Horticulturae

12 pages, 1687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fruit Characteristics of In Situ Collected Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Genotypes

by Sorina Sîrbu, Lăcrămioara Oprică, Lucia-Florina Popovici, Culiţă Sîrbu, Iulia Mineață, Ionuț Vasile Ungureanu and Iuliana Elena Golache

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030340 - 20 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Native genotypes of fruit species are an important source of phenotypic variability for breeding and provide valuable material for the creation of new cultivars. Therefore, the present study was conducted to characterize and decipher the phenotypic variability of 39 native cherry genotypes ( [...] Read more.

Native genotypes of fruit species are an important source of phenotypic variability for breeding and provide valuable material for the creation of new cultivars. Therefore, the present study was conducted to characterize and decipher the phenotypic variability of 39 native cherry genotypes (Prunus avium L.) with some bitter taste from spontaneous or cultivated flora from the Northeast European region, in Romania. The research was conducted during 2018–2022 and aimed to analyze the biochemical composition and physical characteristics of the fruits in order to identify the most useful traits for dissemination. All genotypes presented small fruits but with exceptional nutraceutical properties. The highest fruit weight was observed in G10 and G11 (3.2 g). The highest total soluble solids was found in G19 and G25 (28.2°Brix and 26.0°Brix, respectively), and in terms of antioxidant capacity, the highest level was observed in G32 and G33 (98.22% and 96.71%, respectively). In the cluster analysis, wild cherry accessions were clustered into five groups of related genotypes, indicating that they were useful for evaluating the characterization of cherry germplasm due to the superior fruit weight and phenolic compounds content. The genotypes studied represent valuable phenotypic resources for enriching the cherry gene pool and improving important horticultural traits for increasing production and thus nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From the Field to the Table: Unearthing Wild Fruit Species for Enhanced Prospecting and Utilization)

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13 pages, 5405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Report of the Anthracnose Pathogenic Agent on Walnut Fruits in China and Exploration of Its Biological Characteristics

by Chen Zhou, Jinhuan Chen, Yonggang Liu, Ning Luo, Wei Guo, Mingming Shi and Huixia Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030339 - 20 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Anthracnose is recognized as a significant agricultural disease. This study investigates the disease symptoms characterized by black dots on walnut fruits observed in the walnut orchards of Longnan City, Gansu Province, China, in June 2022. These symptoms resemble those of anthracnose reported in [...] Read more.

Anthracnose is recognized as a significant agricultural disease. This study investigates the disease symptoms characterized by black dots on walnut fruits observed in the walnut orchards of Longnan City, Gansu Province, China, in June 2022. These symptoms resemble those of anthracnose reported in previous studies. A strain designated Ht-10 was initially isolated and identified as belonging to the Colletotrichum species based on its morphological features. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that this strain induced pronounced anthracnose symptoms in walnuts, consistent with those originally observed in the field. Subsequently, multilocus phylogenetic analysis, which included partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin2 (TUB2), and chitin synthase (CHS-1) genes of Ht-10, indicated that it most likely clustered with Colletotrichum fioriniae. The determination of biological characteristics revealed that the optimal temperature for the growth of Ht-10 was 25 °C in full light at a pH of 6, with soluble starch and yeast paste serving as the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fioriniae as a causal agent of anthracnose in walnut fruits in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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21 pages, 7975 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Olive Plant Treated with Different Geo-Material Foliar Film (Zeolite and Kaolin Based): Leaf Characteristics and Oil Quality

by Annalisa Rotondi, Tommaso Ganino, Andrea Calderoni, Margherita Rodolfi, Rohini Dhenge and Lucia Morrone

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030338 - 20 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Organic agriculture has few tools against pests and diseases and is constantly looking for effective and sustainable products such as geomaterials, i.e., zeolite. This study evaluates the physiological and morphological responses of olive plants (Olea europaea) to foliar applications of different [...] Read more.

Organic agriculture has few tools against pests and diseases and is constantly looking for effective and sustainable products such as geomaterials, i.e., zeolite. This study evaluates the physiological and morphological responses of olive plants (Olea europaea) to foliar applications of different geo-materials, specifically kaolin, natural zeolite, and ammonium-enriched zeolite. The research examines leaf anatomical modifications, including internal tissue structures, trichome and stomatal density, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange parameters, alongside the impact on fruit development and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) quality. Results indicate that kaolin application negatively influenced transpiration and stomatal conductance, an effect corroborated by increased xylem vessel wall thickness. However, the reduction in stomatal conductance was attributed to a functional rather than morphological adaptation, as no significant changes in stomatal density or size were observed. Both geo-material treatments altered leaf surface properties, particularly peltate trichome characteristics. Notably, ammonium-enriched zeolite application enhanced photosynthetic rate during early olive development, likely due to its nutritional role, and contributed to increased fruit size and oil yield. These findings highlight the potential of geo-material-based foliar treatments as an effective strategy to optimize plant physiological performance and improve olive oil production in sustainable agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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17 pages, 3099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Biochemical Adaptation of Common Garden Plants to Inorganic Nitrogen-Laden Fine Particulate Matter Stress

by Keqin Xiao, Yiying Wang, Rongkang Wang, Zhanpeng Hu, Sili Peng, Zimei Miao and Zhiwei Ge

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030337 - 20 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Accelerated urbanization has intensified nitrogen deposition and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) pollution. While urban landscape plants play a vital role in atmospheric remediation, systematic exploration of their adaptation strategies to these dual stressors remains limited. This study investigated the dynamic responses [...] Read more.

