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18 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Estimated Small Wind Energy Using Different Probability Distributions in a Desert City in Northwestern México

by Juan A. Burgos-Peñaloza, Alejandro A. Lambert-Arista, O. Rafael García-Cueto, Néstor Santillán-Soto, Edgar Valenzuela and David E. Flores-Jiménez

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3323; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133323 - 6 Jul 2024

Viewed by 326

Abstract

In this paper, four probability functions are compared with the purpose of establishing a methodology to improve the accuracy of wind energy estimations in a desert city in Northwestern Mexico. Three time series of wind speed data corresponding to 2017, 2018, and 2019 [...] Read more.

In this paper, four probability functions are compared with the purpose of establishing a methodology to improve the accuracy of wind energy estimations in a desert city in Northwestern Mexico. Three time series of wind speed data corresponding to 2017, 2018, and 2019 were used for statistical modeling. These series were recorded with a sonic anemometer at a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. Analyses based on these data were performed at different stationarity periods (5, 30, 60, and 600 s). The estimation of the parameters characterizing the probability density functions (PDFs) was carried out using different methods; the statistical models were evaluated by the coefficient of determination and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, and their accuracy was estimated by the measured quadratic error, mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error. Weibull, using the energy pattern factor method, and Gamma, using the Method of Moments, were the probability density functions that best described the statistical behavior of wind speed and were better at estimating the generated energy. We conclude that the proposed methodology will increase the confidence of both wind speed estimation and the energy supplied by small-scale wind installations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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16 pages, 7207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Axial Displacements of Transformer Windings for Frequency Response Analysis Diagnosis

by Katarzyna Trela and Konstanty Marek Gawrylczyk

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3274; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133274 - 4 Jul 2024

Viewed by 390

Abstract

The aim of the article is to present the method of modeling the frequency response of the transformer windings with axial displacements. Frequency response analysis (often referred to as FRA or SFRA) is a powerful and sensitive method for testing the mechanical integrity [...] Read more.

The aim of the article is to present the method of modeling the frequency response of the transformer windings with axial displacements. Frequency response analysis (often referred to as FRA or SFRA) is a powerful and sensitive method for testing the mechanical integrity of transformer cores, windings, and press frames in power transformers. The proper interpretation of FRA results is crucial in assessing winding faults. Computer modeling of transformer active part deformations is one way to expand knowledge about the impact of mechanical faults on the shape of the frequency response (FR) curve. The data collected from these models can be used as training data sets for artificial intelligence tools. An automatic tool developed from this approach would significantly improve the accuracy of the FRA method and simplify the interpretation and evaluation of results. The described study utilizes new types of lumped parameter models with input data obtained from the FEM analysis. The research conducted shows the influence of the winding axial deformation on the frequency response curve and provides information on the sensitivity of the FR curve’s shape to this type of deformation. A series of tests, which involved measuring and simulating typical axial damages, were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the presented algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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15 pages, 2842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electro-Hydraulic Variable-Speed Drive Network Technology—First Experimental Validation

by Lasse Schmidt and Mikkel van Binsbergen-Galán

Energies 2024, 17(13), 3192; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133192 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 321

Abstract

The improvement of the energy efficiency of hydraulic systems remains an essential challenge for industry, and the demand for more sustainable solutions is increasing. A main focus in this endeavor is the ability to eliminate or strongly reduce the use of throttle control [...] Read more.

The improvement of the energy efficiency of hydraulic systems remains an essential challenge for industry, and the demand for more sustainable solutions is increasing. A main focus in this endeavor is the ability to eliminate or strongly reduce the use of throttle control valves which have been the preferred control element in industrial hydraulic systems for decades. Components have been subject to continuous evolution, and current industrial grade hydraulic pumps and motors are both efficient and reliable. Even though few percentages of energy efficiency can still be achieved, the main achievements in terms of efficiency are associated with novel system designs rather than further development of components. An area subject to increasing attention is the field of variable-speed displacement control, allowing to avoid the main control valve throttle losses. Systems using this technology are, however, mainly developed as standalone drive systems, necessitating maximum force, speed, and power installed in each axis, with limited hydraulic power distribution capability compared to valve-controlled systems. An emerging field addressing this challenge is that of so-called electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive networks, which allow to completely eliminate the use of control valves and enable power sharing both electrically and hydraulically, potentially reducing the necessary installed power in many cases. The idea of such a technology was first proposed in 2022, and so far developments reported in the literature have mainly been of a theoretical nature. This article presents the first ever experimental results for a dual-cylinder electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive network prototype. The prototype was developed for an industrial application, but has initially been implemented in a laboratory testbench. Extensive data acquisition has been conducted while subject to the associated industrial motion cycle, under different load conditions. The data obtained are further used in combination with models to predict the total efficiency of the drive network prototype under higher loads than what could be achieved in the laboratory, suggesting a total efficiency from the electric supply to the cylinder pistons of 68%. Re-configuring the prototype to a known standalone drive system structure implies comparable efficiencies. Finally, the drive network is theoretically compared to a valve drive solution, generally suggesting that the prototype drive network can provide efficiency improvements of at least 40% in comparison. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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17 pages, 2132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sag and Tension Calculations for High-Voltage Overhead Line Conductors

by Marian Kampik, Paweł Kubek, Beata Krupanek and Ryszard Bogacz

Energies 2024, 17(12), 2967; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122967 - 17 Jun 2024

Viewed by 407

Abstract

Overhead lines are used to transmit electricity from where it is generated to the receiving stations. The correct design of an overhead line affects public safety, because it should ensure the required clearances between conductors and the ground and objects located in the [...] Read more.

