Submit to Horticulturae Review for Horticulturae Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue
Published Papers

A special issue of Horticulturae (ISSN 2311-7524). This special issue belongs to the section "Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 25269

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Athanasios Tsafouros

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Agriculture, University of Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
Interests: tree physiology; cultivation techniques; fruit quality; abiotic stress; plant hormones and their interactions; tissue culture; plant propagation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Nikoleta Kleio Denaxa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
Interests: horticulture; pomology; plant propagation by cuttings; plant breeding; abiotic stress; tree physiology; fruit quality; secondary metabolites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Costas Delis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Agriculture, University of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
Interests: molecular biology; plant physiology and biochemistry; genetics; secondary metabolism; plant stress; post-harvest vegetable physiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fruits and vegetables are important sources of human nutrition. However, they also have to be attractive to consumers without any morphological disorders, with high commercial and nutritive value, and exceptional properties concerning their shelf and storage life. Due to their commercial significance, the study of their quality characteristics, according to the factors affecting them and the endogenous mechanisms involved, as well as the research for their quality improvement, represent a major scientific research field.

Biometric characteristics (weight, size, shape, etc.), taste, aroma, nutritious factors (vitamins, minerals, sugars, etc.), bioactive compounds (phenolics and other compounds or phytochemicals), and others are included in quality parameters and traits and can be affected by a plethora of factors. Genetic and environmental factors, cultivation techniques and treatments, pre- and post-harvest applications, and storage conditions are some of these factors which can change the physiological and biochemical status and trigger endogenous changes affecting the quality of fruits and vegetables. A better knowledge of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms involved and related to fruit and vegetable quality, as well as the biochemical and physiological effects of several factors, will provide a deeper insight into the mechanisms that regulate the quality of horticultural products.

This Special Issue aims to present the physiological and biochemical changes and the effects of factors related to fruit and vegetable quality parameters and traits. Contributions including research articles, review articles, short communications, and opinion articles related to the extended topic of “Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables” are welcomed.

Dr. Athanasios Tsafouros
Dr. Nikoleta Kleio Denaxa
Prof. Dr. Costas Delis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Horticulturae is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

pre- and postharvest treatments
fruit and vegetable quality
shelf life
storage
postharvest physiology and biochemistry
plant productivity
fruit and vegetable composition
climate change
fruit and vegetable metabolites

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (10 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

12 pages, 1844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foliar Fertilization with Molybdate and Nitrate Up-Regulated Activity of Nitrate Reductase in Lemon Balm Leaves

by Kurmet Aitlessov, Bibigul Zhumabekova, Utemurat Sagyndykov, Akmaral Tuyakbayeva, Aliya Bitkeyeva, Karlygash Zh. Bazarbaeva, Abilkhas Mukhtarov, Zhadyrassyn Nurbekova, Mereke Satkanov, Maral Kulatayeva, Karlygash M. Aubakirova, Ardak Nurysheva and Zerekbay Alikulov

Horticulturae 2023, 9(12), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121325 - 10 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1812

Abstract

The foliar feeding of soil-grown plants with essential elements such as molybdate can restore their Nitrate reductase activity. However, the activity of nitrate reductase under the foliar feeding of plants with molybdate and nitrate in hydroponic conditions has not been investigated. Thus, we wanted to investigate the effect of the foliar feeding of molybdate and nitrate on the nitrate reductase activity in the leaves of lemon balm plants under hydroponic conditions. Nitrate and molybdate solutions were applied by spraying the leaves of lemon balm plants and the nitrate reductase activity was determined by the colorimetric method. The results of our study demonstrated that the application of molybdate and KNO₃ solution enhanced the nitrate reductase activity in the leaves of lemon balm plants. Importantly, our results indicate that foliar fertilization with nitrate and molybdate can improve nitrogen metabolism and carbon fixation in the leaves of lemon balm plants under hydroponic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1731 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Distinct Impacts of UV-A Light Wavelengths on Nutraceutical and Mineral Contents in Green and Purple Basil Cultivated in a Controlled Environment

by Akvilė Viršilė, Kristina Laužikė, Rūta Sutulienė, Aušra Brazaitytė, Gediminas Kudirka and Giedrė Samuolienė

Horticulturae 2023, 9(11), 1168; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111168 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1589

