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Smart Buildings for a Sustainable Future

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "G: Energy and Buildings".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 May 2023) | Viewed by 14298
Please submit your paper and select the Journal "Energies" and the Special Issue "Smart Buildings for a Sustainable Future" via: https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=energies. Please contact the journal editor Adele Min ([email protected]) before submitting.

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
Interests: energy; efficient buildings; sustainability; porous media; heat transfer; mass transfer; fluid flow; drying and wetting; moisture transport; numerical simulation
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Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineer, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
Interests: 3D printing for construction; building pathology and rehabilitation; energy and hygrothermal behaviour
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Guest Editor
LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portuga
Interests: solar redox flow cells; photoelectrochemical water splitting; perovskite solar cells (PSC); dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC); photoelectrochemical devices; electrochemical devices; fuels
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The global climate system is being affected by rising energy consumption as well as the emission of greenhouse gases, of which the most significant is CO2. The building sector plays a significant role in achieving 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, since it is the largest energy-consuming sector, accounting for over one-third of final energy consumption globally and being an equally important source of CO2 emissions. Approximately 85% of the EU’s building stock, corresponding to 220 million building units, was constructed before 2001, and most of this stock will still be occupied until 2050. The majority of these building units rely on fossil fuels for heating and cooling. In addition, technical installations in these buildings are likely to be close to the end of their expected life cycle and need to be replaced. To achieve a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, the final energy consumption, energy consumption for heating and cooling, and greenhouse gas emission of buildings in the EU should be reduced by 14%, 18%, and 60%, respectively.

To accelerate the implementation of energy-efficient renovations in buildings, one should comprehensively address sustainability, as energy renovations can present various possibilities and provide numerous social, economic, and environmental benefits. For instance, implementing energy renovations can significantly improve residents’ health and wellbeing. In addition, scaling up energy renovations can provide employment opportunities for construction actors and increases the demand for energy-efficient equipment, thereby providing long-term value for buildings. According to the European Commission, by 2030, about 35 million buildings could be renovated and almost 160,000 jobs generated in the EU. Furthermore, prompting energy renovations can reduce energy poverty in European countries.

The purpose of this Energies (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies) Special Issue on “Smart Buildings for a Sustainable Future” is to publish a set of research articles that demonstrate the effectiveness of innovative concepts, solutions, and materials, to fulfil the maximum building energy demands meeting long-term and changing needs and requirements of building users.

We invite researchers to contribute original research articles as well as review articles that will stimulate the continuing efforts to understand the recent advances and innovation in these research fields. We are particularly interested in articles describing recent trends, developments, and applications of new thermal energy management solutions capable of fulfilling the electrical, thermal, and cooling demands of low-energy consumption buildings. Manuscripts combining experimental implementation with theoretical calculations and technoeconomic assessment are welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:

  • Emerging materials for thermal energy management;
  • Smart buildings;
  • BIM models;
  • Digital building twin;
  • Near-zero energy buildings (nZEBs) and zero energy buildings (ZEBs);
  • Advanced insulation materials, components, and systems;
  • Modeling of advanced materials and technologies in buildings;
  • Life cycle assessment (LCA);
  • Additive and advanced materials manufacturing/3D printing;
  • Sustainable, resource-efficient, and low-carbon technologies in energy-intensive environments;
  • Technologies enabling energy-efficient, low environmental impact buildings and systems.

Dr. João M. P. Q. Delgado
Prof. Dr. Ana Sofia Guimarães
Prof. Dr. Adelio Mendes
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable technologies
  • energy management
  • energy storage systems
  • energy efficient buildings
  • low/nearly zero and energy positive buildings
  • sustainable design (for recycling, for environment, eco-design)
  • advanced materials and nanomaterials
  • 3d printing
  • modeling and simulation
  • industry 4.0