Overhead lines are used to transmit electricity from where it is generated to the receiving stations. The correct design of an overhead line affects public safety, because it should ensure the required clearances between conductors and the ground and objects located in the space under the overhead line. The temperature of conductors in overhead lines depends on the load current and weather conditions, and affects the sag and tension of the conductors. Calculations of sags and tensions of overhead conductors can be performed using simplified calculation methods that do not consider insulator sets. In some situations, this approach may cause calculation errors. This article discusses algorithms for calculating overhead conductor tensions and sags in the tensioning sections of high-voltage overhead lines, accounting for and excluding insulator sets. The analysis is carried out for different lengths of tensioning sections and various thermal and mechanical states of the conductors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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46 pages, 19139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combinatorial Component Day-Ahead Load Forecasting through Unanchored Time Series Chain Evaluation

by Dimitrios Kontogiannis, Dimitrios Bargiotas, Athanasios Fevgas, Aspassia Daskalopulu and Lefteri H. Tsoukalas

Energies 2024, 17(12), 2844; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122844 - 9 Jun 2024

Viewed by 479

Abstract

Accurate and interpretable short-term load forecasting tasks are essential to the optimal operation of liberalized electricity markets since they contribute to the efficient development of energy trading and demand response strategies as well as the successful integration of renewable energy sources. Consequently, performant [...] Read more.

Accurate and interpretable short-term load forecasting tasks are essential to the optimal operation of liberalized electricity markets since they contribute to the efficient development of energy trading and demand response strategies as well as the successful integration of renewable energy sources. Consequently, performant day-ahead consumption forecasting models need to capture feature nonlinearities, analyze system dynamics and conserve evolving temporal patterns in order to minimize the impact of noise and adapt to concept drift. Prominent estimators and standalone decomposition-based approaches may not fully address those challenges as they often yield small error rate improvements and omit optimal time series evolution. Therefore, in this work we propose a combinatorial component decomposition method focused on the selection of important renewable generation component sequences extracted from the combined output of seasonal-trend decomposition using locally estimated scatterplot smoothing, singular spectrum analysis and empirical mode decomposition methods. The proposed method was applied on five well-known kernel models in order to evaluate day-ahead consumption forecasts on linear, tree-based and neural network structures. Moreover, for the assessment of pattern conservation, an intuitive metric function, labeled as Weighted Average Unanchored Chain Divergence (WAUCD), based on distance scores and unanchored time series chains is introduced. The results indicated that the application of the combinatorial component method improved the accuracy and the pattern conservation capabilities of most models substantially. In this examination, the long short-term memory (LSTM) and deep neural network (DNN) kernels reduced their mean absolute percentage error by 46.87% and 42.76% respectively and predicted sequences that consistently evolved over 30% closer to the original target in terms of daily and weekly patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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22 pages, 7371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Cost Reduction Potential of Demand Response in Balancing Markets from a System Perspective

by Wessel Bakker and Ioannis Lampropoulos

Energies 2024, 17(12), 2817; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122817 - 7 Jun 2024

Viewed by 662

Abstract

Demand response (DR) can potentially provide a cost-efficient alternative for balancing the electricity grid by replacing fossil-fuelled power plants for the provision of flexible capacity. This paper aims to quantify the cost reduction potential of DR from a system perspective. Historical data of [...] Read more.

Demand response (DR) can potentially provide a cost-efficient alternative for balancing the electricity grid by replacing fossil-fuelled power plants for the provision of flexible capacity. This paper aims to quantify the cost reduction potential of DR from a system perspective. Historical data of balancing markets are studied using regression and average bid price analysis to quantify the effect of the participation of DR resources on the price of flexible capacity for the provision of balancing reserves by focusing on two case studies in Great Britain and the Netherlands. It is estimated that DR bids are, on average, 35% lower than the market average. The regression analysis concluded that 1% higher participation of DR in balancing markets leads, on average, to a 2.7% lower prices for flexible capacity. The results verify the hypothesis that flexible DR capacity is offered at a lower price on balancing markets compared to conventional generation resources, resulting in lower costs for grid operators to balance the grid, thus reducing societal costs for electricity provision and overall emissions through the integration of low-carbon balancing resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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29 pages, 19380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiphase LLC DC-Link Converter with Current Equalization Based on CM Voltage-Controlled Capacitor

by Yue-Lin Lee and Kuo-Ing Hwu

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2793; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112793 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 380

Abstract

In this study, a current-equalization technology utilizing a variable-capacitance technique for a multiphase inductor–inductor–capacitor (LLC) converter is studied. Accordingly, the proposed method involves adjusting the resonant capacitance of the LLC resonant converter to balance the currents between phases. This is achieved primarily by [...] Read more.

In this study, a current-equalization technology utilizing a variable-capacitance technique for a multiphase inductor–inductor–capacitor (LLC) converter is studied. Accordingly, the proposed method involves adjusting the resonant capacitance of the LLC resonant converter to balance the currents between phases. This is achieved primarily by biasing ferroelectric multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) through a step-down circuit and a common-mode bias structure. These ferroelectric MLCCs serve as the resonant elements, allowing for variable capacitance by leveraging capacitance sensitivity to their trans voltages. This approach provides additional control flexibility to the resonant circuit. Furthermore, since each phase operates independently, the circuit can be scaled to accommodate any number of phases. Moreover, all switches in the circuit have zero-voltage switching (ZVS) turn-on, minimizing switching losses. This study initially analyzes and evaluates the proposed common-mode bias variable capacitance technique and the corresponding operational principles. Subsequently, a two-phase LLC experimental circuit based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) digital controller is utilized to assess current equalization and efficiency. That is to say, this experimentation aims to validate the effectiveness of the current-equalization variable-capacitance technique in an LLC resonant converter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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11 pages, 6275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Pressure and Temperature on Charge Accumulation Characteristics of Insulators in Direct-Current Gas-Insulated Switchgear

by Lu Xu, Yixuan Li, Yan Zhu and Jianning Yin

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2739; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112739 - 4 Jun 2024

Viewed by 341

Abstract

Direct-current gas-insulated switchgear (DC GIS) is an important device for promoting the lightweight and compact design of offshore wind power platforms. Gas pressure and temperature gradients are crucial factors that must be considered during the design process of the DC GIS. In this [...] Read more.