Abstract

Controlled environment agricultural (CEA) systems create technological opportunities for the higher nutritional value of vegetables and herbs. It was hypothesized that UV-A light, supplementing basal light emitting diode (LED) illumination in CEA, would enhance growth and nutritional value (nutraceutical compounds and mineral element contents) in purple and green basil in a UV-A wavelength-specific manner. Therefore, blue (452 nm) and red (662 nm) 1:10 basal LED lighting (250 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 16 h) was supplemented with 1 mW cm⁻² of 343, 366, 386, or 402 nm UV-A LED light for green ‘Italiano classico’ and purple ‘Red rubin’ basil cultivation. Different wavelengths have specific impacts for two basil genotypes, and certain light wavelengths should be selected to boost growth or to alter the contents of specific nutraceutical compounds. UV-A/violet 402 nm light enhanced growth, chicoric acid, β carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin contents in green basil, while 343 nm UV-A light increased fresh weight, ascorbic acid, and carotenoid content in purple basil. UV-A light of 386 nm has the most negligible impact on reducing mineral element (P, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn) contents in basil. Understanding the wavelength dependence of plant responses to UV-A is essential for optimizing quality preservation and improving basil cultivation in controlled environment systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Ripening Process on Pecan Nut (Carya illinoinensis) Kernel Quality: Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Carbohydrate Composition

by Intidhar Bouali, Athanassios Tsafouros, Efstathios Ntanos, Ali Albouchi, Sadok Boukhchina and Peter A. Roussos

Horticulturae 2023, 9(10), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101093 - 1 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

Pecan nuts (Carya illinoinensis) provide a wide range of bioactive compounds (particularly polyphenols) that improve the nutritional quality of diets. This study aimed to monitor the evolution of polyphenolic compounds (total phenols, total flavonoids, total flavanols, total condensed tannins, and total o-diphenols), the phenolic profile, the antioxidant activity, and the sugar concentration during pecan nut development in three Tunisian cultivars. Condensed tannins (41.98–221.13 mg catechin assay equivalents g⁻¹ FW) were the dominant class of phenolics at all maturity stages, followed by total phenols (12.25–57.92 mg gallic acid equivalents g⁻¹ FW). Ellagic acid and catechin were the most abundant phenolics at all maturity stages. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found at an early stage of ripening but as maturity progressed, a decreasing trend was observed. Sucrose (6.09–30.79 mg g⁻¹ FW) was the predominant sugar followed by fructose and then glucose. A decreasing and later increasing trend of total carbohydrate concentration was detected during nut development. A Canonical Discriminant Analysis of the data succeeded in separating the three pecan cultivars due to their unique characteristics. Overall, the cultivar and the degree of maturity are the major factors controlling the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of pecan nuts. This study provides more information on the optimal period when the maximum concentration of these health-enhancing compounds is found for use in food, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foliar Calcium Effects on Quality and Primary and Secondary Metabolites of White-Fleshed ‘Lemonato’ Peaches

by Persefoni Maletsika, Vasiliki Liava, Eirini Sarrou, Vaia Styliani Titeli, Elpida Nasiopoulou, Stefan Martens, Evangelos Karagiannis, Katerina Grigoriadou, Athanassios Molassiotis and George D. Nanos

Horticulturae 2023, 9(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030299 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2049

Abstract

‘Lemonato’ is a Greek peach melting-flesh white-flesh cultivar with high nutritional value highly appreciated by the consumers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest foliar calcium application on fruit quality, primary metabolite profile, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and phenolic profile of the ‘Lemonato’ peach, clone ‘Stamatis’. The experiment was conducted for two years, 2019 and 2020, in two commercial orchards at Kato Lehonia and Agios Vlasios regions, central Greece, where the ‘Lemonato’ clone ‘Stamatis’ is traditionally cultivated. The treatments were organic calcium (Ca), calcium–silicate in nanoparticles (Ca–Si), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Foliar application of the different Ca formulations, commonly used as a horticultural practice, were not effective at improving the fruit quality characteristics in this clone, which is characterized by fruit softening during ripening. The study revealed the sugars and organic acid composition and phenolic profile of the ‘Lemonato’ peach, clone ‘Stamatis’. Peach fruit quality, primary metabolites, and phenolic compounds of the two orchards showed a different response to organic Ca and Ca–Si, indicating that genetic or environmental factors may also be involved. A higher concentration of organic Ca and CaCl₂ increased the peach fruit phenolic compounds content and the total antioxidant activity, improving the fruit nutritional quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Nutrient Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroponically Grown Commercial and Traditional Greek Tomato Cultivars

by Evangelia Georgaki, Kallimachos Nifakos, Anastasios Kotsiras, Dimitrios Fanourakis, George Tsaniklidis, Costas Delis and Ioakim K. Spiliopoulos

Horticulturae 2023, 9(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020163 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2653

