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Measurement and Application of Field Heterogeneity for Effective Energy Use...
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Measurement and Application of Field Heterogeneity for Effective Energy Use and Waste Treatment

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 13055

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Keiichiro Yoshida

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering, Osaka Institute of technology, 535-8585 Osaka, Japan
Interests: atmospheric pressure plasma; particle driving; collection and decomposition; gas purification

Special Issue Information

Field heterogeneity is the key to resolving some of the problems we face in modern human society. Utilizing a limited amount of each resource at our disposal is urgently needed, both at the society and the in-device scale, where energy and material must be distributed only where and when they are required, and wastes must be separate and sorted. Field heterogeneity offers a possibility for technological breakthrough because it involves the concentration of energy, momentum, material, etc. in either spatial or temporal meanings. All those gradients initiate special effects that cannot be achieved in a uniform and equilibrium field, resulting in effective energy use and waste treatment.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:

  • Drive, separation, and sorting of materials using uneven electric, magnetic, temperature, or velocity fields;
  • Compressed use of energy in temporal meaning;
  • Chemical processes using a strong non-equilibrium state;
  • Measurement of spatial or temporal distribution of electric, magnetic, temperature, or velocity fields.

Prof. Dr. Keiichiro Yoshida
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • heterogeneity
  • non-uniform
  • unevenness
  • pulse
  • non-equilibrium

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 5118 KiB  
Article
Oil-Removal Performance of Rotating-Disk-Type Oil Separator
by Haneol Lee, Yeawan Lee, Yong-Jin Kim, Bangwoo Han and Hak-Joon Kim
Energies 2022, 15(18), 6515; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186515 - 6 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1646
Abstract
Oil mist adversely affects the health of workplace workers, and for this reason, regulations on the limitation of the oil-mist exposure of workers are becoming stricter. In order to reduce the amount of the exposure of workers to oil mist, it is important [...] Read more.
Oil mist adversely affects the health of workplace workers, and for this reason, regulations on the limitation of the oil-mist exposure of workers are becoming stricter. In order to reduce the amount of the exposure of workers to oil mist, it is important to effectively remove oil mist from machine tools. In this study, the collection efficiency according to the geometry of the oil-mist-collection cyclone consisting of several disks and the output power and rotation speed of the motor were evaluated. Most of the generated oil mists were less than 10 μm, and the mist removal was assessed using an optical particle counter. The cyclone airflow rate increased linearly with the rotational speed, and the rate was affected more by the cyclone geometry than by the power consumption. The mist-removal performance was significantly enhanced when plate- and cone-type disks were added to the rotating blades. The removal efficiencies of PM10 and PM2.5 under the maximum operational conditions of 5000 rpm and a flow rate of 3.73 m3/min were 93.4% and 78.4%, respectively. The removal capacity was more affected by the cyclone geometry than the rotational speed. The experimental results were similar to those predicted by the modified Lapple theory when an appropriate slope parameter (β) was used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement and Application of Field Heterogeneity for Effective Energy Use and Waste Treatment)
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13 pages, 6505 KiB  
Article
Foundation of the Manipulation Technology for Tiny Objects Based on the Control of the Heterogeneity of Electric Fields
by Isao Shirota and Keiichiro Yoshida
Energies 2022, 15(13), 4513; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134513 - 21 Jun 2022
Viewed by 989
Abstract
Effective sorting and extraction of tiny plastic objects is becoming increasingly important for manufacturing high-quality recycled plastics. Herein, we designed a manipulation device for tiny objects that can drive multiple target objects individually. This type of device has a potential to sort tiny [...] Read more.
Effective sorting and extraction of tiny plastic objects is becoming increasingly important for manufacturing high-quality recycled plastics. Herein, we designed a manipulation device for tiny objects that can drive multiple target objects individually. This type of device has a potential to sort tiny pieces of a wide variety of materials, not strongly depending on their physical properties, by combining different detection meanings. In this study, two types of devices were tested as the basic components of the proposed device. One of them had a single object-holding point and the other had two of them. These holding points consisted of strip-shaped electrodes facing each other. The high voltage applied to the facing electrodes created forces heading toward the object-holding points caused by the heterogeneity of the electric field in the devices. The forces created in these devices were determined from the motion analysis of a glass sphere, which is a model for target objects, and a numerical simulation. The results indicate that dielectrophoretic forces are dominant at locations that are sufficiently remote from the holding point, and the Coulombic force caused by dielectric barrier discharge is dominant near the high-voltage electrodes with the holding point. Moreover, the transfer of a glass sphere from one holding point to an adjacent point was successfully demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement and Application of Field Heterogeneity for Effective Energy Use and Waste Treatment)
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17 pages, 3451 KiB  
Article
Visualization and Measurement of Swirling Flow of Dry Ice Particles in Cyclone Separator-Sublimator
by Haruhiko Yamasaki, Hiroyuki Wakimoto, Takeshi Kamimura, Kazuhiro Hattori, Petter Nekså and Hiroshi Yamaguchi
Energies 2022, 15(11), 4128; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114128 - 3 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2103
Abstract
The dry ice sublimation process of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a unique, environmentally friendly technology that can achieve a temperature of −56 °C or lower, which is a triple point of CO2 in CO2 refrigeration systems. In this study, [...] Read more.
The dry ice sublimation process of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a unique, environmentally friendly technology that can achieve a temperature of −56 °C or lower, which is a triple point of CO2 in CO2 refrigeration systems. In this study, a cyclone separator-evaporator was proposed to separate dry ice particles in an evaporator. As an initial step before introducing the cyclone separator-evaporator into an actual refrigeration system, a prototype cyclone separator-evaporator was constructed to visualize dry ice particles in a separation chamber. A high-speed camera was used to visualize the non-uniform flow of dry ice particles that repeatedly coalescence and collision in a swirl section. Consequently, the dry ice particle size and the circumferential and axial velocities of dry ice were measured. The results show that the equivalent diameter of the most abundant dry ice particles in the cyclone separation chamber is 2.0 mm. As the inner diameter of the separation section decreases, dry ice particles coalesce and grow from an equivalent diameter of 4 mm to a maximum of 40 mm. In addition, the comparison of the experimental and simulation results shows that the drag force due to CO2 gas flow is dominant in the circumferential velocity of dry ice particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement and Application of Field Heterogeneity for Effective Energy Use and Waste Treatment)
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15 pages, 9402 KiB  
Article
Development and Evaluation of Newly Designed Coaxial Cylindrical Plasma Reactor with Liquid Flow Control and Post-Discharge Reactions for Water Treatment
by Kosuke Tachibana, Ryosuke Hanabata, Takashi Furuki, Ryuta Ichiki, Seiji Kanazawa and Marek Kocik
Energies 2022, 15(11), 4028; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114028 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1558
Abstract
Water purification by non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma has attracted much attention and is expected to be a next-generation method. However, general approaches to improve the energy efficiency of the water purification have not been revealed. Therefore, to investigate important factors for increasing its [...] Read more.
Water purification by non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma has attracted much attention and is expected to be a next-generation method. However, general approaches to improve the energy efficiency of the water purification have not been revealed. Therefore, to investigate important factors for increasing its energy efficiency, we developed coaxial cylindrical plasma reactors where pulsed streamers were generated between a high-voltage electrode and running water film. To evaluate the performance of the plasma reactors, we measured hydroxyl (OH) radicals in solution based on a chemical probe method using disodium terephthalic acid (NaTA) and decolorized indigo carmine solution. Our experimental results showed that the production rate of the OH radicals was approximately 20 nmol/s and that the energy efficiency of the decolorization was on the order of 10 g/kWh. In addition, we found that controlling liquid flow based on the Coandă effect and introducing the intermittent operation of the streamer discharges to use post-discharge reactions increased the energy efficiency by a factor of approximately 3.5, which indicated that these approaches are effective to improve the performance of the water purification by plasma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement and Application of Field Heterogeneity for Effective Energy Use and Waste Treatment)
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9 pages, 1208 KiB  
Article
Liquid-Phase Non-Thermal Plasma Discharge for Fuel Oil Processing
by Evgeniy Yurevich Titov, Ivan Vasilevich Bodrikov, Anton Igorevich Serov, Yuriy Alekseevich Kurskii, Dmitry Yurievich Titov and Evgenia Ruslanovna Bodrikova
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3400; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093400 - 6 May 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2092
Abstract
The non-thermal plasma pyrolysis of fuel oil, under the action of low-voltage electric discharges in the liquid phase, has made it possible to develop a new process to obtain valuable petrochemical products. In this study, the main parameters, including pulse energy and the [...] Read more.
The non-thermal plasma pyrolysis of fuel oil, under the action of low-voltage electric discharges in the liquid phase, has made it possible to develop a new process to obtain valuable petrochemical products. In this study, the main parameters, including pulse energy and the time of impact on the non-thermal plasma pyrolysis process, are studied. The main components of the obtained gaseous products are hydrogen (27.6–49.6 mol%), acetylene (33.6–49.1 mol%), ethylene (6.9–12.1 mol%), methane (3.9–9.1 mol%), and hydrocarbons C3-C5 (3.8–9.3 mol%). Increasing the capacity of electric discharges leads to an increase in the content of acetylene in the gas phase to 49.1 mol% and a decrease in energy costs for the production of gaseous products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement and Application of Field Heterogeneity for Effective Energy Use and Waste Treatment)
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16 pages, 3082 KiB  
Article
Ozone Catalytic Oxidation for Gaseous Dimethyl Sulfide Removal by Using Vacuum-Ultra-Violet Lamp and Impregnated Activated Carbon
by Yoshinori Mizuno, Ahmad Guji Yahaya, Jaroslav Kristof, Marius Gabriel Blajan, Eizo Murakami and Kazuo Shimizu
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3314; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093314 - 2 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1786
Abstract
Gaseous sulfur compounds are emitted from many facilities, such as wastewater facilities or biomass power plants, due to the decay of organic compounds. Gaseous dimethyl sulfide removal by ozone catalytic oxidation was investigated in this study. A Vacuum-Ultra-Violet (VUV) xenon excimer lamp of [...] Read more.
Gaseous sulfur compounds are emitted from many facilities, such as wastewater facilities or biomass power plants, due to the decay of organic compounds. Gaseous dimethyl sulfide removal by ozone catalytic oxidation was investigated in this study. A Vacuum-Ultra-Violet (VUV) xenon excimer lamp of 172 nm was used for ozone generation without NOx generation, and activated carbon impregnated with iodic acid and H2SO4 was utilized as a catalyst. Performance assessment of dimethyl sulfide removal ability was carried out by a dynamic adsorption experiment. Empty-Bed-Contact-Time (EBCT), superficial velocity, concentration of dimethyl sulfide, temperature and humidity were set at 0.48 s, 0.15 m/s, 3.0 ppm, 25 °C and 45%, respectively. Without ozone addition, the adsorption capacity of impregnated activated carbon was 0.01 kg/kg. When ozone of 7.5 ppm was added, the adsorption capacity of impregnated activated carbon was increased to 0.15 kg/kg. Methane sulfonic acid, a reaction product of dimethyl sulfide and ozone, was detected from the activated carbon. The results suggest that the VUV and activated carbon impregnated with iodic acid and H2SO4 are workable for ozone catalytic oxidation for gas treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement and Application of Field Heterogeneity for Effective Energy Use and Waste Treatment)
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12 pages, 4997 KiB  
Article
Observation of the Formation of Multiple Shock Waves at the Collapse of Cavitation Bubbles for Improvement of Energy Convergence
by Marc Tinguely, Kiyonobu Ohtani, Mohamed Farhat and Takehiko Sato
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072305 - 22 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2089
Abstract
The collapse of a cavitation bubble is always associated with the radiation of intense shock waves, which are highly relevant in a variety of applications. To radiate a strong shock wave, it is necessary to converge energy at the collapse, and understanding generation [...] Read more.
The collapse of a cavitation bubble is always associated with the radiation of intense shock waves, which are highly relevant in a variety of applications. To radiate a strong shock wave, it is necessary to converge energy at the collapse, and understanding generation processes of multiple shock waves at the collapse is a key issue. In the present study, we investigated the formation of multiple shock waves generated by the collapse of a laser-induced bubble. We used a high-speed imaging system with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. We developed a triggering procedure of high precision and reproducibility based on the deflection of a laser beam by the shockwave passage. The high-speed videos clearly show that: (A) a first shockwave is emitted as the micro-jet hits the bottom of the bubble interface, followed by a second shock wave due to the collapse of the remaining toroidal bubble; (B) a sequential collapse of elongated bubbles, where the top part of the bubble collapses slightly before the bottom of the bubble; and (C) the formation of compression shock waves from multiple sites on a toroidal bubble. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement and Application of Field Heterogeneity for Effective Energy Use and Waste Treatment)
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