Direct-current gas-insulated switchgear (DC GIS) is an important device for promoting the lightweight and compact design of offshore wind power platforms. Gas pressure and temperature gradients are crucial factors that must be considered during the design process of the DC GIS. In this study, the multi-physics coupling model of basin insulators considering surface charge accumulation was established, and the corresponding real-sized insulator surface charge measurement platform was constructed. The effects of gas pressure and temperature gradient on the surface charge accumulation characteristics were investigated, respectively. The results show that the effect of gas pressure on the surface charge distribution characteristics depends on the dominant mode of surface charge. When volume conduction is dominant, the effect of gas pressure on the surface charge is negligible. However, when gas conduction is dominant, the accumulation of a uniform charge pattern on the insulator surface increases with the rise in gas pressure. Furthermore, due to gas convection, the temperature of the upper part of the DC GIS is significantly higher than that of the lower part, which leads to a temperature difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the insulator. The charge density on the insulator upper surface near the central conductor rises with the increase in load current. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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17 pages, 5946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power Components Mean Values Determination Using New I_p-I_q Method for Transients

by Branislav Dobrucký, Slavomír Kaščák and Jozef Šedo

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2720; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112720 - 3 Jun 2024

Viewed by 197

Abstract

This paper deals with the quasi-instantaneous determination (in a single-step response time) of apparent, active, and reactive (i.e., blind and distortion) power mean values including the total power factor, total harmonic distortion, and phase shift of fundamentals of a power electronic and electrical [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the quasi-instantaneous determination (in a single-step response time) of apparent, active, and reactive (i.e., blind and distortion) power mean values including the total power factor, total harmonic distortion, and phase shift of fundamentals of a power electronic and electrical system (PEES) using the ip-iq method, which is the main contribution of the paper. The power components’ mean values are investigated during the transient and steady states. The power components’ mean values can be determined directly from phase current and voltage quantities, using an integral calculus over one period within the next calculation step and using moving average and moving rms techniques (or digital filtering). Consequently, the power factor can be evaluated with known values of a phase shift of fundamentals (using a Fourier analysis). The results of this study show how a distortion power component during transients is generated even under a harmonic supply and linear resistive–inductive load. The paper contains a theoretical base, modeling, and simulation for the three and single phases of the transients in power electronic systems. The worked-out results can be used to determine and size any PES. The presented approach brings a detailed time waveform verified by simulations in Matlab/Simulink 2022a and the Real-time HW Simulator Plecs RT Box 1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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15 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Draft Design of a Zero-Power Experiment for Molten Salt Fast Reactor Studies

by Bruno Merk, Omid Noori-kalkhoran, Lakshay Jain, Daliya Aflyatunova, Andrew Jones, Lewis Powell, Anna Detkina, Michael Drury, Dzianis Litskevich, Marco Viebach and Carsten Lange

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2678; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112678 - 31 May 2024

Viewed by 322

Abstract

The UK government and many international experts have pointed out that nuclear energy has an important role to play in the transition towards a decarbonised energy system since it is the only freely manageable very low-carbon energy technology with 24/7 availability to complement [...] Read more.

The UK government and many international experts have pointed out that nuclear energy has an important role to play in the transition towards a decarbonised energy system since it is the only freely manageable very low-carbon energy technology with 24/7 availability to complement renewables. Besides current investments in light water reactor technologies, we need innovation for improved fuel usage and reduced waste creation, like that offered by iMAGINE, for the required broad success of nuclear technologies. To allow for quick progress in innovative technologies like iMAGINE and their regulation, a timely investment into urgently needed experimental infrastructure and expertise development will be required to assure the availability of capacities and capabilities. The initial steps to start the development of such a new reactor physics experimental facility to investigate molten salt fast reactor technology are discussed, and a stepwise approach for the development of the experimental facility is described. The down selection for the choice for a diverse control and shutdown system is described through manipulating the reflector (control) and splitting the core (shutdown). The developed innovative core design of having the two core parts in two different rooms opens completely new opportunities and will allow for the manifestation of the request for separated operational and experimental crews, as nowadays requested by regulators into the built environment. The proposed physical separation of safety-relevant operational systems from the experimental room should on the one hand help to ease the access to the facility for visiting experimental specialists. On the other hand, the location of all safety-relevant systems in a now separated access-controlled area for the operational team will limit the risk of misuse through third party access. The planned experimental programme is described with the major steps as follows: core criticality experiments, followed by experiments to determine the neutron flux, neutron spectrum and power distribution as well as experiments to understand the effect of changes in reactivity and flux as a function of salt density, temperature and composition change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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26 pages, 7409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordinated Operation Strategy for Equitable Aggregation in Virtual Power Plant Clusters with Electric Heat Demand Response Considered

by Zixuan Liu, Ruijin Zhu, Dewen Kong and Hao Guo

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2640; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112640 - 29 May 2024

Viewed by 478

Abstract

To tackle the variability of distributed renewable energy (DRE) and the timing differences in load demand, this paper perfects the integrated layout of “source-load-storage” energy control in virtual power plants (VPPs). Introducing a comprehensive control approach for VPPs of varying ownerships, and encompassing [...] Read more.

