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Gluten-Free Food and Celiac Disease: 2nd Edition
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Gluten-Free Food and Celiac Disease: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 May 2025 | Viewed by 4900

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Arrate Lasa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
Interests: celiac disease; gluten free diet; nutritional assessment of celiac people; nutrition education; gluten free foods nutritional composition; innovative gluten free foods; dietary adherence in celiac disease; symptoms and their drivers in celiac disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Itziar Churruca

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
Interests: celiac disease; gluten free diet; nutritional assessment of celiac people; nutrition education; gluten free foods nutritional composition; innovative gluten free foods; dietary adherence in celiac disease; symptoms and their drivers in celiac disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Virginia Navarro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
Interests: celiac disease; gluten free diet; nutritional assessment of celiac people; nutrition education; gluten free foods nutritional composition; innovative gluten free foods; dietary adherence in celiac disease; symptoms and their drivers in celiac disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jonatan Miranda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
GLUTEN3S Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
Interests: celiac disease; gluten free diet; nutritional assessment of celiac people; nutrition education; gluten free foods nutritional composition; innovative gluten free foods; dietary adherence in celiac disease; symptoms and their drivers in celiac disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The only treatment for celiac disease (CD) is to follow a strict gluten-free diet throughout life, possibly leading to dietary imbalances and associated diseases. This could be due to the differences observed in the nutritional composition of gluten-free products compared to their homologues containing gluten. Although individualized dietary advice should be mandatory for people with celiac disease, they usually do not have this information. In addition, in the classic form of CD, gastrointestinal symptoms caused by the ingestion of gluten predominate. It could be assumed that the elimination of this protein from the diet leads to the total remission of symptoms; however, some patients continue to suffer from symptoms even when following a strict gluten-free diet.

On the other hand, celiac people sometimes feels misunderstood by society, so information needs to be provided to them to achieve their complete social inclusion.

This Special Issue will include research works aiming to improve the quality of life of celiac people from dietary interventions, the nutritional composition of gluten-free foods, and nutritional education among celiac people and their environment. It also aims to monitor dietary adherence and search for possible causes of their symptomatology.

Dr. Arrate Lasa
Dr. Itziar Churruca
Dr. Virginia Navarro
Dr. Jonatan Miranda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • celiac disease
  • gluten-free diet
  • nutritional assessment in celiac disease
  • symptoms and their drivers in celiac disease
  • dietary adherence in celiac disease
  • nutritional education
  • social aspects in celiac disease
  • gluten-free foods for nutritional composition
  • innovative gluten-free foods

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 881 KiB  
Communication
Evaluation of the Frequency of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 Genes Among Patients with Celiac Disease and Those on a Gluten-Free Diet
by Marek K. Kowalski, Danuta Domżał-Magrowska and Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko
Foods 2025, 14(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14020298 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 494
Abstract
Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic, permanent, gluten-dependent disease that manifests itself with inflammation of the small intestine and malabsorption in genetically predisposed individuals with HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 (human leukocyte antigen) histocompatibility antigens. Objective: The diagnostic criteria for celiac disease have undergone [...] Read more.
Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic, permanent, gluten-dependent disease that manifests itself with inflammation of the small intestine and malabsorption in genetically predisposed individuals with HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 (human leukocyte antigen) histocompatibility antigens. Objective: The diagnostic criteria for celiac disease have undergone numerous modifications over the years. The aim of the study is to evaluate the frequency of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genes in a group of patients with celiac disease diagnosed in 1980–2010 in order to verify the primary diagnosis of CD. Methods: The study group included 50 patients, 13 men and 37 women, who had been diagnosed with celiac disease many years ago based on histopathological criteria and improvement of health condition after receiving a gluten-free diet. The control group consisted of 31 healthy volunteers, 18 women and 13 men. All subjects underwent a genetic analysis assessing the presence of histocompatibility antigens HLA-DQ2.2, -DQ2.5, and -DQ8, along with the assessment of alleles encoding the α and β subunits of the antigens, according to European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines from 2020, using the EUROarray technique at EUROIMMUNE®. Results: In the study group, 12 (24%) patients did not meet the genetic criteria. Among the remaining patients (Group 1) with celiac disease, the presence of HLA-DQ2.5 (50.0% vs. 9.68%; p < 0.01) and the co-occurrence of both alleles of HLA-DQ2 (31.6% vs. 6.45%; p < 0.05) were detected significantly more frequently than in the control group. Among patients with celiac disease, the prevalence of HLA-DQ8 was also slightly more frequent (13.2% vs. 3.23%; p > 0.05). Patients who did not meet the genetic criteria for celiac disease (Group 2) had a single string α-HLA-DQ2.5 significantly more often than control subjects (66.67% vs. 38.71%; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Among patients with celiac disease diagnosed before 2010, based on the 2020 ESPGHAN criteria, it is advisable to verify the previous diagnosis, taking into account genetic criteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gluten-Free Food and Celiac Disease: 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 980 KiB  
Article
Gluten-Free Diet Adherence Evaluation in Adults with Long-Standing Celiac Disease
by Marek K. Kowalski, Danuta Domżał-Magrowska, Piotr Szcześniak, Magdalena Bulska, Daria Orszulak-Michalak and Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko
Foods 2025, 14(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14010076 - 31 Dec 2024
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Abstract
Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that results from the interaction of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. According to the 2020 European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines, an elimination diet (i.e., excluding products that may contain gluten) [...] Read more.
Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that results from the interaction of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. According to the 2020 European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines, an elimination diet (i.e., excluding products that may contain gluten) is the basic method of treating celiac disease. Following a gluten-free diet is extremely problematic, and patients often make unconscious deviations from the diet. According to the current Oslo definitions for celiac disease, depending on the clinical picture and adequate tests, several forms of celiac disease have been identified: typical, atypical, asymptomatic, potential, and refractory. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of conscious diet mistakes and unconscious deviations from a gluten-free diet in a group of patients with long-standing celiac disease and their impact on the frequency of typical and atypical symptoms. Methods: The study included 57 people diagnosed with celiac disease between 1980 and 2010. After verifying the history of the disease according to the ESPGHAN guidelines from 2020, we excluded 19 patients who had Marsh grade 1 at the time of diagnosis or those without HLA DQ2 or DQ8 haplotypes detected. After verification, the study included 38 patients, 30 women and 8 men, with a verified diagnosis of typical celiac disease. The effectiveness of the gluten-free diet was assessed in all participants. Blood was collected to determine IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase II antibodies (anti-tTG) and IgG antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides by ELISA. All survey participants provided data concerning current gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms, bowel habits, comorbidities, dietary habits, physical activity, and socioeconomic conditions. Results: A total of 25 patients (65.78%) declared strict adherence to the gluten-free diet. However, in this group, seven (18.4%) patients had significantly increased levels of anti-tTG antibodies (mean 82.3 RU/mL ± 78.9 SD at N < 20 RU/mL). Among the patients who consciously made dietary mistakes, six (46.2%) demonstrated increased levels of anti-tTG antibodies. The analysis did not reveal any difference between the frequency of intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in patients making dietary mistakes and following the gluten-free diet. Conclusions: More than half of celiac patients unconsciously or consciously make dietary mistakes, which indicates an urgent need to increase their general knowledge of CD and the appropriate diet. Regardless of whether the gluten-free diet is followed, both typical and atypical symptoms of the disease have been observed among celiac patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gluten-Free Food and Celiac Disease: 2nd Edition)
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Review

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20 pages, 991 KiB  
Review
Global Approach to Follow-Up of Celiac Disease
by Gesala Perez-Junkera, Lorea Ruiz de Azua, Maialen Vázquez-Polo, Arrate Lasa, María Pilar Fernandez Gil, Itziar Txurruka, Virginia Navarro and Idoia Larretxi
Foods 2024, 13(10), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101449 - 8 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1966
Abstract
Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder induced by the ingestion of gluten, affects approximately 1.4% of the population. Gluten damages the villi of the small intestine, producing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and a subsequent loss of nutrient absorption, causing destabilization of the [...] Read more.
Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder induced by the ingestion of gluten, affects approximately 1.4% of the population. Gluten damages the villi of the small intestine, producing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and a subsequent loss of nutrient absorption, causing destabilization of the nutritional status. Moreover, gluten can trigger extra intestinal symptoms, such as asthma or dermatitis, but also mental disorders such as depression or anxiety. Moreover, people suffering from celiac disease sometimes feel misunderstood by society, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about the disease and the gluten-free diet. Thus, the treatment and follow-up of patients with celiac disease should be approached from different perspectives, such as the following: (1) a clinical perspective: symptomatology and dietary adherence monitorization; (2) nutritional assessment: dietary balance achievement; (3) psychological assistance: mental disorders avoidance; and (4) social inclusion: educating society about celiac disease in order to avoid isolation of those with celiac disease. The aim of this narrative review is to gain deep insight into the different strategies that currently exist in order to work on each of these perspectives and to clarify how the complete approach of celiac disease follow-up should be undertaken so that the optimum quality of life of this collective is reached. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gluten-Free Food and Celiac Disease: 2nd Edition)
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Other

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13 pages, 541 KiB  
Perspective
Celiac Disease, Gluten-Free Diet, and Eating Disorders: From Bench to Bedside
by Yaohui Wei, Yating Wang, Yonggui Yuan and Jue Chen
Foods 2025, 14(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14010074 - 31 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1046
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) and eating disorders (EDs) are complex chronic conditions in adolescents, sharing symptoms such as weight change, malnutrition, and gastrointestinal symptoms. CD, an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion, is managed through a strict gluten-free diet that can unintentionally foster disordered [...] Read more.
Celiac disease (CD) and eating disorders (EDs) are complex chronic conditions in adolescents, sharing symptoms such as weight change, malnutrition, and gastrointestinal symptoms. CD, an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion, is managed through a strict gluten-free diet that can unintentionally foster disordered eating behaviors due to dietary restrictions. Conversely, EDs may mask and complicate CD symptoms, leading to diagnostic delays and treatment challenges. Evidence reveals an increased risk of EDs in CD individuals and vice versa, indicating a potential bidirectional relationship. This review explores the mechanisms and clinical implications of this interplay and proposes integrated screening and care strategies to improve the quality of life for individuals with both conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gluten-Free Food and Celiac Disease: 2nd Edition)
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