Accelerated urbanization has intensified nitrogen deposition and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) pollution. While urban landscape plants play a vital role in atmospheric remediation, systematic exploration of their adaptation strategies to these dual stressors remains limited. This study investigated the dynamic responses of antioxidant defense systems and nitrogen/weight ratios of Iris germanica L. and Portulaca grandiflora Hook. under four nitrogen deposition scenarios (N0, N1, N2, and N4 with nitrogen concentrations of 0, 15, 30, and 60 kg N·hm⁻²·a⁻¹, respectively) combined with constant PM_2.5 exposure (50 μg/m³). Through fumigation experiments, we demonstrated that Iris germanica L. showed higher sensitivity to inorganic nitrogen-laden PM_2.5 stress than Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Both species exhibited stronger antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, POD) activities in the high-growth season compared to the low-growth season. Nitrogen allocation analysis revealed that Portulaca grandiflora Hook. maintained stable nitrogen content across treatments, while Iris germanica L. showed progressive nitrogen loss under high nitrogen-laden PM_2.5 exposure. These findings establish Portulaca grandiflora Hook.’s superior resilience through two synergistic mechanisms: modulated antioxidant systems and efficient nitrogen remobilization. This comparative study provides actionable insights for selecting pollution-tolerant species in urban green infrastructure planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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15 pages, 1492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transmission Route of Airborne Fungal Spores for Cucumber Downy Mildew

by Yafei Wang, Qiang Shi, Guilin Xu, Ning Yang, Tianhua Chen, Mohamed Farag Taha and Hanping Mao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030336 - 20 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Analyzing the transmission dynamics of airborne disease spores is crucial for advancing early warning and control strategies for crop diseases. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing the HYSPLIT-5 model to investigate the spore transmission patterns and pathways of airborne crop diseases. By [...] Read more.

Analyzing the transmission dynamics of airborne disease spores is crucial for advancing early warning and control strategies for crop diseases. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing the HYSPLIT-5 model to investigate the spore transmission patterns and pathways of airborne crop diseases. By employing the Lagrangian particle trajectory method of HYSPLIT-5 in conjunction with MeteInfoMap 3.5, the spatiotemporal frequency of cucumber downy mildew spore trajectories over extended periods was examined. The results indicate that the transmission trajectory of cucumber downy mildew spores is heavily influenced by atmospheric circulation, with spores spreading along air currents to surrounding areas. These trajectories frequently intersect, resulting in a broad transmission range, and the observed transmission patterns exhibit a degree of universality. Which provided a basis for the subsequent study of a large-scale prediction model of cucumber downy mildew. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Systems in Orchards and Vegetable Crops)

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17 pages, 688 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding the Role of Calcium in Kiwifruit: Ion Transport, Signaling, and Fruit Quality

by Greta Nicla Larocca, Elena Baldi and Moreno Toselli

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030335 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Calcium (Ca²⁺) plays a fundamental role in metabolic processes, and it is involved in several structural functions at the cell level, such as vacuole osmotic regulation, cell wall strengthening, and plasma membrane stability, as well as acting as a secondary messenger [...] Read more.

Calcium (Ca²⁺) plays a fundamental role in metabolic processes, and it is involved in several structural functions at the cell level, such as vacuole osmotic regulation, cell wall strengthening, and plasma membrane stability, as well as acting as a secondary messenger for several different signals. The role of Ca²⁺ in signal transduction and cell wall organization is crucial for stress responses, cell activity, and plant tissue development. In addition, Ca²⁺ is essential in modulating enzymatic activities, hormonal control, water, and ion transport across the plasma membrane. Although calcium’s role in fruit trees is well studied, many of its specific functions in kiwifruit remain unclear, including the optimal amount of Ca²⁺ in fruit and its distribution in fruit cells for the best pre- and post-harvest fruit quality. Calcium transport to the fruit is mainly regulated by the xylem sap flow; however, the contribution of fruit transpiration and the requirements of fruit cells are not clear. Understanding the kinetics of Ca²⁺ accumulation in fruit under different environmental conditions can help establish correct nutrient management. This review addresses the current knowledge on Ca²⁺ involvement in plant physiology, metabolic processes, structural functions, and fruit growth, quality, and storage, with particular emphasis on Actinidia chinensis. In addition, the different analytical techniques used for the quantification and definition of Ca²⁺ in different plant organs, including stain technology, X-rays, and advanced imaging methods, are here explored. Full article

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13 pages, 2211 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Simultaneous Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in the Leaves and Roots of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. Using HPLC-PDA with Various Extraction Solvents

by Neil Patrick Uy, Sang Yun Lee, Jang Hoon Kim, Young Ho Yoon and Sanghyun Lee

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030334 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the extraction and quantification of specific phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid and several pyranocoumarin derivatives, from the leaves and roots of Peucedanum japonicum. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, this study aimed to optimize extraction methodologies with different solvents to maximize [...] Read more.