To tackle the variability of distributed renewable energy (DRE) and the timing differences in load demand, this paper perfects the integrated layout of “source-load-storage” energy control in virtual power plants (VPPs). Introducing a comprehensive control approach for VPPs of varying ownerships, and encompassing load aggregators (LAs), a robust and cost-efficient operation strategy is proposed for VPP clusters. Initially, the influence of real-time electricity prices on cluster energy utilization is taken into account. Flexible shared electricity prices are formulated cluster-wide, based on the buying and selling data reported by each VPP, and are distributed equitably across the cluster. Following this, a flexible supply and demand response mechanism is established. With the goal of minimizing operational costs, this strategy responds to demand (DR) on the end-user side, instituting shifts and reductions in electricity and heat loads based on electricity and heat load forecasting data. On the supply side, optimization strategies are developed for gas turbines, residual heat boilers, and ground-source heat pumps to restrict power output, thus achieving economical and low-carbon cluster operations. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed optimization strategy is demonstrated through tackling numerous scenario comparisons. The results showcase that the proposed strategy diminishes operational costs and carbon emissions within the cluster by 11.7% and 5.29%, respectively, correlating to the unoptimized scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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27 pages, 10089 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Novel Hierarchical Energy Management System for Enhanced Black Start Capabilities at Distribution and Transmission Networks

by Ayse Colak, Mohamed Abouyehia and Khaled Ahmed

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2605; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112605 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 438

Abstract

A novel energy management system featuring a unique framework involving multiple hierarchical controllers at the distribution and transmission network levels is proposed. The unique objective function of this energy management system is designed to enhance system inertia during black start and optimise load [...] Read more.

A novel energy management system featuring a unique framework involving multiple hierarchical controllers at the distribution and transmission network levels is proposed. The unique objective function of this energy management system is designed to enhance system inertia during black start and optimise load shedding. The objective function further aims to increase reliance on renewable energy sources, prioritising solar power along with battery and fuel cell technologies. This work delves deeply into the dynamics of multi-area power networks, where some areas possess black start capabilities (BSAs) while others do not (NBSAs). The proposed energy management system specifically explores the complex interplay between these black start capabilities and the hierarchical load restoration order. During grid blackouts, the systems located in BSA areas are tasked with first restoring essential loads in their own regions before extending aid to the adjacent NBSA areas, taking into account factors such as their available reserved power and geographical proximity. This work is extended to analyse complex multi-area power network architectures. This extended analysis provides invaluable insights for enhancing power restoration processes and facilitating the large-scale integration of sustainable energy solutions in complex systems. The proposed energy management system is validated using the IEEE 39-Bus network, which consists of ten distinct areas, each differing in their black start capabilities. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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27 pages, 2218 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Analysis of Power System Electromagnetic Transients Using the Finite Element Technique

by Ivica Jurić-Grgić, Dino Lovrić and Ivan Krolo

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2517; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112517 - 23 May 2024

Viewed by 374

Abstract

In this paper, a numerical model for the analysis of electromagnetic transients in a power system, based on the finite element technique, was developed. The simplicity of the finite element technique is manifested in the fact that the problem of solving any mathematically [...] Read more.

In this paper, a numerical model for the analysis of electromagnetic transients in a power system, based on the finite element technique, was developed. The simplicity of the finite element technique is manifested in the fact that the problem of solving any mathematically described phenomena in an area is reduced to solving those same phenomena in a small part of that area, i.e., finite elements. Based on appropriate mathematical models, numerical models of the synchronous generator and other parts of the power system have been developed. System of differential equations of each power system element have been included in the numerical model in such a way that we employ numerical integration of the differential equations using the generalized trapezoidal rule (

ϑ

-method) and reduce it to a system of algebraic equations in each time step. In a practical sense, this method enables a very simple solution to the problem of a real power system, i.e., a system with many generators, transformers, transmission lines and other elements. The accuracy of the developed numerical model for the analysis of electromagnetic transients in a power system has been confirmed by comparing the calculated results with the results obtained using the EMTP software (version 3.3) package. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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26 pages, 3170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reed Switch Overcurrent Protection: New Approach to Design

by Dauren Dzhambulovich Issabekov, Zhassulan Bakutzhanovich Mussayev, Vadim Pavlovich Markovskiy, Aleksandr Petrovich Kislov and Dariya Sansyzbayevna Urazalimova

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2481; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112481 - 22 May 2024

Viewed by 526

Abstract

The problem of getting rid of expensive and metal-intensive current transformers has been declared by CIGRE as strategically important for the electric power industry. However, almost all traditional current protections receive information from measuring current transformers. In this work, a resource-saving reed switch [...] Read more.

The problem of getting rid of expensive and metal-intensive current transformers has been declared by CIGRE as strategically important for the electric power industry. However, almost all traditional current protections receive information from measuring current transformers. In this work, a resource-saving reed switch overcurrent protection without current transformers is suggested, which can be used as an alternative to traditional current protections for 6–10 kV electrical installations connected to a switchgear cell. The protection is designed following the novel method we have developed based on inductance coils. Inductance coils measure the electromotive force under different operation modes of an electrical installation and at different points inside the switchgear cell it is connected to; the EMF values are recalculated in the values of magnetic induction, and reed switches are mounted instead of inductance coils at the points where the magnetic induction is maximal. Moreover, these values are sufficient to detect phase-to-phase short circuits in the electrical installation. The dependence of the induction value on the position of an inductance coil inside the cell is derived with the use of the simplest formula of the Biot–Savart law. The results can be used at large and small industrial enterprises, electric power stations, and substations of plants; they can be interesting for the scientific community because they help to solve the topical problem of the electric power industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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10 pages, 2532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Cycling Test of Solar Salt in Contact with Sustainable Solid Particles for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Plants

by Marc Majó, Adela Svobodova-Sedlackova, Ana Inés Fernández, Alejandro Calderón and Camila Barreneche

Energies 2024, 17(10), 2349; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102349 - 13 May 2024

Viewed by 575

Abstract

Thermal energy storage (TES) is crucial in bridging the gap between energy demand and supply globally. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants, employing molten salts for thermal storage, stand as an advanced TES technology. However, molten salts have drawbacks like corrosion, solidification at lower [...] Read more.

