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Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "C: Energy Economics and Policy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 July 2025 | Viewed by 18429

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kinga Stecuła

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Guest Editor

Department of Production Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: production engineering; technology; energy; production management; mining; renewables; human-machine relation; virtual reality
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Katarzyna Markowska

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Guest Editor

Department of Transport Systems, Traffic Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Interests: aviation engineering; transport; energy; sustainable transport; artificial intelligence; international logistics; supply chain management; outsourcing

Dr. Artur Dyczko

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Guest Editor

Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
Interests: mineral resources management; distributed energy; renewable energy sources; energy storage; informatics; Industry 4.0

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the present world, the environment, its protection and reducing the impact of human activity on it are becoming increasingly significant. A growing number of economies of individual countries are undergoing energy transformation aimed at reducing the use of energy from traditional fossil fuels and expanding the use of energy from clean renewable sources. In addition, society is becoming increasingly aware of the environment, which also translates into changes in energy consumption by whole countries and individuals.

Therefore, the Guest Editors are inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on quantitative analyses, research, and innovative solutions to the above-described issues from the point of view of entire economies, local communities, and also individuals.

The scope includes studies in the field of energy in the following areas:

Energy transformation (in terms of market, countries, trends, resources, fossil fuels, renewables, and attitudes towards energy sources);
Energy consumption (in terms of renewable and non-renewable energy sources);
Energy storage;
Energy supplies (especially from renewable sources);
Sustainable development (renewables, climate policy, climate neutrality, decarbonization, CO₂ reduction, sustainable production and consumption, etc.);
Clean energy technologies (including also clean technologies in traditional industries, such as mining);
Transport (electric, hybrid and hydrogen vehicles, etc.);
Smart cities and communities (smart energy management, heating systems, electricity generation systems, energy savings etc.).

Dr. Kinga Stecuła
Prof. Dr. Katarzyna Markowska
Dr. Artur Dyczko
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

energy transformation
energy transition
renewables
resources
energy consumption
energy storage
energy supplies
climate policy
sustainable production
sustainable consumption
clean technologies
energy in transport
energy management
energy savings

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 4508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Main Drivers of the Raw Materials and ICT Sectors in Poland Using PESTEL Analysis

by Patrycja Bąk, Marta Sukiennik and Barbara Kowal

Energies 2025, 18(8), 1987; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18081987 - 12 Apr 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

Poland is a country rich in mineral resources with a diversified resource base. Energy resources play a key role, as they are strategic resources ensuring the country’s energy security. Strategic resources, the recovery of which is highly risky and the possibilities of substitution are small, are critical resources for the Polish economy. These are the resources included in the list of critical resources for the European Union. The conducted review of mineral resources in Poland showed a large difference between the levels of actual resources and the resources of deposits. Therefore, supporting the mineral resources market is one of the key strategic areas of the Polish economy. This study aims to identify barriers that have a significant impact on the activities of entities in the raw materials sector. The tool used was the PESTEL analysis of companies operating in the raw materials sector. The aim of this study based on the assessment of experts familiar with the raw materials market and dealing with its challenges was to determine the main factors driving the raw materials market. These include the EU’s decarbonization policy, a complex system and relatively high level of taxes, a lack of qualified specialists, a market delay in terms of technological development, an environmental policy focused on a circular economy and renewables, and the problem of raw material depletion. The earlier identification of the market gap in the mineral resources industry in Poland in terms of business development opportunities indicated that IT and ICT would be possible directions of development. Therefore, an analysis of the industry was carried out in terms of business development opportunities. An assessment of the impact of individual factors on the activities of IT entities in the raw materials sector in Poland was carried out. The factors that most determine running a business in the diagnosed IT gap in the RM include a lack of government support for IT investments, new trends resulting from the growing importance of ICT in everyday life, the pandemic situation and the subsequent crisis of many companies on the market, the unstable financial condition of the main customer groups, and the lack of qualified personnel, equipment, and appropriate technology. The presented results may have practical implications, among others, for new economic players who want to establish their companies and conquer the raw materials market. On the one hand, they indicate opportunities, and on the other, they point to threats that may appear in their business life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market)