This study investigated the extraction and quantification of specific phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid and several pyranocoumarin derivatives, from the leaves and roots of Peucedanum japonicum. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, this study aimed to optimize extraction methodologies with different solvents to maximize the yield of bioactive compounds. The extraction process involved meticulous steps, including reflux extraction and solvent evaporation, and the total phenolic content was assessed using a spectrophotometric assay. The results demonstrated that ethanol and methanol were effective in extracting chlorogenic acid, yielding a total phenolic content of up to 47.71 mg/g tannic acid equivalent in MeOH extracts from roots. Conversely, acetone was superior for pyranocoumarin extraction, achieving a total coumarin content exceeding 100 mg/g in root extracts. Notably, pyranocoumarins were found to be more concentrated in the roots compared to leaves, supporting the hypothesis that roots are a reservoir for these bioactive compounds. This study emphasized the critical roles of solvent selections in profiling bioactive compounds from P. japonicum and provided valuable insights for future research into its pharmacological potential. The findings may serve as a foundation for further pharmacological studies, enhancing the understanding of the medicinal properties of P. japonicum in the context of traditional East Asian medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Plants)

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23 pages, 5456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Water–Fertilizer–Gas Coupling on Emitter Clogging and Uniformity of Drip Irrigation System

by Peng Li, Xinkun Wang, Chenjun Zhang, Keyue Chen, Abdul Rahim Junejo, Jinrui Liu and Hao Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030333 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

The drip emitter is a fundamental component of the drip irrigation system, and its performance directly influences the efficiency of water–fertilizer–gas (WFG) coupling irrigation. However, the precise mechanism through which WFG coupling affects emitter clogging and system uniformity remains unclear. To address this, [...] Read more.

The drip emitter is a fundamental component of the drip irrigation system, and its performance directly influences the efficiency of water–fertilizer–gas (WFG) coupling irrigation. However, the precise mechanism through which WFG coupling affects emitter clogging and system uniformity remains unclear. To address this, this study conducted a hydraulic performance test of the drip irrigation system based on micro-nano aerated drip irrigation technology. The clogging patterns of emitters and system uniformity were compared and analyzed under non-aerated drip irrigation and WFG coupling drip irrigation conditions. The results indicate that WFG coupling significantly alters the micromorphological structure and microbial diversity of clogged emitters. This change reduces clogging and can delay the clogging process of different types of emitters, thereby extending their service life by up to 29%. Additionally, it effectively improves the uniformity of the drip irrigation system. These findings highlight the potential of WFG coupling as an effective strategy to mitigate emitter clogging and optimize drip irrigation system performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation and Water Management Strategies for Horticultural Systems)

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13 pages, 4030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lentil Biorooting Agents: An Ecological Alternative to Improve the Growth and Development of Italian Zucchini in Sustainable Production Systems

by Uriel González-Lemus, Félix Antonio Tapia-Zayago, Sergio Rubén Pérez-Ríos, Ana Karen Zaldívar-Ortega, Edgar Omar Rueda-Puente, Aracely Hernández-Pérez, Lucio González-Montiel and Iridiam Hernández-Soto

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030332 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a crop of global economic importance. Therefore, there has been a continuous search for alternative cultivation methods that contribute to improving its growth and development. In the context of sustainable agriculture, plant protection techniques involve the use [...] Read more.

Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a crop of global economic importance. Therefore, there has been a continuous search for alternative cultivation methods that contribute to improving its growth and development. In the context of sustainable agriculture, plant protection techniques involve the use of substances of natural origin (e.g., biorooters), which have a positive impact on the production cycle of plants. In this study, the effects of a lentil biorooter on the growth and development of Italian zucchini were investigated. Five treatments were analyzed in the study: 25 (T1), 50 (T2) and 75 (T3) mL of the biorooter; a chemical rooting agent (“Raixen PLUS ©”; T4); and a control (T0). The results showed that the application of the lentil biorooter (T3) increased the plant height by 166%, the number of leaves by 113%, the aerial fresh weight by 169%, the root length by 165%, the fresh and dry root weights by 102% and 116%, and the number of flowers and female flowers by 89% and 177%, respectively, compared to the control (T0). In the case of the conventional rooting agent “Raixen PLUS ©” T4, compared to (T3), the following agro-nomic variables were reduced: plant height by 13%; the number of leaves by 124%; fresh and dry aerial weight by 103% and 107%, respectively; fresh and dry root weight by 9% and 117%, respectively; and the number of total and female flowers by 112% and 160%, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to compare the heights of the plant between the five treatments, as well as to compare the number of leaves to the fresh aerial weight and the length of the root to its fresh weight. Furthermore, the principal component analysis (PCA) results indicated that the differences between components 1 and 2 appeared to be positively influenced by the root length. These results suggest that lentil biorooters could be an ecological alternative to conventional rooters, thus mitigating the adverse effects of their use in zucchini crop production. This is the first study to report on the induction of growth and development using a lentil biorooter in zucchini. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Organic Farming of Vegetable Crops in Greenhouse and Open Field Systems)

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27 pages, 9691 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Establishment of a Protocol for the Characterization of Secreted Biomolecules in Somatic Embryogenic Cultures of Olea europaea L.

by Rita Pires, Lénia Rodrigues, Fátima Milhano Santos, Iola F. Duarte, Sergio Ciordia, Augusto Peixe and Hélia Cardoso

