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Hydrogen Energy Generation, Storage, Transportation and Utilization
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Hydrogen Energy Generation, Storage, Transportation and Utilization

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2025 | Viewed by 8178

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Antoni Żywczak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: hydrogen storage; spintronics; magnetism; thin layers; quasicrystals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, and technological development, as well as the development of societal awareness, have been caused by changes in the approach to energy sources. One of the most popular approaches in the fight for a better quality of life and a clean environment is the use of hydrogen as both an energy carrier and an energy source.

There are no natural sources of hydrogen on Earth; therefore, a key element is the production of hydrogen and all related aspects. Another very important problem is hydrogen storage. Currently, hydrogen is stored mainly by physical means—under high pressure and in liquid form—but it is also sometimes stored in chemical form.

An important aspect is the transport of hydrogen through the pipeline system, as well as its use in fuel cells, which can be used to power all kinds of electronic gadgets, cars, and other devices.

The Special Issue focuses on all aspects of the hydrogen economy, including, but not limited to, the following:

  • All aspects and applications of hydrogen energy;
  • Hydrogen production and renewable energy development;
  • Hydrogen storage materials;
  • Physical and chemical properties of hydrogen storage materials;
  • Fuel cells;
  • Hydrogen in transport, mobility, industry, smart grids, etc.;
  • Hydrogen power technologies;
  • Other hydrogen technologies and applications.

Dr. Antoni Żywczak
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen generation
  • renewable hydrogen
  • hydrogen storage
  • novel hydrogen-based materials
  • fuel cell technology
  • hydrogen application
  • stationary and portable hydrogen devices
  • hydrogen utilization

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 11591 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design of a Liquid Hydrogen Centrifugal Pump Impeller
by Catur Harsito, Jeong-Eui Yun, Joon-Young Shin and Jae-Min Kim
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6299; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246299 - 13 Dec 2024
Viewed by 390
Abstract
Global energy consumption has continued to increase in recent years with economic development. Fossil energy sources are now being replaced with renewable energy, and hydrogen is one of such alternatives. Pumps are used for storage, transportation, and distribution. One such pump is the [...] Read more.
Global energy consumption has continued to increase in recent years with economic development. Fossil energy sources are now being replaced with renewable energy, and hydrogen is one of such alternatives. Pumps are used for storage, transportation, and distribution. One such pump is the liquefied hydrogen centrifugal pump. In this study, optimisation design of a liquefied hydrogen centrifugal pump was performed using the response surface method, which is the optimisation method of the DesignXplorer provided by ANSYS, based on the flow analysis results of the impeller of the centrifugal pump. The design variables used in the optimisation process are the outlet width b2, % of the blade thickness Su2, leading edge inclination angle α, hub inclination angle δ, wrap angle θ, and outlet blade angle β2. The optimisation analysis results obtained confirmed that all the selected design variables are semi-galactic and are sensitive to pump efficiency and head. It was confirmed that the efficiency of the centrifugal pump achieved using liquefied hydrogen as the working fluid is approximately 82.4%, which is significantly higher than that achieved by a centrifugal pump using water as the working fluid under the same operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Energy Generation, Storage, Transportation and Utilization)
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8 pages, 10953 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Cathodic Gas Diffusion Layer on the Performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer
by Daniela Lorena Canelas Montaño, Pablo Ruiz García, Andrés Jerez Navarro, Modesto Aguirre Gomez and José Javier López Cascales
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5298; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215298 - 25 Oct 2024
Viewed by 734
Abstract
Hydrogen production through electrolysis using renewable resources is highly promising for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While significant efforts have focused on developing more efficient and cost-effective catalysts to lower hydrogen production costs, catalysts are not the primary expense in electrolyzer fabrication. In the [...] Read more.
Hydrogen production through electrolysis using renewable resources is highly promising for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While significant efforts have focused on developing more efficient and cost-effective catalysts to lower hydrogen production costs, catalysts are not the primary expense in electrolyzer fabrication. In the case of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers (PEMWEs), other components—such as the proton membrane, gas diffusion layer (GDL), and bipolar plates—contribute more to overall costs. To explore this, a study was conducted on the performance of PEMWEs with various carbon paper GDLs, developed in the lab, on the cathodic side. This study examined how properties like electrical conductivity, porosity, and gas permeability affect performance. These findings emphasize the need to optimize components beyond catalysts to improve the cost-effectiveness of hydrogen production through electrolysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Energy Generation, Storage, Transportation and Utilization)
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16 pages, 1659 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Changes in Natural Gas Supplies to Poland on the Amount of Hydrogen Produced in the SMR Reactor
by Rafał Biały, Antoni Żywczak and Adam Szurlej
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051221 - 4 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1600
Abstract
Thanks to investments in diversifying the supply of natural gas, Poland did not encounter any gas supply issues in 2022 when gas imports from Russia were ceased due to the Russian Federation’s armed intervention in Ukraine. Over the past few years, the supply [...] Read more.
Thanks to investments in diversifying the supply of natural gas, Poland did not encounter any gas supply issues in 2022 when gas imports from Russia were ceased due to the Russian Federation’s armed intervention in Ukraine. Over the past few years, the supply of gas from routes other than the eastern route has substantially grown, particularly the supplies of liquefied natural gas (LNG) via the LNG terminal in Świnoujście. The growing proportion of LNG in Poland’s gas supply leads to a rise in ethane levels in natural gas, as verified by the review of data taken at a specific location within the gas system over the years 2015, 2020, and 2022. Using measurements of natural gas composition, the effectiveness of the steam hydrocarbon reforming process was simulated in the Gibbs reactor via Aspen HYSYS. The simulations confirmed that as the concentration of ethane in the natural gas increased, the amount of hydrogen produced, and the heat required for reactions in the reformer also increased. This article aims to analyze the influence of the changes in natural gas quality in the Polish transmission network caused by changes in supply structures on the mass and heat balance of the theoretical steam reforming reactor. Nowadays, the chemical composition of natural gas may be significantly different from that assumed years ago at the plant’s design stage. The consequence of such a situation may be difficulties in operating, especially when controlling the quantity of incoming natural gas to the reactor based on volumetric flow without considering changes in chemical composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Energy Generation, Storage, Transportation and Utilization)
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20 pages, 4882 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Robust Optimization of Integrated Energy System with Hydrogen Energy Storage
by Yuyang Zhao, Yifan Wei, Shuaiqi Zhang, Yingjun Guo and Hexu Sun
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051132 - 27 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1236
Abstract
A novel multi-objective robust optimization model of an integrated energy system with hydrogen storage (HIES) considering source–load uncertainty is proposed to promote the low-carbon economy operation of the integrated energy system of a park. Firstly, the lowest total system cost and carbon emissions [...] Read more.
A novel multi-objective robust optimization model of an integrated energy system with hydrogen storage (HIES) considering source–load uncertainty is proposed to promote the low-carbon economy operation of the integrated energy system of a park. Firstly, the lowest total system cost and carbon emissions are selected as the multi-objective optimization functions. The Pareto front solution set of the objective function is applied by compromise planning, and the optimal solution among them is obtained by the maximum–minimum fuzzy method. Furthermore, the robust optimization (RO) approach is introduced to cope with the source–load uncertainty effectively. Finally, it is demonstrated that the illustrated HIES can significantly reduce the total system cost, carbon emissions, and abandoned wind and solar power. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of the proposed model and solution method is verified by analyzing the influence of multi-objective solutions and a robust coefficient on the Chongli Demonstration Project in Hebei Province. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Energy Generation, Storage, Transportation and Utilization)
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11 pages, 3933 KiB  
Communication
Tuning Hydrogen Storage Properties in La1−xYxNi4.5Cu0.5 (x = 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4, 0.5) Alloys
by Mateusz Mańka, Tomohiro Kinoshita, Anita Nowak, Aleksandra Ludwik, Alicja Klimkowicz, Akito Takasaki and Łukasz Gondek
Energies 2024, 17(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010071 - 22 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1076
Abstract
Metal hydrides of AB5 compositions have been investigated over the years as they offer extraordinary volumetric hydrogen densities with high cycling stability and purity of released hydrogen. Moreover, by doping with different elements, the sorption properties of alloys can be significantly changed according [...] Read more.
Metal hydrides of AB5 compositions have been investigated over the years as they offer extraordinary volumetric hydrogen densities with high cycling stability and purity of released hydrogen. Moreover, by doping with different elements, the sorption properties of alloys can be significantly changed according to their foreseen applications. In this contribution, we report the synthesis routes and hydrogenation characteristics of La1−xYxNi4.5Cu0.5. The synthesized alloys exhibit excellent structural purity with all reflections indexed by the hexagonal P6/mmm structure. It was found that the Y content can easily tune (raise) the equilibrium pressures of the pressure–composition isotherms, while overall gravimetric density remains at a level exceeding 1.5 wt.% up to x = 0.3 then strongly decreases. The pressure range for desorption can be tuned from 1.5 to 5 bars at room temperature. Some alloys (x = 0; 0.2) exhibit very good stability during 1000 cycles of hydrogen loading and unloading. Furthermore, activation of the alloys is prompt, making them good candidates for stationary hydrogen storage, non-mechanical hydrogen compressors, or soft actuators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Energy Generation, Storage, Transportation and Utilization)
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32 pages, 12049 KiB  
Article
Applying a 2 kW Polymer Membrane Fuel-Cell Stack to Building Hybrid Power Sources for Unmanned Ground Vehicles
by Magdalena Dudek, Mikołaj Zarzycki, Andrzej Raźniak and Maciej Rosół
Energies 2023, 16(22), 7531; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227531 - 12 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1401
Abstract
The novel constructions of hybrid energy sources using polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs), and supercapacitors are developed. Studies on the energy demand and peak electrical power of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) weighing up to 100 kg were conducted under various conditions. It was [...] Read more.
The novel constructions of hybrid energy sources using polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs), and supercapacitors are developed. Studies on the energy demand and peak electrical power of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) weighing up to 100 kg were conducted under various conditions. It was found that the average electrical power required does not exceed ~2 kW under all conditions studied. However, under the dynamic electrical load of the electric drive of mobile robots, the short peak power exceeded 2 kW, and the highest current load was in the range of 80–90 A. The electrical performance of a family of PEMFC stacks built in open-cathode mode was determined. A hydrogen-usage control strategy for power generation, cleaning processes, and humidification was analysed. The integration of a PEMFC stack with a bank of supercapacitors makes it possible to mitigate the voltage dips. These occur periodically at short time intervals as a result of short-circuit operation. In the second construction, the recovery of electrical energy dissipated by a short-circuit unit (SCU) was also demonstrated in the integrated PEMFC stack and supercapacitor bank system. The concept of an energy-efficient, mobile, and environmentally friendly hydrogen charging unit has been proposed. It comprises (i) a hydrogen anion exchange membrane electrolyser, (ii) a photovoltaic installation, (iii) a battery storage, (iv) a hydrogen buffer storage in a buffer tank, (v) a hydrogen compression unit, and (vi) composite tanks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Energy Generation, Storage, Transportation and Utilization)
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11 pages, 13293 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Hydrogenation of the Ti45−xVxZr38Ni17 (5 ≤ x ≤ 40) Mechanically Alloyed Materials
by Joanna Czub, Akito Takasaki, Andreas Hoser, Manfred Reehuis and Łukasz Gondek
Energies 2023, 16(16), 5857; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165857 - 8 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 910
Abstract
The mechanically alloyed amorphous alloys of the Ti45Zr38Ni17 composition are known for their ability to form a quasicrystalline state after thermal treatment. It is also known that the amorphous and quasicrystal alloys belonging to the Ti45Zr [...] Read more.
The mechanically alloyed amorphous alloys of the Ti45Zr38Ni17 composition are known for their ability to form a quasicrystalline state after thermal treatment. It is also known that the amorphous and quasicrystal alloys belonging to the Ti45Zr38Ni17 family are able to store hydrogen and yield gravimetric densities above 2 wt.%. In this contribution, we report the results of research on the Ti45Zr38Ni17 system with vanadium doped instead of titanium. We found that the amorphous samples with moderate doping (x < 20) show the ability to absorb hydrogen while maintaining the amorphous state and they transform into the novel glassy-quasicrystal phase during annealing. Those materials with higher vanadium concentrations do not form entirely amorphous structures. However, they still can absorb hydrogen easily. It was also confirmed that the in situ hydrogenation of the amorphous alloys is a straightforward process without decomposition of the alloy. In this process, hydrogen does not attach to any particular constituent of the alloy, which would lead to the formation of simple hydrides or nanoclusters. Therefore, we were able to confirm the fully amorphous nature of the deuterides/hydrides of the Ti45−xVxZr38Ni17 with moderate V doping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Energy Generation, Storage, Transportation and Utilization)
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