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 36211 KiB  
Article
Methodology for Modeling Multiple Non-Homogeneous Thermal Zones Using Lumped Parameters Technique and Graph Theory
by Frank Florez, Jesús Alejandro Alzate-Grisales, Pedro Fernández de Córdoba and John Alexander Taborda-Giraldo
Energies 2023, 16(6), 2693; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062693 - 14 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1717
Abstract
Asymmetric thermal zones or even non-rectangular structures are common in residential buildings. These types of structures are not easy to model with specialized programs, and it is difficult to know the heat flows and the relationships between the different variables. This paper presents [...] Read more.
Asymmetric thermal zones or even non-rectangular structures are common in residential buildings. These types of structures are not easy to model with specialized programs, and it is difficult to know the heat flows and the relationships between the different variables. This paper presents a methodology for modeling structures with multiple thermal zones using the graph theory arrangement. The methodology allows for generating a mathematical model using all the walls of each thermal zone. The modeling method uses the lumped parameter technique with a structure of two resistors and two capacitors for each thermal zone. The walls and internal surfaces of each zone define the thermal resistances, and the elements for the network structure are created by reducing resistances. The structure selected as a case study is similar to a residential apartment, which demonstrates the possibility of modeling complex and non-traditional structures. The accuracy of the generated mathematical model is verified by comparison with experimental data recorded in a scaled-down model. The reduced model is constructed using a 1:10 ratio with a real apartment. The proposed methodology is used to generate a graph arrangement adjusted to the case study, using the surfaces to build the mathematical model. The experimental data allowed to adjust the simulation results with errors in the range of 1.88% to 6.63% for different thermal zones. This methodology can be used to model different apartments, offices, or non-asymmetric structures and to analyze individual levels in buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Buildings for a Sustainable Future)
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21 pages, 4505 KiB  
Article
BIM and BEM Interoperability–Evaluation of a Case Study in Modular Wooden Housing
by João M. P. Q. Delgado, Ana S. Guimarães, João Poças Martins, Diogo F. R. Parracho, Sara S. Freitas, António G. B. Lima and Leonardo Rodrigues
Energies 2023, 16(4), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041579 - 4 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3887
Abstract
Building information modelling (BIM) is the first step towards implementing Building 4.0, where virtual reality and digital twins are key elements. The use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS/drones) to capture data from buildings is nowadays a very popular method, so a methodology was [...] Read more.
Building information modelling (BIM) is the first step towards implementing Building 4.0, where virtual reality and digital twins are key elements. The use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS/drones) to capture data from buildings is nowadays a very popular method, so a methodology was developed to digitally integrate the photogrammetric surveys of a building into BIM, exclusively with the use of drones. Currently, buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption in Europe; therefore, the interconnection between BIM and building energy modelling (BEM) is essential to digitalize the construction sector, increasing competitiveness through cost reduction. In this context, the BlueWoodenHouse Project aims, among other activities, to characterize the solutions/systems of building materials and monitor the temperature, relative humidity and CO2, as well as energy consumption, of a single-family modular wooden house located in the north of Portugal, with 190 m2 and three users. Thus, the experimental monitoring results, of this case study, were used to validate the numerical model developed in the DesignBuilder simulator, which includes the building envelope’s 3D geometrical data obtained by one of those aircraft, in order to demonstrate the usefulness of drones for the optimization of solutions, from the energy point of view. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Buildings for a Sustainable Future)
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26 pages, 3753 KiB  
Article
Constructal Evaluation of Polynomial Meta-Models for Dynamic Thermal Absorptivity Forecasting for Mixed-Mode nZEB Heritage Building Applications
by Lazaros Mavromatidis
Energies 2023, 16(1), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010429 - 30 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1909
Abstract
The intelligent and appropriate regulation of indoor temperatures within heritage buildings is crucial for achieving nearly Zero-Energy Building (nZEB) standards, since the technical improvement of the envelope and the overall shape of heritage buildings should be very limited in order to preserve the [...] Read more.
The intelligent and appropriate regulation of indoor temperatures within heritage buildings is crucial for achieving nearly Zero-Energy Building (nZEB) standards, since the technical improvement of the envelope and the overall shape of heritage buildings should be very limited in order to preserve the buildings’ authenticity. Thermal comfort is a very important factor that influences the energy performance of a building and the wellbeing of its end users. The present paper focuses on the development of a dynamic thermal human stress model that aimed to accurately predict the necessary garment insulation within a typical high-inertia heritage building. Two different statistical approaches (a Hoke D6 design and a composite factorial design) were employed for the development of this meta-model adapted to a typical mixed-mode heritage building seeking to obtain nZEB classification. Thermal human stress was modeled through the prediction of the thermal absorptivity (b) in accordance with the updated ASHRAE 55 model. Physically measured indoor climate parameters, outdoor meteorological data, and building operational information were coupled to the subjective sensorial dimensions of the problem with the aim of identifying the necessary garment insulation levels within heritage buildings composed of high-thermal-mass materials (for example, stone, concrete, and ceramic tiles). Our investigation focused on the parameter directly linked to the cold/warm sensations experienced due to clothing insulation: thermal absorptivity (b). In brief, the present paper proposes a third-order regression polynomial model that facilitates the calculation of thermal absorptivity, relying on adaptive thermal comfort concepts. The meta-model was then evaluated using Adrian Bejan’s constructal law after conducting entropy analysis. The constructal evaluation of the meta-model revealed the characteristic size of the domain regarding variable thermal absorptivity (b) and identified the necessary evolution of the model in order to increase its forecasting capacity. Thus, the model provided accurate forecasting for thermal absorptivity values greater than 50 Ws−1/2 m−2K and will be developed further to improve its absolute location accuracy for scenarios wherein the thermal absorptivity value is lower than 50 Ws−1/2 m−2K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Buildings for a Sustainable Future)
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22 pages, 1929 KiB  
Article
Passive, Low-Energy Design and Green Star Strategy for Green Star-Rated Buildings in South Africa
by Theogan Logan Pillay and Akshay Kumar Saha
Energies 2022, 15(23), 9128; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239128 - 1 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2326
Abstract
Services surrounding green buildings are specialised and directed towards the process of design and comprise comprehensive and quantified management in its entirety. Implicitly, consultancies are unable to deliver this service at the standard and pace required in the preliminary stages of design, and [...] Read more.
Services surrounding green buildings are specialised and directed towards the process of design and comprise comprehensive and quantified management in its entirety. Implicitly, consultancies are unable to deliver this service at the standard and pace required in the preliminary stages of design, and not all clients or consultants will require the services to be essential. The main aim is to stabilise the several characteristics prompting one another to optimise design performance against the optimisation algorithms. Green Star is a universal evaluation tool, assessing not only green characteristics but also elements that influence wellbeing and occupant health, such as indoor environment quality. The tools for Green Star rating can be used to measure the green features of a building from the design phase right to the stage of site handover (known as “As-Built”). This paper refers, in the literature review, to the passive and low-energy design methods of a Green Star-rated building at early design stages. The “green” project management of a project is to coordinate multidisciplinary incorporation and to accompany the costing contribution tools presented in this paper. The passive and low-energy design tools discussed entails the amalgamation of electrical and mechanical services together with architecture, i.e., space layout and envelope design. This paper compares rationalised energy and indoor environment performance between two buildings against the activities and climatic conditions within a targeted Green Star-rated building. Proposals regarding 4- and 6-star ratings and techniques have been evaluated and presented for the two buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Buildings for a Sustainable Future)
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Review