Abstract

The consumer demand for an enhanced diet intake of antioxidants and bioactive compounds is continuously rising. This work aims to evaluate the fruit nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of five tomato germplasm varieties, alongside a commercial F1 hybrid. Three varieties bear small-fruit (14–40 g), while two varieties and the commercial cultivar yield large fruit (150–300 g). Genotypes under study were cultivated in a greenhouse under the same environmental conditions. Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total phenol, total flavonoid, lycopene, and ascorbic acid contents were assessed at two fruit maturity stages (breaker, red ripe). For both hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions, antioxidant behavior was also evaluated by employing DPPH and FRAP assays. Small-fruit varieties generally possess higher fat and ascorbic acid content, as well as hydrophilic FRAP values as compared to large-fruit ones. In all varieties, lycopene content and lipophilic fraction radical scavenging capacity was considerably higher at red ripe stage. At red ripe stage, all germplasm varieties were clearly and consistently superior in terms of antioxidant activity at the lipophilic fraction owing to enhanced lycopene content. The results emphasize the value of reintroducing germplasm varieties in breeding programs and suggest that local varieties generally encompass high quality features. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 2921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Temperature Conditioning Reduced the Chilling Injury by Regulating Expression of the Dehydrin Genes in Postharvest Huangguan Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Huangguan)

by Yudou Cheng, Jingang He, Yunxiao Feng, Jiangli Zhao and Junfeng Guan

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111022 - 2 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1590

Abstract

‘Huangguan’ pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Huangguan) fruit is sensitive to chilling injury (CI), which exhibits peel browning spots (PBS) during cold storage. Dehydrin (DHN) is considered to be related to cold tolerance in plants, but its function in postharvest pear fruit during storage remains unclear. In this study, six PbDHNs (PbDHN1–6) genes were identified and characterized, and the PbDHN proteins were sorted into Y_nK_n, SK_n and Y_nSK_n according to the major conserved motifs related to the number and location of K-segments, S-segments, and Y-segments. In addition, there were five cold-responsive related cis-acting elements in the promoter region of the PbDHNs. The analysis of fruit quality suggested that compared with a storage temperature at 20 °C, a storage temperature of 0 °C results in CI in ‘Huangguan’ pear fruit, while a storage temperature of 10 °C and low temperature conditioning (LTC) alleviates the CI. Moreover, gene expression results indicated that the six PbDHNs were markedly enhanced at low temperatures, especially at 0 °C. The transcripts of PbDHN1, PbDHN4, PbDHN5 and PbDHN6 were also increased in the fruit stored at 10 °C, but they were lower than that at 0 °C except PbDHN5. Compared with low temperature storage at 0 °C, LTC treatment significantly depressed the expression of PbDHN1, PbDHN2, PbDHN3, PbDHN4, and PbDHN6, while enhanced the mRNA amount of PbDHN5. In conclusion, PbDHN1, PbDHN4, PbDHN5, and PbDHN6 were closely related to the CI, and LTC lowered the CI by down-regulating the expression of PbDHN1, PbDHN4, and PbDHN6 and by up-regulating PbDHN5 in ‘Huangguan’ pear fruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Four Jackfruit Genotypes: Morphology, Physiology and Physicochemical Characterization

by David Antonio Morelos-Flores, Efigenia Montalvo-González, Martina Alejandra Chacón-López, Amalio Santacruz-Varela, Víctor Manuel Zamora-Gasga, Gerardo Torres-García and María de Lourdes García-Magaña

Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111010 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4848

Abstract

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a climacteric fruit native to India which, due to its edaphoclimatic adaptability, is also found in Mexico, the main exporter of the fruit in Latin America. Despite this, information on the characterization of jackfruit genotypes in Mexico is limited; therefore, the objective of this study was to carry out morphological, physiological, and physicochemical characterization of four jackfruit genotypes, locally known as “Agüitada”, “Licenciada”, “Rumina”, and “Virtud”, which are cultivated in Nayarit, Mexico. Morphological analyses revealed 17 traits with significant differences among the genotypes. The respiration rate showed the maximum production of CO₂ in the “Agüitada” genotype, with 123.99 mL of CO₂ kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ at day 2 of storage. The “Rumina” and “Licenciada” genotypes had yellow bulbs while “Agüitada” and “Virtud” had orange bulbs. A principal component analysis revealed different behaviors of the fruits throughout their storage. In general, a wide diversity was revealed among the jackfruit genotypes which are cultivated in the state of Nayarit, Mexico. This study may be useful for their future use in breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UVA Enhanced Promotive Effects of Blue Light on the Antioxidant Capacity and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Pak Choi

by Jing Huang, Xinying Liu, Qichang Yang, Bingfu Lei, Yinjian Zheng, Zhonghua Bian, Sen Wang, Wei Li, Pengpeng Mao and Yaliang Xu

Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090850 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

Anthocyanins are widely common natural antioxidants and represent an important economic feature in vegetables, but the potential response of UVA–blue co-irradiation on the anthocyanin biosynthesis of pak choi is not clear. Here, we investigated the effects of the supplement of four doses of UVA to blue light on growth, metabolites and the anthocyanin biosynthesis of two cultivars of pak choi. The results revealed that supplementing UVA light to blue light positively affected the growth of the pak choi and elevated the soluble protein content and antioxidant capacity. Especially, when compared with a monochromatic blue light, the anthocyanin synthesis was enhanced with an increase in UVA light strength, which reached a peak value at the strength of 10 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Further study revealed that the UVA–blue co-irradiation enhanced the transcription of partial light-induced and anthocyanin structural genes. The intraspecific difference in the expression patterns of MYB1 and PAP1 were observed in these two tested cultivars. MYB1 was significantly up-regulated in red-leaf pak choi, but down-regulated in purple-leaf pak choi. On the contrary, PAP1 was significantly up-regulated in purple-leaf pak choi, but down-regulated in red-leaf pak choi. To sum up, this study established an efficient pre-harvest lighting strategy to elevate the economic value of pak choi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Changing Climatic Conditions on the Morphological Traits and Chemical Composition of Almond Kernels

by Slavica Čolić, Zorica Basić, Gordan Zec, Ivana Bakić, Dragan Rahović, Milica Fotirić Akšić and Violeta Mickovski Stefanović

Horticulturae 2022, 8(6), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060487 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2255

Abstract

This study evaluates the effect of two contrasting years, in terms of climatic parameters, on kernel morphology and content and on the composition of oil, tocopherols and the 11 macro- and micro-elements in almonds. Low precipitation and high temperatures increased the content of tocopherols, Cu and Zn but decreased the kernel ratio, the oil content, and the levels of macro-elements and of Cr, Fe, Mn and Mo. The obtained data indicate some statistically significant correlations among the kernel quality parameters and climate. A small variation in oil concentration with the highest value in ‘Texas’ (60.07%) was observed. The main tocopherol homologue was α-tocopherol (39.4 to 404.4 mg/100 g DW), representing more than 90% of the total tocopherols. Potassium was predominant (882.0 to 1104.5 mg/100 g), followed by phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and sodium. The most abundant micro-elements were iron (3.095 to 3.708 mg/100 g) and zinc (2.641 to 4.765 mg/100 g), followed by manganese, copper, molybdenum and chromium. The genotype 15/03 has the highest level of health-promoting compounds (α-tocopherol, potassium and zinc), so that, together with genotype 25/03 which showed the best response to changing climatic conditions, this genotype could be of interest for breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Titanium and Vanadium on Antioxidants Content and Productivity of Red Cabbage

by Samar M. A. Doklega, Sally F. Abo El-Ezz, Nada A. Mostafa, Eldessoky S. Dessoky, Awatif M. Abdulmajeed, Doaa Bahaa Eldin Darwish, Fahad Mohammed Alzuaibr, Ahmed Abou El-Yazied, Mohamed M. El-Mogy, Samy F. Mahmoud, Noura M. Taha and Mahmoud A. M. Abd El-Hady

Horticulturae 2022, 8(6), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060481 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2221

Abstract

The present work studied the effect of foliar spray of different concentrations of titanium (Ti, applied as titanium dioxide) and vanadium (V, applied as vanadium pentoxide) on growth, chemical composition, antioxidant contents, antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant capacity, yield and quality criteria of red cabbage plants. For this purpose, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mg L⁻¹ of Ti and V were used to treat red cabbage plants. The control plants were treated with tap water. Our results showed that plants treated with 4.0 mg L⁻¹ of Ti recorded the highest values of plant growth and bioactive compounds, while antioxidant capacity was decreased compared to the other treatments. In addition, plants treated with Ti and V at 2.0 and 4.0 mg L⁻¹, respectively, showed higher values of all of the growth, yield, non-enzymatic antioxidants and antioxidants enzymes’ parameters compared to the untreated plants. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded that the low concentrations of both Ti and V (2.0 and 4.0 mg L⁻¹) were able to enhance red cabbage growth and yield, as well as the antioxidant contents, enzymes and capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Physiology and Biochemistry in Relation to Quality of Fruits and Vegetables

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (10 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI