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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "G1: Smart Cities and Urban Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 26789

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Prof. Dr. Yoshikazu Fukuyama

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Department of Network Design, School of Interdisciplinary Mathematical Science, Meiji University, 4‐21‐1, Nakano, Nakano‐ku, Tokyo 164‐8525, Japan
Interests: Smart City; Applications of Computational Intelligent Techniques to Practical Problems; Power Engineering; Power Conversion; Microgrids Optimization; Energy Saving; Energy Management; Soft Computing; Renewable Energy Technologies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, global warming has become one of the main issues globally. One of the causes of global warming is the increase of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the efficient utilization of energy is necessary for the reduction of emissions, and smart city demonstration (SC) projects have been conducted all over the world in order to reduce the total energy used and the amount of CO₂ emissions. Using various technologies, including renewable energies such as solar and wind power generation, storage batteries, and recent information technologies, SC can realize sustainable and low carbon emission cities. All countries attending the UN climate change conference 2015 (COP21) proposed the goal to reduce the amount of CO₂ in 2015. The importance of SC is increasing all over the world as a reduction of the amount of CO₂ emissions was again recognized at the COP21.

In order to realize smart cities, research has to be conducted in various sectors, and this will be the focus of this Special Issue. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

- Smart energy management in factories, buildings, and houses,

- Energy efficiency in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants,

- Energy efficiency in trains and automobiles, and networks of these,

- Energy efficiency in electric power systems,

- Energy efficiency in whole cities.

Prof. Dr. Yoshikazu Fukuyama
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

Energy Management
Energy Efficiency
Energy Cost
Energy Reduction
Energy Loss Reduction

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control of Transformerless Inverter-Based Two-Stage Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Using Adaptive-PI and Adaptive Sliding Mode Controllers

by Kamran Zeb, Muhammad Saqib Nazir, Iftikhar Ahmad, Waqar Uddin and Hee-Je Kim

Energies 2021, 14(9), 2546; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092546 - 29 Apr 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2987

Abstract

To enhance the move towards a sustainable society, the solar Photovoltaic (PV) industry and its applications are progressing at a rapid rate. However, the associated issues need to be addressed when connecting PV to the grid. Advanced and efficient controllers are required for the DC link to control the second harmonic ripple and current controllers to inject quality active and reactive power to the grid in the grid-connected PV system. In this paper, DC-link voltage, active power, and reactive power are successfully controlled in stationary reference using Adaptive-PI (A-PI) and Adaptive-Sliding Mode Controller (A-SMC) for a 3 kW single-phase two-stage transformerless grid-connected inverter. A Resonant Harmonic Compensator (RHC)-based Proportional Resonant (PR) controller is employed in the current-controlled loop. The magnitude, phase, and frequency information of the grid voltage are provided by Second-Order General Integral (SOGI)-based PLL that has harmonic immunity, fast-tracking accuracy, and a rapid-dynamic response. MATLAB^®/Simulink^®/Simscape R2017b were used for the test bench implementation. Two scenarios were considered: in the first case, the input PV power feedforward loop was avoided, while in second case, it was included. The feedforward loop of input PV power improved the overall system dynamics. The results show that the designed controller improves both the steady-state and dynamic performance as compared with a proper-regulated PI-controller. The proposed controllers are insensitive to active and reactive power variations, and are robust, stable, faster, and fault tolerant, as compared to controllers from prior studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficient Utilization of Energy toward Realization of Smart City)

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23 pages, 9909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Drive towards Optimization of Road Lighting Energy Consumption Based on Mesopic Vision—A Suburban Street Case Study

by Irena Fryc, Dariusz Czyżewski, Jiajie Fan and Catalin D. Gălăţanu

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041175 - 22 Feb 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3748

Abstract

This paper presents the research of optimization of road lighting energy consumption by utilizing the fact of human twilight and night vision (mesopic vision) dependency on luminance level and lamp’s light spectral composition. The research was conducted for a suburban street illuminated by smart LED road luminaires with a luminous flux control system with which different luminance levels can be achieved on the road. This road is an access road leading to a town located on the outskirts of Warsaw which is the capital of Poland and a large metropolitan area. Therefore, the traffic here is quite heavy on this road in the morning and in the evening and it is very light at other times of the day. In accordance with EN 13201 standard, lighting control can be applied to illuminate this road. This paper compares energy consumption for different lighting scenarios of the road in question. In the first scenario, the road luminance is compliant with M4, M5, and M6 lighting class requirements depending on the time of the day. In the second scenario, for each M lighting class, the values of luminance levels provided by EN 13201 standard have been reduced to the values resulting from their conversion to the corresponding mesopic luminance values. The conducted research has shown that a 15% saving per year in electricity consumption on the road is possible with such a conversion. Therefore, energy efficiency of a lighting installation can be improved by matching the lighting levels provided by the standard to the mesopic vision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficient Utilization of Energy toward Realization of Smart City)

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20 pages, 4930 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Optimal Sizing and Scheduling of Hybrid Energy Systems: The Cases of Morona Santiago and the Galapagos Islands

by Pablo Benalcazar, Adam Suski and Jacek Kamiński

Energies 2020, 13(15), 3933; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153933 - 1 Aug 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2933

Abstract

Hybrid energy systems (HESs) generate electricity from multiple energy sources that complement each other. Recently, due to the reduction in costs of photovoltaic (PV) modules and wind turbines, these types of systems have become economically competitive. In this study, a mathematical programming model is applied to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of autonomous units located in two isolated areas of Ecuador: first, the province of Galapagos (subtropical island) and second, the province of Morona Santiago (Amazonian tropical forest). The two case studies suggest that HESs are potential solutions to reduce the dependence of rural villages on fossil fuels and viable mechanisms to bring electrical power to isolated communities in Ecuador. Our results reveal that not only from the economic but also from the environmental point of view, for the case of the Galapagos province, a hybrid energy system with a PV–wind–battery configuration and a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) equal to 0.36 $/kWh is the optimal energy supply system. For the case of Morona Santiago, a hybrid energy system with a PV–diesel–battery configuration and an LCOE equal to 0.37 $/kWh is the most suitable configuration to meet the load of a typical isolated community in Ecuador. The proposed optimization model can be used as a decision-support tool for evaluating the viability of autonomous HES projects at any other location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficient Utilization of Energy toward Realization of Smart City)

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Review

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38 pages, 5189 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR): A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Power Converters, Control Methods, and Modified Configurations

by Ali Moghassemi and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban

Energies 2020, 13(16), 4152; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164152 - 11 Aug 2020

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 16504

Abstract

Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficient Utilization of Energy toward Realization of Smart City)

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