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20 pages, 4725 KiB  
Review
Energy-Efficiency Passive Strategies for Mediterranean Climate: An Overview
by Ana Mafalda Matos, João M. P. Q. Delgado and Ana Sofia Guimarães
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2572; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072572 - 1 Apr 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3224
Abstract
Among all the activities in a society, construction has a key role in environmental, social, and economic pillars. Construction is also responsible for a considerable amount of waste production, energy consumption, pollutant gas emissions, and consumption of nonrenewable natural resources. Regarding energy consumption, [...] Read more.
Among all the activities in a society, construction has a key role in environmental, social, and economic pillars. Construction is also responsible for a considerable amount of waste production, energy consumption, pollutant gas emissions, and consumption of nonrenewable natural resources. Regarding energy consumption, a high demand for building operational energy has been observed in the last decades due to the more demanding requirements of the users with a continuous search for better thermal comfort in their homes, namely in developed countries. In Portugal, for instance, more than 20% of the electricity consumed is related to residential buildings, which is based on CO2 emissions and other pollutants that negatively affect the environment. Much of this consumed energy is a result of the HVAC systems installed inside buildings to provide users with thermal comfort. One exciting opportunity to mitigate buildings’ operational energy consumption while contributing to thermal user comfort is the use of passive solutions. Even though several passive options are available and constantly under research, their use is still considered limited. This paper overviews and highlights the potential of energy-efficiency passive strategies, namely for Mediterranean-climate countries, where passive solar technologies can be set as a viable solution, as this climate is mainly known for its solar availability (solar hours and solar irradiance). A comprehensive overview of innovative and traditional housing passive solutions currently available is presented and discusses the main advantages, disadvantages, and concerns contributing to the optimal use of climatic conditions and natural resources in those regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Buildings for a Sustainable Future)
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