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25 pages, 2633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Current Trends in Career Choices and Employer Branding from the Perspective of Millennials within the Indonesian Energy Sector

by Dzikri Firmansyah Hakam, Fajar Nurrohman Haryadi, Harry Indrawan, Muhammad Hanri, Lazuardi Imani Hakam, Ova Kurniawan and Andreas Putro Purnomoadi

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2570; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112570 - 26 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1611

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the factors that influence millennials’ perceptions and preferences in regard to career choices within the state-owned energy sector in Indonesia. The research objective is to understand how to remain competitive in the current disruptive job market by examining a company’s recruitment and retention strategies, and analyzing data collected through econometric surveys. Factors significantly affecting the willingness to work at PLN include its past and present reputation, product societal impact, CSR efforts, and the individual’s gender, age, and job-seeking status, with positive views on PLN and its CSR activities encouraging the inclination to work there. Income expectations are influenced by similar aspects—PLN’s reputation, its product’s societal role, and CSR initiatives—alongside gender and education level, particularly for those with undergraduate or Master’s degrees. Notably, favorable perceptions of PLN and higher educational attainment are linked to increased salary expectations. The results from the survey indicate that a significant proportion of respondents, over 80%, expressed a desire to work at one of Indonesia’s state-owned energy companies (PLN), with a desired monthly salary of IDR 7,466,905. Furthermore, when compared to other state-owned energy companies in Indonesia, PLN holds a strong position, ranking second among this type of companies. This study provides valuable insights for energy companies in Indonesia, by understanding the career preferences of millennials and aligning their employer branding strategies accordingly, in order to remain competitive in the current job market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market)

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14 pages, 2706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methodology for Selecting a Location for a Photovoltaic Farm on the Example of Poland

by Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj, Piotr Olczak, Jaroslaw Kulpa and Maciej Soltysik

Energies 2024, 17(10), 2394; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102394 - 16 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1036

Abstract

As the LCOE for photovoltaics has decreased several times, it is once again gaining popularity. The intensification of the development of PV installations is contributing to the duck curve phenomenon in an increasing number of countries and, consequently, affecting current electricity prices. Decisions on new investments in large-scale PV sources are driven by potential economic and environmental effects, and these, in turn, are subject to locational considerations, both as to the country and its region. In calculating the economic impact of locating a 1 MWp PV farm, it was assumed that the electricity generated by the farm would be fed into the national grid, and that the life of the PV farm would be 20 years. Poland was considered as an example country for the placement of a photovoltaic farm. The authors of this paper proposed that the main verification parameter is the availability of connection capacities to feed the produced electricity into the country’s electricity grid. The methodology proposed by the authors for the selection of the location of a PV farm consists of four steps: step (i) identification and selection of the administrative division of a given country; step (ii) verification of available connection capacities; step (iii) (two stages) verification of other factors related to the location of the PV farm (e.g., information on land availability and the distance of the land from the substation), and analysis of productivity at each potential location and electricity prices achieved on the power exchange; step (iv) economic analysis of the investment—analyses of PV farm energy productivity in monetary terms on an annual basis, cost analysis (CAPEX, OPEX) and evaluation of economic efficiency (DPP, NPV, IRR). The greatest impact on the economic efficiency of a PV project is shown by the value of land (as part of CAPEX), which is specific to a given location, and revenues from energy sales, which are pretty similar for all locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market)

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26 pages, 3985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Energy Transformation: A Case Study of EU Countries

by Anna Manowska, Anna Bluszcz, Iwona Chomiak-Orsa and Rafał Wowra

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071778 - 8 Apr 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1947