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030331 - 19 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) involves the formation of embryo-like structures from somatic cells without fertilization and is widely used for clonal propagation and genetic transformation. However, in olive (Olea europaea sp. europaea), SE remains challenging due to the recalcitrant behavior of adult [...] Read more.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) involves the formation of embryo-like structures from somatic cells without fertilization and is widely used for clonal propagation and genetic transformation. However, in olive (Olea europaea sp. europaea), SE remains challenging due to the recalcitrant behavior of adult tissues when used as initial explants. Bioactive molecules released into the culture medium (conditioned medium, CM) by embryogenic cultures have been identified as modulators of the SE response. However, their potential role in enhancing SE efficiency in olive and overcoming tissue recalcitrance remains largely unexplored. To investigate the role of these biomolecules in olive SE, a protocol was established using SE cultures of cv. ‘Galega Vulgar’. Proteins and metabolites were separated by filtration, concentrated through lyophilization, and precipitated using three methods: Acetone, TCA/Acetone, and Methanol/Chloroform. The efficiency of these methods was evaluated through total protein quantification and via SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze secretome composition using the TCA/Acetone precipitation method. Additionally, metabolite profiles were analyzed using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The results led to the identification of 1096 (526 protein groups) Olea europaea proteins, including well-known SE biomarkers such as kinases and peroxidases. NMR spectroscopy identified several metabolites secreted into the medium or resulting from the metabolic activity of secreted enzymes, confirming the applicability of the procedure. Although extracting secreted biomolecules from the culture medium presents significant challenges, the protocol established in this study successfully enabled the isolation and identification of both proteins and metabolites, revealing a valuable workflow for future in-depth analyses of secreted biomolecules in olive SE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Culture Techniques and Molecular Markers of Horticultural Plants)

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19 pages, 2104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ascorbic Acid Mitigates Aluminum Stress Through Improved Antioxidant Mechanism in Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

by Paz Cárcamo-Fincheira, Adriano Nunes-Nesi, Braulio Soto-Cerda, Ricardo Tighe-Neira, Jaime Tranamil-Manquein, Rodrigo Mora-Sanhueza, Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau and Marjorie Reyes-Díaz

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030330 - 17 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Ascorbic acid (ASC) is a molecule naturally synthesized in plant cells, protecting against abiotic stresses by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative damage. Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the major limiting factor on crop productivity in acidic soils, increasing ROS within cells [...] Read more.

Ascorbic acid (ASC) is a molecule naturally synthesized in plant cells, protecting against abiotic stresses by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative damage. Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the major limiting factor on crop productivity in acidic soils, increasing ROS within cells and impairing the growth and development of plants. Exogenous antioxidant applications are an effective strategy to promote tolerance to abiotic stress. The objective was to evaluate the effect of foliar ASC applications (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg L⁻¹ ASC) and their interaction with Al toxicity (0, 400 µM Al) in Star, an Al-sensitive cultivar of highbush blueberry. Significant increases of 1.6-fold in growth were observed in roots and leaves under treatment with 200 mg L⁻¹ ASC. In the same treatment, increased pigments and antioxidant activity (~1.2- to 2.3-fold) were observed concomitant with reduced lipid peroxidation. Positive correlations between organic acid exudation, the ASC/DHA ratio, and calcium levels were observed, whereas a negative correlation between lipid peroxidation and dehydroascorbate (DHA) was observed. Foliar ASC application also increased the ASC/DHA ratio in leaves and enhanced 2.2-fold organic acid exudation in the 200 mg L⁻¹ ASC treatment. The results suggest that foliar ASC applications improved redox balance and underscore the potential of ASC as a practical solution to enhance resilience in Al-sensitive plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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22 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Innovative Tools for Nitrogen Fertilization Traceability in Organic Farming Products: A Fennel Case Study

by Francesco Montemurro, Mariangela Diacono, Angelo Fiore, Luana Bontempo, Alberto Roncone, Margherita Amenta, Gabriele Ballistreri, Nicolina Timpanaro, Biagio Torrisi and Simona Fabroni

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030329 - 17 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Food fraud is a matter of great interest, particularly when organic productions are involved. Therefore, policymakers and institutions are asked to introduce new effective official control methods, not only based on documentary compliance to EU regulations. Lately, an integrated approach based on the [...] Read more.

Food fraud is a matter of great interest, particularly when organic productions are involved. Therefore, policymakers and institutions are asked to introduce new effective official control methods, not only based on documentary compliance to EU regulations. Lately, an integrated approach based on the use of isotopic, chemical and biological data treated by chemometrics has been suggested to authenticate organic products. The present research aims to validate the beforementioned integrated approach for the reliable classification of organically and conventionally grown fennel productions obtained by applying different treatments at diverse percentages of mineral fertilizers. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, an N-fixing plant (alfalfa), as an agroecological service crop in intercropping fennel, was introduced. Physicochemical parameters (fresh weight, total soluble solids, total acidity, consistency, Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) lightness (L*), green-red (a*), blue-yellow (b*) color components), total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant activity, total and inorganic N, and stable isotope ratios (¹⁵N/¹⁴N, ¹³C/¹²C, and ³⁴S/³²S) analyses were performed over a two-year field trial and further multivariate discriminant analysis was performed. The physicochemical parameters were not affected by the differential growing practice while antioxidant activity showed higher values in the organic treatments. The conventional treatments increased the NO₃⁻ values over 440% compared to the organic ones and the lowest values were found when alfalfa was used for intercropping. δ(¹⁵N) of fennel, δ(³⁴S) of fennel and δ(¹⁵N) of leaves showed great discriminatory potential, with respect to the applied agronomic practice. However, these parameters alone were not sufficient as biomarkers for differentiating cultivation methods. Instead, the proposed innovative tool demonstrated that only a comprehensive multivariate approach was able to achieve a correct classification of grouped cases. Furthermore, the discrimination between organic and conventional horticultural products showed feasible results, even when N-fixing plants were incorporated in organic practice, thus avoiding misinterpretations solely based on the isotopic N fingerprint. These promising findings highlight the potential of this method and suggest that further research should extend its application to other horticultural crops to confirm and expand upon the current results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Authenticity in Organic Horticultural Production: Recent Studies and Applications)

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26 pages, 3074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Growth of Artemisia abrotanum by Magnesium and Tropaeolum majus Extract in a Field Experiment Along with the Antibacterial Activity of the Isolated Essential Oils

by Mervat EL-Hefny and Abeer A. Mohamed

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030328 - 17 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Enhancing the growth and productivity of ornamental and horticultural plants is a major function of plant extracts and macronutrient elements. The growth properties of Artemisia abrotanum plants were evaluated in two successive seasons as affected by the magnesium (Mg) fertilizer added to the [...] Read more.

Enhancing the growth and productivity of ornamental and horticultural plants is a major function of plant extracts and macronutrient elements. The growth properties of Artemisia abrotanum plants were evaluated in two successive seasons as affected by the magnesium (Mg) fertilizer added to the soil in the form of magnesium sulfate at four concentrations of 0 (as a control), 4, 6, and 8 g/L as well as Tropaeolum majus aqueous leaf extract (ALE) at concentrations of 0 (as a control), 4, 6, and 8 g/L as a foliar application. The chemical components of A. abrotanum essential oils (EOs) were analyzed using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) apparatus. The studied parameters, including plant height, total fresh weight, number of branches/plant, EO percentages, chlorophyll-a content, chlorophyll-b content, and carotenoid content, were enhanced by the application of Mg or T. majus ALE or their combinations. The highest plant heights, 48.83 cm, and 48.5 cm, were observed in the plants treated with Mg (8 g/L)+T. majus ALE (8 g/L) and Mg (6 g/L)+T. majus ALE (4 g/L), in both seasons, respectively. The highest values of total fresh weight, 54.80 and 60.59 g, were recorded in plants treated with Mg (8 g/L)+T. majus ALE (4 g/L) and Mg (8 g/L)+T. majus ALE (4 g/L), in both seasons, respectively. The highest number of branches/plant, 60.33 and 73.33, were measured in plants treated with Mg (8 g/L)+T. majus LAE (8 g/L), in both seasons, respectively. The highest EO percentages, 0.477% and 0.64%, were measured in plants treated with Mg (8 g/L)+T. majus ALE (8 g/L), in both seasons, respectively. The total fresh weight in both seasons (r = 0.96), the number of branches/plant in both seasons (r = 0.97), the number of branches/plant in the first season, and the number of branches/plant in both seasons (r = 0.96), the total fresh weight in the second season and the number of branches/plant in the first season (r = 0.95) and the second season (r = 0.94), and the number of branches/plant and the carotenoids in the first season (r = 0.90) were all found to be significantly and positively correlated. The major compounds in the EOs were 7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin (4-methylherniarin), cedrol, endo-borneol, and 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene. The antibacterial activity of the EOs was evaluated against the growth of Pectobacterium atrosepticum and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, which causes soft rot of potato tubers. The EOs were found to be effective against P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum with the inhibition zones ranging from 1 to 5 mm at the concentration of 100 μg/mL, and no inhibitions were found against P. atrosepticum at the studied concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration against P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was found at 75 μg/mL. In conclusion, using the combination treatments of Mg and T. majus ALE is highly suggested to enhance the growth of A. abrotanum plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Nutrient Management for Enhancing the Yield and Quality of Horticultural Crops)

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7 pages, 167 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Developmental Biology in Tree Fruit and Nut Crops

by Zhaohe Yuan, Bo Li and Yujie Zhao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030327 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 190

Abstract

Tree fruit and nut crops constitute a vital component of global agriculture, not only by virtue of their nutritional and economic importance, but also because of the complexity of their developmental processes [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Developmental Biology in Tree Fruit and Nut Crops)

13 pages, 642 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Influence of Pre-Harvest Factors on the Storage of Fresh Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.): A Review

by Michele Ciriello, Petronia Carillo, Matteo Lentini and Youssef Rouphael

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030326 - 16 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 265

Abstract

Thanks to its numerous uses in gastronomy, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, basil (Ocimum spp.) is one of the most studied and consumed aromatic plants worldwide. However, its commercialization and availability are limited by its short post-harvest shelf-life, primarily due to its strong sensitivity [...] Read more.

Thanks to its numerous uses in gastronomy, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, basil (Ocimum spp.) is one of the most studied and consumed aromatic plants worldwide. However, its commercialization and availability are limited by its short post-harvest shelf-life, primarily due to its strong sensitivity to cold, poor handling, and consequent microbial contamination. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research on pre-harvest techniques that can extend the shelf-life of basil, aiming to offer a practical tool for growers, distributors, retailers, and scientists. In addition to influencing the plant’s primary metabolism, pre-harvest factors, such as genotype selection, plant nutrition, irrigation, and light management, can have a direct impact on basil quality and shelf-life. Unlike previous reviews, which primarily focus on post-harvest strategies, this work provides a structured analysis of pre-harvest factors that directly influence basil’s shelf-life. By integrating recent findings on genotype selection, nutrient management, and environmental conditions, we offer a comprehensive framework to guide future agronomic practices aimed at minimizing post-harvest losses and enhancing product quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Horticulturae—Recent Outcomes and Perspectives)

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23 pages, 8861 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

by Marco Scortichini

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030325 - 16 Mar 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

The decline of perennial plant species, including oak, olive, and kiwifruit, is a phenomenon currently observed in many areas of the world. In this review, such species are chosen precisely because, despite the differences in their botany, native distribution, and current utilization, they [...] Read more.

The decline of perennial plant species, including oak, olive, and kiwifruit, is a phenomenon currently observed in many areas of the world. In this review, such species are chosen precisely because, despite the differences in their botany, native distribution, and current utilization, they are all affected by significant global or local declines. An analysis of the main common causes involved could be useful for a better understanding of the phenomenon. Quercus species are impacted by “Chronic Oak Decline” (COD), “Sudden Oak Decline” (SOD), and “Acute Oak Decline” (AOD). In Italy, olive groves are severely damaged by “Olive Quick Decline Syndrome”, whereas kiwifruit orchards are struck by “Kiwifruit Vine Decline Syndrome” (KVDS). Among the abiotic inciting stressors, drought, warmer temperatures, and waterlogging, all within a climate change scenario, are involved in all declines described herein as well as in plant dysbiosis. The involvement of some aggressive phytopathogens is another common feature of all these declines. Oomycetes contribute to COD, SOD, and KVDS; Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca and Botryosphaeriaceae affect olive, and some enterobacteria are involved in AOD, all representing decisive contributing factors. These declines are quite complex, and a comprehensive approach is required to dissect all the facets involved. A better understanding of altered host–microbial community relationships can lead to a more tailored approach to understanding and managing declines. Maintaining tree resilience in a warmer Earth remains a primary goal to achieve for preserving both natural ecosystems and profitable crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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16 pages, 2835 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Extended Photoperiod Impacts on Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in a Natural Tropical Greenhouse

by Jie He, Amrita Nair and Lin Qin

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030324 - 16 Mar 2025

Viewed by 369

Abstract

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is valued for its culinary and medicinal properties. It thrives in full sunlight and long daylight hours under natural conditions. This study examined the effects of extended photoperiod on sweet basil grown in a hot and humid [...] Read more.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is valued for its culinary and medicinal properties. It thrives in full sunlight and long daylight hours under natural conditions. This study examined the effects of extended photoperiod on sweet basil grown in a hot and humid tropical greenhouse. Some plants received only natural sunlight (SL), while others had SL supplemented with LED light for 6 h (6 h) before sunrise and/or after sunset. Plants grown under only natural SL (L1) had a smaller leaf number, smaller leaf area per plant, lower shoot, and root productivity than those grown under other light conditions. The shoot fresh weight of basil grown under supplemented LED light for 3 h before sunrise and 3 h after sunset (L2), 6 h after sunset (L3), and 6 h before sunrise (L4) was 2.68, 2.33, and 1.94 times higher than L1 conditions, respectively. The maximum quantum efficiency of PSII, electron transport rate, effective quantum yield of PSII, and Chl a/b ratio were also higher in L2, L3, and L4. The total leaf soluble protein, ascorbic acid, total phenolic compounds, and dietary minerals followed the same trend. Among all treatments, L2 consistently showed significantly higher values, making it the optimal lighting strategy for extended photoperiod. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Horticulturae—Recent Outcomes and Perspectives)

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20 pages, 1867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aromatic and Nutritional Composition of Edible Flowers of Garden Garlic and Wild Leek

by Telmo Marcelo Zambrano Núñez, Adriana Margarita Morales Noriega, María Dolores García-Martínez and María Dolores Raigón Jiménez

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030323 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

Many of the flowers of ornamental and wild plants are edible. Flowers provide colors, flavors and textures to foods and serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids and pigments, which exert a very high antioxidant activity. The cultivation [...] Read more.

Many of the flowers of ornamental and wild plants are edible. Flowers provide colors, flavors and textures to foods and serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids and pigments, which exert a very high antioxidant activity. The cultivation of edible flowers is a production alternative that is on the rise. The main objective of this work has been to study the nutritional and aromatic value of garden garlic (Tulbaghia violacea) and wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum). The crops were carried out in the region of L’Horta Nord (Valencia, Spain), using organic production techniques. The proximate composition, antioxidant capacity, metal content and volatile fraction of the flowers were determined. The flowers of ornamental garlic and wild leek have been shown to be a source of fiber and even protein, with very low lipid content. There is no accumulation of heavy metals in these flowers. Organosulfur compounds are the chemical family of volatile components that predominate in these flowers, representing 98% of the volatile fraction of garden garlic flowers and 68.5% in wild leek flowers. The powerful antioxidant activity of the flowers studied and their relationship with a very significant aromatic fraction of sulfur components is well suited to the current trend of searching for natural and healthy foods with nutraceutical properties. It is recommended to continue studying the bioavailability of floral components and understand their effect on health, as well as organosulfur compounds for physiological functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Utilization and Application of Bioactive Compounds from Horticultural Plants)

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19 pages, 2016 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evapotranspiration-Based Irrigation Management Effects on Yield and Water Productivity of Summer Cauliflower on the California Central Coast

by Michael Cahn, Lee Johnson and Sharon Benzen

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030322 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 366

Abstract

Improvements in irrigation water productivity constitute an ongoing effort globally. In California, growers are under regulatory pressure to stabilize groundwater levels and reduce nitrate leaching, partially, by further improvements in irrigation optimization. Evapotranspiration (ET)-based methods can inform crop water requirements and boost irrigation [...] Read more.

