2022
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4886
Abstract
Transport is one of the most important sources of environmental pollution. More and more information has shown that one of the greatest sources of emissions from transport are emissions related to the release of microplastics from tyres. This is one of the most [...] Read more.
Transport is one of the most important sources of environmental pollution. More and more information has shown that one of the greatest sources of emissions from transport are emissions related to the release of microplastics from tyres. This is one of the most underestimated sources of emissions into the environment. In this study, environmental samples are analysed for the presence of these particles. For this purpose, optical methods and spectroscopic methods are used. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to identify synthetic rubber, most likely derived from car tyres. A complementary confocal microscopy method is used to confirm the FTIR results. The soil samples and road dust from the areas with heavy traffic are tested. An average of 372 ± 50 fragments per kilogram dry weight are detected in the soil samples. In the case of samples from the road, this number is 515 ± 20 fragments per kilogram of dry matter. In the samples, most of the microplastics come from tyres, which confirms the scientists’ assumptions about the amount of emissions in the environment. More than 90% of the black fragments later identified as tyre-derived synthetic rubber are found in the samples. A greater number of microplastics are found in road dust samples than in the soil. This may be due to the direct influence of braking, which causes greater accumulation of samples at the emission source than at a short distance into the soil. There is also a noticeable difference in the size of the fraction. In the case of soils, a fraction below 50 µm accounts for the majority of cases. When one analyses road dust samples, one may observe that most of the fractions are between 50 and 200 µm. This may be due to the possibility of smaller emission particles over longer distances and the greater degradation process that occurs in soils. The microplastics from the road dust are less degraded than the microplastics from the soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Electric Vehicles and Engine Emissions)
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38 pages, 21808 KiB  
Article
Exhaust Emissions from Plug-in and HEV Vehicles in Type-Approval Tests and Real Driving Cycles
by Jacek Pielecha, Kinga Skobiej, Przemyslaw Kubiak, Marek Wozniak and Krzysztof Siczek
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2423; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072423 - 25 Mar 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3239
Abstract
The amount of hybrid vehicles and their contribution have increased in the global market. They are a promising aspect for a decrease in emissions. Different tests are used to determine the factors of such emissions. The goal of the present study was to [...] Read more.
The amount of hybrid vehicles and their contribution have increased in the global market. They are a promising aspect for a decrease in emissions. Different tests are used to determine the factors of such emissions. The goal of the present study was to compare the emissions of two hybrid vehicles of the same manufacturer: the plug-in version and the HEV version (gasoline + electric engine). These vehicles were chosen because they comprise the largest market share of hybrid cars in Poland. The exhaust emission tests were conducted in the WLTC tests on a chassis dynamometer and under real traffic conditions. Simultaneous testing on a dyno and under real driving is the most adequate test to assess the environmental aspects of vehicles—especially hybrids. The combustion engines of the tested vehicles were supplied with gasoline containing 5% biocomponents. The emissions, including CO2, CO, NOx, THC and PNs, were measured in accordance with the European Union procedure. According to the latter, the resistance to motion of the chassis dyno was adjusted to the road load, allowing the hybrid vehicles to move in electric mode and allowing the dynamometer to operate in energy recovery mode. The obtained emissions of CO2, CO, NOx and THC in the case of the plug-in hybrid vehicle were lower by 3%, 2%, 25%, and 13%, respectively, compared to the case of HEV. Fuel consumption in the case of the plug-in hybrid vehicle was lower by 3%, and PN was lower by 10% compared to the case of HEV (WLTC). In real driving conditions, the differences were more pronounced in favour of the plug-in vehicle: CO2 emissions in the RDE test were 30% lower, NOx emissions were 50% lower, and PN was 10% lower. An increase in emissions was only observed for CO2 emissions—the plug-in vehicle’s on-road emissions were 6% higher compared to the HEV. The obtained emissions for FC and PN varied with actual velocity values due to competitive driving between a combustion engine and an electric motor, as well as existing acceleration and deceleration events during the test and other factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Electric Vehicles and Engine Emissions)
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16 pages, 3294 KiB  
Article
Inter-Comparison of Particle and Gaseous Pollutant Emissions of a Euro 4 Motorcycle at Two Laboratories
by Piotr Bielaczyc, Wojciech Honkisz, Joseph Woodburn, Andrzej Szczotka, Fabrizio Forloni, Dominique Lesueur and Barouch Giechaskiel
Energies 2021, 14(23), 8101; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238101 - 3 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2115
Abstract
The Euro 4 regulation, applicable since 2016 for L-category vehicles (i.e., two and three-wheelers, and mini cars) reduced the emission limits, but also introduced a new cycle, the WMTC (World Harmonized Motorcycle Test Cycle). The emission studies of Euro 4 motorcycles are limited, [...] Read more.
The Euro 4 regulation, applicable since 2016 for L-category vehicles (i.e., two and three-wheelers, and mini cars) reduced the emission limits, but also introduced a new cycle, the WMTC (World Harmonized Motorcycle Test Cycle). The emission studies of Euro 4 motorcycles are limited, and most importantly there are no published studies comparing the results of different laboratories applying the new cycle. In this study we compared the particle and gaseous pollutants of one Euro 4 motorcycle measured in two laboratories in 2017 and 2020. The gaseous pollutant results had a variance (one standard deviation of the means) of 0.5% for CO2, 4–19% for CO, NOx, HC (hydrocarbons) and SPN (Solid Particle Number). The particulate matter mass results had higher variance of 50–60%. Additional tests with open configuration to mimic dilution at the tailpipe gave equivalent results to the closed configuration for the gaseous pollutants and SPN. The total particles (including volatiles) had significant differences between the two configurations, with the closed configuration giving higher results. The main conclusion of this study is that the new procedures have very good reproducibility, even for the SPN that is not regulated for L-category vehicles. However, the measurement of total particles needs attention due to the high sensitivity of volatile particles to the sampling conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Electric Vehicles and Engine Emissions)
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