Thermal energy storage (TES) is crucial in bridging the gap between energy demand and supply globally. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants, employing molten salts for thermal storage, stand as an advanced TES technology. However, molten salts have drawbacks like corrosion, solidification at lower temperatures, and high costs. To overcome these limitations, research is focusing on alternative TES materials such as ceramic particles. These solids match molten salts in energy density and can withstand higher temperatures, making them well-suited for CSP systems. This study revolves around subjecting Solar Salt alone and Solar Salt alongside Volcanic Ash (VA) and Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS) to a comprehensive thermal cycling test. This test is designed to assess the compatibility over the thermal cycles of the Solar Salt and the Solar Salt in contact with these solids in a CSP plant with a thermocline configuration. With a final thermal and chemical evaluation, our observations indicate that EAFS and VA demonstrate promising compatibility but an increase in the reduction rate of the Solar Salt due to a catalyst effect from EAFS in contact with the salt. No discernible alterations were detected in the properties of either the solid materials or solar salt when combined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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24 pages, 1568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Self-Organizing Probability Maps Applied to Classification of Concurrent Partial Discharges from Online Hydro-Generators

by Rodrigo M. S. de Oliveira, Filipe C. Fernandes and Fabrício J. B. Barros

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2208; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092208 - 4 May 2024

Viewed by 540

Abstract

In this paper, we present an unprecedented method based on Kohonen networks that is able to automatically recognize partial discharge (PD) classes from phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) diagrams with features of various simultaneous PD patterns. The PRPD diagrams were obtained from the stator [...] Read more.

In this paper, we present an unprecedented method based on Kohonen networks that is able to automatically recognize partial discharge (PD) classes from phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) diagrams with features of various simultaneous PD patterns. The PRPD diagrams were obtained from the stator windings of a real-world hydro-generator rotating machine. The proposed approach integrates classification probabilities into the Kohonen method, producing self-organizing probability maps (SOPMs). For building SOPMs, a group of PRPD diagrams, each containing a single PD pattern for training the Kohonen networks and single- and multiple-class-featured samples for obtaining final SOPMs, is used to calculate the probabilities of each Kohonen neuron to be associated with the various PD classes considered. At the end of this process, a self-organizing probability map is produced. Probabilities are calculated using distances, obtained in the space of features, between neurons and samples. The so-produced SOPM enables the effective classification of PRPD samples and provides the probability that a given PD sample is associated with a PD class. In this work, amplitude histograms are the features extracted from PRPDs maps. Our results demonstrate an average classification accuracy rate of approximately 90% for test samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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20 pages, 2696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Efficiency of the Kalman Filter in Nodal Redundancy

by Henrry Moyano and Luis Vargas

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2131; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092131 - 30 Apr 2024

Viewed by 684

Abstract

The growing integration of distributed energy resources underscores the critical importance of having precise insights into the dynamics of an electrical power system (EPS). Consequently, an estimator must align with the EPS dynamics to enhance the overall reliability, safety, and system stability. This [...] Read more.

The growing integration of distributed energy resources underscores the critical importance of having precise insights into the dynamics of an electrical power system (EPS). Consequently, an estimator must align with the EPS dynamics to enhance the overall reliability, safety, and system stability. This alignment ensures that operators can make informed decisions during system operations. An initial step in gaining insight into the system’s state involves examining its state vector, which is represented by voltage phasors. These results are derived through the application of a distributed state-estimation process in large-scale systems. This study delved into the effectiveness of Bayesian filters, with a particular emphasis on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm in the context of distributed state estimation. To analyze the outcomes, the nodal partitioning process was incorporated within the distributed state-estimation framework. The synergy between the EKF algorithm and the partitioning method was evaluated using the IEEE118 test system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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26 pages, 510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Critical Overloaded Power Transmission Lines with a Novel Unified SVC Deployment Approach Based on FVSI Analysis

by Manuel Dario Jaramillo and Diego Francisco Carrión

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092063 - 26 Apr 2024

Viewed by 618

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel methodology to improve stability in a transmission system under critical conditions of operation when additional loads that take the system to the verge of stability are placed in weak bus bars according to the fast voltage stability index [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a novel methodology to improve stability in a transmission system under critical conditions of operation when additional loads that take the system to the verge of stability are placed in weak bus bars according to the fast voltage stability index (FVSI). This paper employs the Newton–Raphson method to calculate power flows accurately and, based on that information, correctly calculate the FVSI for every transmission line. First, the weakest transmission line is identified by considering

N - 1

contingencies for the disconnection of transmission lines, and then all weak nodes associated with this transmission line are identified. Following this, critical scenarios generated by stochastically placed loads that will take the system to the verge of instability will be placed on the identified weak nodes. Then, the methodology will optimally size and place a single static VAR compensator SVC in the system to take the transmission system to the conditions before the additional loads are connected. Finally, the methodology will be validated by testing the system for critical contingencies when any transmission line associated with the weak nodes is disconnected. As a result, this paper’s methodology found a single SVC that will improve the system’s stability and voltage profiles to similar values when the additional loads are not connected and even before contingencies occur. The methodology is validated on three transmission systems: IEEE 14, 30, and 118 bus bars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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20 pages, 9082 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Field Plate Integration for Mitigating Partial Discharge Activity in PCB-Embedded Power Electronic Modules

by Paul Bruyere, Eric Vagnon and Yvan Avenas

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092035 - 25 Apr 2024

Viewed by 574

Abstract

This paper proposes a concept based on field plate (FP) integration inside printed circuit board (PCB)-embedded power modules. The goal is to reduce the electric field at their surface and thus increase the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). Electrostatic simulations are first carried [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a concept based on field plate (FP) integration inside printed circuit board (PCB)-embedded power modules. The goal is to reduce the electric field at their surface and thus increase the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). Electrostatic simulations are first carried out to analyze the electric field reduction induced by the use of FPs. Then, dedicated experiments are proposed to demonstrate that the actual PDIV increases in AC sinus 50 Hz when FPs are implemented. More specifically, it is observed that an optimal FP length exists. Several analyses based on simulations and experiments are thus proposed to explain this phenomenon. Finally, an assessment of PD activity and PD location is presented to support the analysis. AC sinus 50 Hz characterizations indicate that PDIV can be increased by 178% compared to PCBs without FPs with a proper definition of equipotential prolongation and PCB length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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14 pages, 2335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Transmission Expansion Planning Based on the System Requirements: A Comparative Study with Unconventional Lines

by Bhuban Dhamala and Mona Ghassemi

Energies 2024, 17(8), 1912; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081912 - 17 Apr 2024