Abstract

The decarbonization of European economies is an established reality that has been accelerating in recent years. The focus of EU policy is on the dynamic transformation of the energy balances of Member States, which most significantly impacts economies reliant on coal. In the context of emerging megatrends, this study sets out to determine the extent of changes occurring in the economies of European Union countries in relation to the Green Deal paradigm. The objective of this article is to introduce a comprehensive method developed by the authors for assessing the dynamics of energy transformation in the European Union countries under study. This method is divided into two phases. Initially, countries are classified according to the energy transformation dynamics matrix. Subsequently, the actual assessment of energy transformation dynamics is conducted using a novel composite indicator, the ETPI (Energy Transition Progress Index), based on analyses for 2022 and 2013 using Eurostat data. The results identify leaders in energy transformation, such as Sweden, Germany, Denmark, France, Italy, Spain, Austria, Finland, and the Netherlands, while highlighting significant challenges facing Poland and Bulgaria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market)

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18 pages, 4867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Nature-Based Solutions in the Adaptation of Large Polish Cities to Climate Change and Energy Transformation: A Comparative Analysis

by Alina Pancewicz, Dominika Bednarz, Dawid Drożdż, Monika Marszoł and Natalia Suchy

Energies 2023, 16(13), 5189; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135189 - 5 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2115

Abstract

Cities have always been places that generate problems, but also places where solutions are born. In recent years, cities have become a testing ground for finding and testing solutions to overcome the climate crisis. The subject of the paper is Nature-based Solutions (NbSs) that strengthen the resilience to climate change, influence urban spaces, and improve the quality of life of residents. The study focusses on the identification of NbSs, the diagnosis of its participation in local adaptation activities, and a comparative analysis of the activities planned and implemented in 44 large Polish cities in 2017–2023. The authors analyse data from 44 Polish cities, based on the types of NbSs implemented in European cities that carried out the URBAN GreenUP project. The results of the study show that Polish cities, while introducing sustainable urban lifestyles through NbSs, do not take advantage of all the opportunities inherent in these solutions. They focus on greening urban spaces and implement water interventions and singular green infrastructure measures to a lesser extent. There is negligible use of innovative and energy-using activities. The quantitative data obtained can be used to identify the gaps and potentials in the use of nature-based solutions in the adaptation of Polish cities to climate change and energy transformation. The aim of this work is also to identify recommendations to incorporate NbSs into urban adaptation policies in Poland. The authors conclude that the research conducted can serve to improve the knowledge on the links between NbS planning in adaptation activities and their implementation in urban spaces. An awareness of NbS gaps can influence the intensification of research on the implementation of innovative adaptation solutions, including energy-based solutions. The results obtained can also contribute to a better organisation of urban policies that aim to increase the resilience of cities to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market)

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35 pages, 1724 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Green Horizon: Recent Research on Renewable Energy in Poland—A Review

by Barış Aydın, Kinga Stecuła, Piotr Olczak, Jarosław Kulpa and Beniamin Stecuła

Energies 2025, 18(7), 1695; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071695 - 28 Mar 2025

Viewed by 396

Abstract

This paper identifies and examines the latest research on renewable energy in Poland, reviewing articles published between 2021 and 2023 indexed in the Scopus database. It analyzes 124 papers, categorizing them into 11 thematic areas which include (1) energy production, (2) energy consumption, (3) energy policy, (4) sustainable development activities, (5) technology and engineering, (6) energy storage, (7) powering vehicles, (8) awareness and attitude regarding energy, (9) finances and investments, (10) emission, and (11) other. The main objective was to analyze the state of the current research on renewables in Poland. The results highlight significant progress in renewable energy capacity, particularly in wind and solar power, driven by national policies, EU funding, and growing public support. The analysis also reveals persistent challenges related to technology, infrastructure, and policy. The authors critically evaluate the research’s relevance to Poland’s energy sector and globally. They also refer to issue of non-renewable energy sources, which, despite the development of the RES sector, still play a dominant role in the Polish energy economy. Due to this, the article not only describes the state of knowledge, but also formulates conclusions on the real needs and opportunities for the further development of energy in Poland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market)

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34 pages, 1105 KiB

Open AccessReview

AI-Driven Urban Energy Solutions—From Individuals to Society: A Review

by Kinga Stecuła, Radosław Wolniak and Wieslaw Wes Grebski

Energies 2023, 16(24), 7988; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16247988 - 9 Dec 2023