Improvements in irrigation water productivity constitute an ongoing effort globally. In California, growers are under regulatory pressure to stabilize groundwater levels and reduce nitrate leaching, partially, by further improvements in irrigation optimization. Evapotranspiration (ET)-based methods can inform crop water requirements and boost irrigation efficiency, but in practice, they can be challenging for farmers to implement, especially in vegetable systems. Irrigation field trials were conducted near Salinas CA in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the crop coefficient model employed by the CropManage ET-based irrigation decision support system (DSS) for summer cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. Symphony) and investigate potential water savings through improved irrigation scheduling. Overhead sprinklers were used for crop establishment, and surface drip was used subsequently. A randomized complete block design was used to administer treatments near 50, 75, 100, and 150% of crop evapotranspiration (ET) during the drip period with an added treatment at 125% in 2019. Water requirement for the 100% treatment was determined by the CropManage DSS model based on crop coefficients derived from fractional canopy cover. Deliveries to remaining treatments were scaled proportionally. The total yield and irrigation productivity were maximized by the 100% treatment both years with total applied water ranging from 275 to 300 mm. At present, the reported water application for summer cauliflower averages 465 mm in the region. Hence, implementing ET-based irrigation scheduling, administered through the CropManage DSS, could reduce water use in summer cauliflower by an average of 30% relative to current practices and serve to enhance groundwater management while maintaining crop returns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Horticultural Irrigation Water Management)

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18 pages, 2185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Irrigation Rates and Microbial Fertilizers on Inter-Root Soil Environment and Yield and Quality of Brassica chinensis L.

by Saisai Guan, Mengyun Xue, Mengyang Wang, Hao Sun, Hui Li, Qibiao Han and Rui Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030321 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 327

Abstract

Brassica chinensis L. is often grown using ‘excessive water and fertilizer’, which has a negative impact on the inter-root soil environment and the yield and quality of the plant. As the concept of green and sustainable development takes root in people’s minds, it [...] Read more.

Brassica chinensis L. is often grown using ‘excessive water and fertilizer’, which has a negative impact on the inter-root soil environment and the yield and quality of the plant. As the concept of green and sustainable development takes root in people’s minds, it is important to determine the right amount of water and fertilizer. Based on this, the effects of different irrigation rates and microbial fertilizers on the inter-root soil environment and yield and quality of B. chinensis were investigated. A pot experiment was carried out with two irrigation levels (W1: 80–90% of field water capacity; W2: 70–80% of field water capacity) and three fertilizer treatments (F0: no fertilizer; F1: CPS Powder Drill microbial fertilizers; F2: Maya 85 microbial fertilizers). The results showed that microbial fertilizer and irrigation amount, as well as their interaction, all had significant effects on yield, polyphenol content, soluble protein content, nitrate content, and the activities of soil enzymes, such as urease, sucrase, and catalase (p < 0.05). Increases in irrigation amount and the application of microbial fertilizer can increase the yield of B. chinensis, effectively improve the activities of sucrase, urease, and catalase in soil, increase the contents of vitamin C, chlorophyll, soluble protein, and total phenol in leaves, and reduce the content of nitrate. In addition, the findings of the principal component analysis indicated that the F2W2 treatment was the optimal treatment. The results of this study demonstrate that an 80–90% field water capacity, in conjunction with Maya 85 microbial fertilizers, yields an optimal outcome, with a score of 1.86. This outcome suggests that this combination of water and fertilizer can be used as a recommended protocol for the cultivation of Brassica chinensis L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Irrigation and Water Management Strategies for Horticultural Systems)

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20 pages, 7830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Effective Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Transformation System for Studying the Lead-Tolerance Genes in Hydrangea

by Rong Cong, Liang Shi and Bing Zhao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030320 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 331

Abstract

Soil lead (Pb) contamination is a severe environmental issue. Hydrangea, with high ornamental value, shows strong tolerance to the heavy metal Pb. Discovery of the gene(s) determining Pb resistance has been hindered by the lack of a stabilized and efficient genetic transformation [...] Read more.