Viewed by 810

Abstract

This paper introduces a new concept in transmission expansion planning based on unconventional lines, termed “smart transmission expansion planning”. Traditionally, the domains of transmission expansion planning (TEP) and transmission line design are separate entities. TEP planners typically rely on the electrical specifications of [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a new concept in transmission expansion planning based on unconventional lines, termed “smart transmission expansion planning”. Traditionally, the domains of transmission expansion planning (TEP) and transmission line design are separate entities. TEP planners typically rely on the electrical specifications of a limited set of standard conventional line designs to evaluate planning scenarios, ultimately leading to the construction of the selected candidate line. In this context, it is noted that cost-effective scenarios often diverge from meeting the technical criteria of load flow analysis. To address this discrepancy, this paper proposes an alternative approach wherein TEP is conducted based on the specific requirements of the system earmarked for expansion. The transmission expansion planner initiates the process by determining optimal line parameter values that not only meet the operational criteria but also ensure cost-effectiveness. Subsequently, a line is designed to embody these optimal parameters. A detailed comparative analysis is conducted in this study, comparing the outcomes of TEP analyses conducted with conventional lines, unconventional lines, and lines featuring optimal parameters. Through extensive load flow analysis performed under normal and all single-contingency scenarios across three distinct loading conditions (peak load, dominant load representing 60% of peak load, and light load representing 40% of peak load), the results reveal that transmission lines engineered with optimal parameters demonstrate effective operation, with fewer transmission lines required to meet identical demands compared to other approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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24 pages, 10087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Oscillating Converter Based on Phase Tracking Closed Loop for a Dynamic IPT System

by Lin Chen, Daqing Luo, Jianfeng Hong, Mingjie Guan and Wenxiang Chen

Energies 2024, 17(8), 1814; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081814 - 10 Apr 2024

Viewed by 505

Abstract

The coupling of converters with resonant networks poses significant challenges for frequency tracking and power control in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems. This paper presents an implementation method that addresses these issues by dividing the system’s operation into two distinct states: self-oscillating and [...] Read more.

The coupling of converters with resonant networks poses significant challenges for frequency tracking and power control in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems. This paper presents an implementation method that addresses these issues by dividing the system’s operation into two distinct states: self-oscillating and power-injecting. Based on these states, a phase-closed loop is constructed. Within this closed loop, the phase tracking unit detects and tracks frequency drift, while the power regulating unit incorporates an integrator and adopts a control variable to adjust the output power by modifying the duration of the power injecting state. Meanwhile, the oscillating unit operates in the self-oscillating state. Operating in this manner, the system achieves self-oscillation and demonstrates the capability to effectively track and compensate for system variations within a single cycle. A verification prototype has been constructed, and it demonstrates that the converter within it completely decoupled from the resonant network. Experimental results validate that altering the control variable solely affects the duration of the power-injecting state, allowing for independent control of the output power. When the control variable changes from 2.0 V to 3.5 V, the output power changes from 178 W to 519 W while the self-oscillating state remains unchanged. Furthermore, the system accurately tracks frequency changes, even under significant variations in the coupling coefficient or load, without compromising the power injection state. When the air gap changes from 3 cm to 12 cm, the duration of the self-oscillating state changes from 22.1 μs to 26.3 μs, while the power injecting state remains unchanged. This approach exhibits a robust performance, particularly suitable for dynamic IPT systems sensitive to parameter variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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22 pages, 17365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Time-Evolving Electrical Conductivity in Air Ionization Plasma under DC Voltage: A Finite-Difference Time-Domain Approach for Needle-Plate Setup Based on Laboratory Experiments

by Rodrigo M. S. de Oliveira, Thiago S. de Lima, Júlio A. S. Nascimento and Gustavo G. Girotto

Energies 2024, 17(8), 1799; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081799 - 9 Apr 2024

Viewed by 595

Abstract

In this paper, we develop a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model in which the time-evolving electrical conductivity of the air ionization plasma in DC voltage needed-plate setup is represented. Maxwell’s equations are solved using the FDTD method, and the associated currents and discharge fields [...] Read more.

In this paper, we develop a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model in which the time-evolving electrical conductivity of the air ionization plasma in DC voltage needed-plate setup is represented. Maxwell’s equations are solved using the FDTD method, and the associated currents and discharge fields are computed over time and in three-dimensional space. The proposed model for the electrical conductivity is dependent on time, the applied DC voltage, and the gap length. The necessary data for developing the proposed model is obtained experimentally using a standard discharge needle, with its spherical tip measuring approximately 40

μ

m in diameter. Once high voltage is applied, a steady state is achieved. The electrical conductivity

σ (t)

and its associated parameters are then calculated using nonlinear equations proposed to reproduce the experimentally obtained plasma behavior in the full-wave FDTD model. Voltage ranges from 4 kV to 9 kV, and gap distances are between 4 mm and 8 mm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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29 pages, 12691 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Insights from a Comprehensive Capacity Expansion Planning Modeling on the Operation and Value of Hydropower Plants under High Renewable Penetrations

by Evangelos S. Chatzistylianos, Georgios N. Psarros and Stavros A. Papathanassiou

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071723 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 693