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5672

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of solutions based on artificial intelligence (AI) in the urban energy sector, with a focus on their applications and impacts. The study employed a literature review methodology to analyze recent research on AI’s role in energy-related solutions, covering the years 2019 to 2023. The authors classified publications according to their main focus, resulting in two key areas of AI implementation: residential and individual user applications, and urban infrastructure integration for society. The objectives of this review of the literature are the following: O1: to identify trends, emerging technologies, and applications using AI in the energy field; O2: to provide up-to-date insights into the use of AI in energy-related applications; O3: to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of AI-driven urban energy solutions; O4: to explore future directions, emerging trends, and challenges in the field of AI-driven energy solutions. This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the transformative potential of AI in urban energy management, providing valuable insights and directions for researchers and practitioners in the field. Based on the results, it can be claimed that AI connected to energy at homes is used in the following areas: heating and cooling, lighting, windows and blinds, home devices, and energy management systems. AI is integrating into urban infrastructure through the following solutions: enhancement of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, reduction in vehicle emissions, development of smart grids, and efficient energy storage. What is more, the latest challenges associated with the implementation of AI-driven energy solutions include the need to balance resident comfort with energy efficiency in smart homes, ensuring compatibility and cooperation among various devices, preventing unintended energy consumption increases due to constant connectivity, the management of renewable energy sources, and the coordination of energy consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market)

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26 pages, 370 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Legal Framework for Energy-Conscious Urban Planning in Poland and Germany

by Olga Sachanbińska-Dobrzyńska

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6428; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186428 - 5 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1428

Abstract

This work seeks to answer the question as to whether the legal orders of Poland and Germany provide an effective framework for energy-efficient and climate-resilient urban space management. To this end, it verifies what similarities and differences exist between certain areas and whether they need reform. The starting point is the belief that legal instruments for environmentally friendly space management are a cross-border issue. Comparative studies are important because effective environmental protection knows no borders, and a lower level of protection in one country or geographic region can affect neighbouring countries and regions. The analysis of legal norms affecting such issues as passive energy construction; prevention of soil sealing and adequate ventilation; reduction of CO₂ emissions; promotion of green areas; proper water management; reduction of so-called “grey energy” associated with new construction; the compact city; and a reduction of light pollution has enabled us to synthesise findings into specific conclusions and to propose postulates and directions for further research. However, this does not change the overall assessment that the legal systems of Poland and Germany enable environmentally friendly space management at a similar level, while at the same time, certain additions to the regulations and a further discussion of possible improvements are most welcome and needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market)

22 pages, 6173 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hydrogen or Electric Drive—Inconvenient (Omitted) Aspects

by Jarosław Konieczny, Krzysztof Labisz, Szymon Surma, Jakub Młyńczak, Jerzy Łukasik, Renata Boris and Michał Grzybowski

Energies 2023, 16(11), 4400; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114400 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

Currently, hydrogen and electric drives used in various means of transport is a leading topic in many respects. This article discusses the most important aspects of the operation of vehicles with electric drives (passenger cars) and hydrogen drives. In both cases, the official reason for using both drives is the possibility of independence from fossil fuel supplies, especially oil. The desire for independence is mainly dictated by political considerations. This article discusses the acquisition of basic raw materials for the construction of lithium-ion batteries in electric cars, as well as methods for obtaining hydrogen as a fuel. The widespread use of electric passenger cars requires the construction of a network of charging stations. This article shows that, taking into account the entire production process of electric cars, including lithium-ion batteries, the argument that they are ecological cannot be used. Additionally, it was indicated that there is no concept for the use of used accumulator batteries. If hydrogen drives are used in trains, there is no need to build the traction network infrastructure and then continuously monitor its technical condition and perform the necessary repairs. Of course, the necessary hydrogen tanks must be built, but there must be similar tanks to store oil for diesel locomotives. This paper also deals with other possibilities of hydrogen application for transformational usage, e.g., the use of combustion engines driven with liquid hydrogen. Unfortunately, an optimistic approach to this issue does not allow for a critical view of the whole matter. In public discussion, there is no room for scientific arguments and emotions to dominate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transformation from the Perspectives of the Individual Citizen and the Market)

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