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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2023) | Viewed by 8552

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zheyan Jin

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Guest Editor

School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Interests: experimental fluids dynamics; thermal fluids; lithium-ion battery; phase transition; aircraft icing mechanism

Dr. Zhiwen Gan

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Guest Editor

Research Institute of Aero-Engine, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
Interests: aero-engine, combustion, fuel, new energy

Dr. Haiyang Hu

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Guest Editor

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: thermal radiation of high temperature fluids and particles; intake and exhaust systems of the aircraft

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

“Thermal Fluids and Energy Systems” is a Special Issue focuses on fundamental theory and applied technology concerning thermal fluids in various energy transformation systems. The purpose of this Special Issue is to publish original research papers and reviews in the above-mentioned research areas. We would like to draw special attention to the development of new energy and renewable energy, as well as the economical, efficient, and safe application of energy.

Unsolved research challenges in thermal fluids and energy systems are massive, such as thermal protection in complex high temperature fluid machineries, combustion chemistry of biofuels, modeling of radiation from thermal fluid with turbulent mixing and combustion, and formation processes of pollutant in combustion. The discussions of those problems are undoubtedly meaningful for the amount of engineering technologies and can also eliminate the energy and environmental problems. We thus solicit research articles for this Special Issue. All types of research approaches are equally acceptable: experimental, theoretical, computational, and their mixtures.

This Special Issue is looking for, but not limited to, contributions in the following focus areas:

Thermal fluids;
Aircraft icing;
Wind turbine icing;
Combustion;
Thermal protection;
Energy systems;
Fuel;
Radiation heat transfer.

Dr. Zheyan Jin
Dr. Zhiwen Gan
Dr. Haiyang Hu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

thermal fluids
aircraft icing
wind turbine icing
combustion
thermal protection
energy systems
fuel
radiation heat transfer

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 24073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Oxygen Depletion Effects on Soot Morphology and Nanostructure in Coflow Diffusion Aviation Fuel (RP-3) Flames

by Jiaqi Guo, Zhiwen Gan, Jiacheng Li, Hanjing Li, Bin Feng and Xinyu Xing

Energies 2023, 16(7), 3166; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073166 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1380

Abstract

Oxygen concentration is a significant factor affecting soot formation and oxidation. However, there are few studies that have focused on the morphology and nanostructure characteristics of soot in aviation kerosene, oxygen-depleted combustion flames. In the present paper, five coflow flames under initial oxygen volume concentrations of 18.5%, 19%, 20%, 21%, and 23.5% were studied. The pneumatic probe sampling method and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis were conducted to quantify the morphology and nanostructure parameters, and laser extinction (LE) was applied to determine the soot volume fraction. Among the cases of different oxidizer oxygen concentrations (23.5% to 18.5%), the change in soot volume fraction was quantified, and the degree of graphitization of soot particles, i.e., the maturity, were compared. The results show that the peak value of soot volume fraction of the flames increased by 0.73 ppm as the oxygen concentration increased from 21% to 23.5%, and decreased by 1.25 ppm as the oxygen concentration decreased from 21% to 18.5%. When the oxygen concentration decreased from 23.5% to 18.5%, the soot primary particle diameter at the same dimensionless height decreased and then increased, which was attributed to the competition between the changes in the residence time and the growth rate of the soot particles. The quantitative analysis results of the soot nanostructure suggested that reduced oxygen concentration inhibited the graphitization process of carbon lattices and decreased the maturity and oxidation resistance of soot. When the oxygen concentration decreased from 23.5% to 18.5% at the same dimensionless height, the mean fringe length decreased by an average of 0.18 nm, and the mean value of fringe tortuosity and spacing increased by an average of 0.053 and 0.035 nm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Fluids and Energy Systems)

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16 pages, 5497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Ignition Process and Flame Stabilization of a Combination of Step and Strut: Experimental and Numerical Study

by Shilong Zhao, Hui Xiao and Yafan Li

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2832; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062832 - 18 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1380

Abstract

A combined application of step and strut was put forward to achieve reliable ignition and flame stabilization. In this work, the ignition process and temperature distribution have been tested, and a new reduction approach applied to jet fuel oxidation mechanism was developed to present a flow map via tracking C and H reaction paths, then the minor and major reactions were verified according to relative occurrence probabilities. With the half decrease of mechanism size, bias occurred and was controlled within 1.8%. This reduction method had such characteristics as universality, intuition, and quantification, due to its inherent simplification theory. This simulation of ignition process was always consistent with experimental results, which depicted kernel generation, flamelet breakup and flame propagation. Also, the influence of inlet temperature on outlet temperature and component distribution was performed, the biases of experimental and numerical results were within 5%. Chemical characteristics of Kerosene/air premixed combustible had changed and side reactions occurred to jet fuel above 900 K, which led to a converse effect on flame spreading. The side reactions aggravated the increasing coproducts of CO and CH4, which caused the decrease of volumetric heat production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Fluids and Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 8064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Internal Ballistic Multiphase Flow of Composite Charge Structure

by Shenshen Cheng, Kun Jiang, Shao Xue, Ruyi Tao and Xinggan Lu

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2127; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052127 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1665

Abstract

Different charge structures have different interior ballistic performance. Existing research is based on experimental measurements or the lumped parameter method to obtain limited ballistic characteristics, which indirectly impacts the analysis of the parameters’ distribution, requiring a complex modeling solution process. Besides this, the ignition performance of different charge structures needs to be further explored. The disadvantages of previous studies have limited the feasibility of further optimization of the composite charge structure. In this paper, we apply a two-dimensional two-phase flow method based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian model to study the performance of different composite charge structures. First, we establish the mathematical model of different particle types based on interior ballistics, which is directly related to the research foundation of subsequent ballistic performance. Next, we investigate the multi-scale reaction flow of complex charge structures by the two-phase flow method and obtain the distribution of parameters in the chamber. Finally, we conduct a study with different particle charge parameters to explore the sensitivity of ballistic characteristics to structural parameters. The results show that the tubular propellant has good ignition performance in different charge structures, and the ignition consistency can be improved by charging tubular propellant in the center of the chamber. However, more tubular propellants are ineffective at significantly improving ignition performance, and result in a decrease in combustion chamber pressure. These results may be promising for the optimization of various charge structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Fluids and Energy Systems)

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13 pages, 11703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Study on Swirling Hot Air Anti-Icing with Various Surface Structures on the Internal Wall

by Yuyang Liu, Yong Luan, Xinbo Dai, Senyun Liu, Xian Yi and Yu Rao

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031179 - 20 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1569

Abstract

Swirling hot air is a promising heat transfer enhancement technology for anti-icing applications in aircrafts, where the swirling flow is accompanied by pretty high turbulence and a quite thin boundary layer. It is of interest to investigate the compound heat transfer characteristics of the swirling air configuration combined with surface structures on the internal wall. This paper carries out a series of numerical computations to obtain the Nusselt number and pressure loss data in such a swirling air heat transfer system with four kinds of surface structures (trenches, ribs, dimples and bulges) on the wall and with different tangential inlet jets placed along the tube. At a tube Reynolds number from 10,000 to 50,000, the results show that the surface dimples and bulges are conducive to improving the Nusselt number, but the surface trenches and ribs show a Nusselt number deterioration relative to the smooth swirl tube. Among the four investigated surface structures, the surface bulges perform best, which can enhance the Nusselt number by up to 15.0%, increase the total heat transfer quantity by up to 17.3% and reduce the hot air pressure loss by up to 15.6%. Furthermore, the circumferential velocity distribution and swirl number are introduced to describe the flow fields. The surface trenches and ribs lead to less of a reduction in the circumferential velocity and swirl intensity, while the surface dimples and bulges could significantly suppress the in-tube swirl intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Fluids and Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 5709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Topology Optimization Design of Micro-Channel Heat Sink by Considering the Coupling of Fluid-Solid and Heat Transfer

by Yue Wang, Jiahao Wang and Xiaomin Liu

Energies 2022, 15(23), 8827; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238827 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1783

Abstract

To investigate the effect of the target weight coefficient on the structure design of the micro-channel heat sink, an innovative method for the topology optimization design of micro-channel structures with different bifurcation angles is adopted. In this study, the improved interpolation function, density filtering, and hyperbolic tangent projection methods are adopted to obtain a clear topological structure of the micro-channel heat sink. The heat transfer of the micro-channel heat sink under different bifurcation angles is compared. At the same time, the influence of the two different objective functions, heat transfer, and flow energy consumption, is analyzed in the topology optimization of micro-channel heat sinks. The results show that when the bifurcation angle is 135°, both the heat transfer and the average outlet temperature of the micro-channel heat sink obtain the maximum value, and the heat transfer effect is the best. With the increase of the heat transfer weighting coefficient, the distribution of solid heat sources in the main channel increases, and the refinement of the branch channels also increases. On the other hand, although the heat transfer effect of the micro-channel heat sink is the best, the corresponding flow energy consumption is larger. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Fluids and Energy Systems)

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