Abstract

This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the value of hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) in power systems with a significant penetration of variable renewable energy sources (VRESs). Through a capacity expansion planning (CEP) model that incorporates a detailed representation of HPP operating principles, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the value of hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) in power systems with a significant penetration of variable renewable energy sources (VRESs). Through a capacity expansion planning (CEP) model that incorporates a detailed representation of HPP operating principles, the study investigates the construction and application of HPP rule curves essential for seasonal operation. A comparative analysis is also conducted between the proposed rule curve formulation and alternative modeling techniques from the literature. The CEP model optimizes installed capacities per technology to achieve predefined VRES penetration targets, considering hourly granularity and separate rule curves for each HPP. A case study involving twelve reservoir hydropower stations and two open-loop pumped hydro stations is examined, accounting for standalone plants and cascaded hydro systems across six river basins. The study evaluates the additional generation and storage required to replace the hydropower fleet under high VRES penetration levels, assessing the resulting increases in total system cost emanating from introducing such new investments. Furthermore, the study approximates the storage capabilities of HPPs and investigates the impact of simplified HPP modeling on system operation and investment decisions. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of reevaluating hydro rule curves for future high VRES penetration conditions and highlight the significance of HPPs in the energy transition towards carbon neutrality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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21 pages, 5510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Skin and Proximity Effects on the Thermal Field in Flat and Trefoil Three-Phase Systems with Round Conductors

by Paweł Jabłoński, Marek Zaręba, Tomasz Szczegielniak and Jerzy Gołębiowski

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071713 - 3 Apr 2024

Viewed by 818

Abstract

The passage of current generates heat and increases the temperature of electrical components, which affects the environment, support insulators and contacts. Knowledge of the temperature allows for the determination of important operational parameters. Time-varying currents result in a nonuniform current density distribution due [...] Read more.

The passage of current generates heat and increases the temperature of electrical components, which affects the environment, support insulators and contacts. Knowledge of the temperature allows for the determination of important operational parameters. Time-varying currents result in a nonuniform current density distribution due to the skin and proximity effects. As a result, temperature and energy losses are increased compared to the uniform DC current density case. In this paper, these effects are considered for three-phase systems with round conductors in flat and trefoil arrangements. In the first step, the analytical expressions for current distributions are determined and used to construct the heat source density. Then, a suitable Green’s function, which allows for obtaining temperature distribution in analytical form, is used to evaluate temperature at any point throughout the conductors. The temperature differences throughout individual wires are usually negligible, whereas noticeable differences can be observed between the wires. The impact of various parameters is examined, and an approximate closed formula is derived to assess the influence of the skin and proximity effects. When the skin depth is not smaller than the wire radius, the skin effect enlarges the temperature increase by around 2% compared to the DC case. As for the proximity effect, the additional increase can be neglected if the distance is above around 10 wire radii, but for closely spaced wires, it can reach up to around 17%, depending on the arrangement and the distance between the wires. Such an additional increase may result in exceeding the permissible temperatures, which damages particular components of the system; therefore, it is important to take it into account at the design stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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15 pages, 3051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mathematical Model of a Nonlinear Power Transformer for Needs of Relay Protection

by Evgeniy Kolesnikov, Aleksandr Novozhilov, Dilara Rakhimberdinova, Aleksandr Kislov and Timofey Novozhilov

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071710 - 3 Apr 2024

Viewed by 654

Abstract

In this work, a mathematical model of a three-phase nonlinear transformer is suggested. The model enables simulating the transformer operation with allowance for its nonlinearity and covers needs of the relay protection. Our model has been developed on the basis of a mathematical [...] Read more.

In this work, a mathematical model of a three-phase nonlinear transformer is suggested. The model enables simulating the transformer operation with allowance for its nonlinearity and covers needs of the relay protection. Our model has been developed on the basis of a mathematical model with phase coordinates, where differential equations are composed by the Kirchhoff’s phase-voltage law. Based on this model, we first compose a mathematical model for simulating steady-state operation modes of a transformer, taking into account the asymmetry and nonlinearity of its ferromagnetic core. In this model, the initial values of inductances and mutual inductances of loops are determined from the main phase inductance calculated by the experimentally found no-load current, and their current values are determined from the currents in windings and the magnetic fluxes in legs of the transformer core. The magnetic fluxes are calculated by the nodal-pair method. This improved mathematical model is verified through a comparison between the calculated harmonic components of the phase currents and the experimental results. The harmonic components are calculated with the use of Fourier expansion of the calculated phase currents. Their experimental values are determined with a spectrum analyzer. The calculated and experimental harmonic components of the currents of phase A during no-load and rated-load operation of the transformer are tabulated. The comparison of these results shows that the mathematical model of a three-phase transformer we suggest makes it possible to simulate currents in transformer windings under steady-state operation modes with accuracy acceptable for relay protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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27 pages, 2366 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Data-Driven Techniques for Short-Term Electricity Price Forecasting through Novel Deep Learning Approaches with Attention Mechanisms

by Vasileios Laitsos, Georgios Vontzos, Dimitrios Bargiotas, Aspassia Daskalopulu and Lefteri H. Tsoukalas

Energies 2024, 17(7), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071625 - 28 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341

Abstract

The electricity market is constantly evolving, being driven by factors such as market liberalization, the increasing use of renewable energy sources (RESs), and various economic and political influences. These dynamics make it challenging to predict wholesale electricity prices. Accurate short-term forecasting is crucial [...] Read more.

The electricity market is constantly evolving, being driven by factors such as market liberalization, the increasing use of renewable energy sources (RESs), and various economic and political influences. These dynamics make it challenging to predict wholesale electricity prices. Accurate short-term forecasting is crucial to maintaining system balance and addressing anomalies such as negative prices and deviations from predictions. This paper investigates short-term electricity price forecasting using historical time series data and employs advanced deep learning algorithms. First, four deep learning models are implemented and proposed, which are a convolutional neural network (CNN) with an integrated attention mechanism, a hybrid CNN followed by a gated recurrent unit model (CNN-GRU) with an attention mechanism, and two ensemble learning models, which are a soft voting ensemble and a stacking ensemble model. Also, the optimized version of a transformer model, the Multi-Head Attention model, is introduced. Finally, the perceptron model is used as a benchmark for comparison. Our results show excellent prediction accuracy, particularly in the hybrid CNN-GRU model with attention, thereby achieving a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 6.333%. The soft voting ensemble model and the Multi-Head Attention model also performed well, with MAPEs of 6.125% and 6.889%, respectively. These findings are significant, as previous studies have not shown high performance with transformer models and attention mechanisms. The presented results offer promising insights for future research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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Review

Jump to: Research

23 pages, 5623 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Linear Phenomena in Voltage and Frequency Converters Supplying Non-Thermal Plasma Reactors

by Grzegorz Karol Komarzyniec, Henryka Danuta Stryczewska and Oleksandr Boiko

Energies 2024, 17(12), 2846; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122846 - 9 Jun 2024

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Atmospheric pressure cold plasmas have recently been the subject of intense research and applications for solving problems in the fields of energy, environmental engineering, and biomedicine. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma sources, with dielectric barrier discharges, plasma jets, and arc discharges, are non-linear power [...] Read more.

Atmospheric pressure cold plasmas have recently been the subject of intense research and applications for solving problems in the fields of energy, environmental engineering, and biomedicine. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma sources, with dielectric barrier discharges, plasma jets, and arc discharges, are non-linear power loads. They require special power systems, which are usually designed separately for each type of plasma reactor, depending on the requirements of the plasma-chemical process, the power of the receiver, the type of process gas, the current, voltage and frequency requirements, and the efficiency of the power source. This paper presents non-linear phenomena accompanying plasma generation in the power supply plasma reactor system, such as harmonic generation, resonance, and ferroresonance of currents and voltages, and the switching of overvoltages and pulse generation. When properly applied, this can support the operation of the above-mentioned reactors by providing improved discharge ignition depending on the working gas, thus increasing the efficiency of the plasma process and improving the cooperation of the plasma-generation system with the power supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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33 pages, 4345 KiB

Open AccessReview

Virtual Inertia Control for Power Electronics-Integrated Power Systems: Challenges and Prospects

by Md Asaduzzaman Shobug, Nafis Ahmed Chowdhury, Md Alamgir Hossain, Mohammad J. Sanjari, Junwei Lu and Fuwen Yang

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2737; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112737 - 4 Jun 2024

Viewed by 563

Abstract

In modern power systems, conventional energy production units are being replaced by clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy resources (RESs). Integrating RESs into power systems presents numerous challenges, notably the need for enhanced grid stability and reliability. RES-dominated power systems fail to meet [...] Read more.

In modern power systems, conventional energy production units are being replaced by clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy resources (RESs). Integrating RESs into power systems presents numerous challenges, notably the need for enhanced grid stability and reliability. RES-dominated power systems fail to meet sufficient demand due to insufficient inertia responses. To address this issue, various virtual inertia emulation techniques are proposed to bolster power system stability amidst the increased integration of renewable energy sources into the grid. This review article explores state-of-the-art virtual inertia support strategies tailored to accommodate the increased penetration of RESs. Beginning with an overview of this study, it explores the existing virtual inertia techniques and investigates the various methodologies, including control algorithms, parameters, configurations, key contributions, sources, controllers, and simulation platforms. The promising virtual inertia control strategies are categorised based on the techniques used in their control algorithms and their applications. Furthermore, this review explains evolving research trends and identifies promising avenues for future investigations. Emphasis is placed on addressing key challenges such as dynamic response characteristics, scalability, and interoperability with conventional grid assets. The initial database search reveals 1529 publications. Finally, 106 articles were selected for this study, adding 6 articles manually for the review analysis. By synthesising current knowledge and outlining prospective research directions, this review aims to facilitate the current state of research paths concerning virtual inertia control techniques, along with the categorisation and analysis of these approaches, and showcases a comprehensive understanding of the research domain, which is essential for the sustainable integration of renewable energy into modern power systems via power electronic interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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32 pages, 1225 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrating Blockchain in Smart Grids for Enhanced Demand Response: Challenges, Strategies, and Future Directions

by Paraskevas Koukaras, Konstantinos D. Afentoulis, Pashalis A. Gkaidatzis, Aristeidis Mystakidis, Dimosthenis Ioannidis, Stylianos I. Vagropoulos and Christos Tjortjis

Energies 2024, 17(5), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051007 - 21 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1376

Abstract

This research, conducted throughout the years 2022 and 2023, examines the role of blockchain technology in optimizing Demand Response (DR) within Smart Grids (SGs). It critically assesses a range of blockchain architectures, evaluating their impact on enhancing DR’s efficiency, security, and consumer engagement. [...] Read more.

This research, conducted throughout the years 2022 and 2023, examines the role of blockchain technology in optimizing Demand Response (DR) within Smart Grids (SGs). It critically assesses a range of blockchain architectures, evaluating their impact on enhancing DR’s efficiency, security, and consumer engagement. Concurrently, it addresses challenges like scalability, interoperability, and regulatory complexities inherent in merging blockchain with existing energy systems. By integrating theoretical and practical viewpoints, it reveals the potential of blockchain technology to revolutionize Demand Response (DR). Findings affirm that integrating blockchain technology into SGs effectively enhances the efficiency and security of DR, and empirical data illustrate substantial improvements in both cases. Furthermore, key challenges include scalability and interoperability, and also identifying opportunities to enhance consumer engagement and foster system transparency in the adoption of blockchain within DR and SGs. Finally, this work emphasizes the necessity for further investigation to address development hurdles and enhance the effectiveness of blockchain technology in sustainable energy management in SGs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)

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