Soil lead (Pb) contamination is a severe environmental issue. Hydrangea, with high ornamental value, shows strong tolerance to the heavy metal Pb. Discovery of the gene(s) determining Pb resistance has been hindered by the lack of a stabilized and efficient genetic transformation system. Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation overcomes the drawbacks of stabilized genetic transformation, such as long cycle, low efficiency, and high cost. In this study, an Agrobacterium-mediated method was adopted. The percentage of leaves that turned blue after GUS histochemical staining among the total number of infected leaves was used to represent the transient transformation efficiency. The effects of receptor material growth state (leaf age), Agrobacterium concentration, infection time, acetosyringone (Ace) concentration, negative pressure intensity, and co-culture time on the transient transformation efficiency of Hydrangea villosa Rehd. were investigated. Consequently, an efficient transient transformation system harboring the GUS reporter gene with a transient transformation efficiency as high as 100% was successfully established. Using this system, we successfully verified the Pb tolerance of HmPAT1, HmPIF1, and HmZAT7, proving the effectiveness of the transient transformation system. This transient transformation technology will help to discover new Pb-tolerant genes, provide new molecular targets for the development of Pb-resistant Hydrangea, and provide a potential phytoremediation strategy for the treatment of heavy metal pollution in soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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16 pages, 1524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Different Shading Conditions on Processing Tomato Yield and Quality Under Organic Agrivoltaic Systems

by Aldo Dal Prà, Riccardo Dainelli, Margherita Santoni, Giuseppe Mario Lanini, Annamaria Di Serio, Davide Zanotti, Antonino Greco and Domenico Ronga

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030319 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 667

Abstract

Agrivoltaics have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate climate change effects as well as competition for land use between food and energy production. While previous studies have demonstrated the potential of agrivoltaic systems to enhance land productivity, limited research has focused on [...] Read more.

Agrivoltaics have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate climate change effects as well as competition for land use between food and energy production. While previous studies have demonstrated the potential of agrivoltaic systems to enhance land productivity, limited research has focused on their impact on specific crops, particularly in organic processing tomatoes. In the present study, a two-year experiment was conducted in northwest Italy to assess the suitability of the agrivoltaic system on processing tomato yield and quality in the organic farming system. In the first growing season, the transplanting of tomato was carried out under the following light conditions: internal control (A1)—inside the tracker rows obtained by removing PV panels; extended agrivoltaic panels—shaded condition with an increased ground coverage ratio (GCR) of 41% (A2); and external control (FL)—full-light conditions outside the tracker rows. The second year of experimentation involved the transplanting of tomato under the following light conditions: internal control (B1); dynamic shading conditions that consist of solar panels in a vertical position until full fruit set (B2); standard agrivoltaic trackers (GCR = 13%, shaded conditions) (B3); and external control (FL). In 2023, the results showed that A2 achieved a total yield of only 24.5% lower than FL, with a marketable yield reduction of just 6.5%, indicating its potential to maintain productivity under shaded conditions. In 2024, B2 management increased marketable yield by 80.6% compared to FL, although it also led to a 46.2% increase in fruit affected by blossom end rot. Moreover, B2 improved nitrogen agronomic efficiency and fruit water productivity by 6.4% while also reducing the incidence of rotten fruit. Our findings highlight that moderate coverage (A2 and B2) can sustain high marketable yields and improve nitrogen use efficiency in different growing seasons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Productivity and Quality of Vegetable Crops under Climate Change)

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28 pages, 1186 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ultrasound in Plant Life and Its Application Perspectives in Horticulture and Agriculture

by Anita Király, Dóra Farkas and Judit Dobránszki

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030318 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1430

Abstract

Acoustic vibrations may induce different changes in plants that perceive them, and plants themselves can also emit acoustic signals. The aim of this review was to cover the past ten years of plant acoustic research and its shortcomings, with a focus on the [...] Read more.

Acoustic vibrations may induce different changes in plants that perceive them, and plants themselves can also emit acoustic signals. The aim of this review was to cover the past ten years of plant acoustic research and its shortcomings, with a focus on the reflecting, sensing, and emission of ultrasound by plants. Ultrasonication may alter plant growth and development, and an increasing number of studies are being carried out to investigate its effects on both in vitro plant culture and greenhouse or field plant production, as well as on the biochemical and molecular functions of plants. In this paper, we summarized the progress in the use of ultrasound in horticulture and agriculture for enhancing plant growth and development, either in vitro or in vivo, improving yield and crop quality and increasing stress tolerance, as well as for special methodological applications, like sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Some research gaps, such as the lack of a precise mechanism for plant ultrasound emission, the possible participation of some reactive radicals in ultrasound signaling, the effect of ultrasound on the epigenome, the role of ultrasound in plant-to-plant communication, and whether there is a specific, sound perceiving organ, etc., were also presented. In addition, a predictive vision is described of how ultrasonication of plants and ultrasound detection emitted by plants can be used in the future to develop green and sustainable agricultural and horticultural technologies. Furthermore, based on our current knowledge, a proposal is presented to combine them with machine learning and artificial intelligence for developing novel production technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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20 pages, 5187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Assessment of Phenotypic Traits and Bioactive Compounds in Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus

by Yaqi Liu, Xiu Wang, Mingxin Zhang, Fuxin Li, Yaoyao Wang, Yu Feng, Haitao Yu, Yang Gu, Jiushi Liu and Weiwei Gao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030317 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 370

Abstract

Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (AMM) is a widely used medicinal plant in China, primarily cultivated in the northern regions; however, the selection and breeding of superior varieties remains underdeveloped. To scientifically assess the germplasm resources of AMM and facilitate its breeding, [...] Read more.

Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (AMM) is a widely used medicinal plant in China, primarily cultivated in the northern regions; however, the selection and breeding of superior varieties remains underdeveloped. To scientifically assess the germplasm resources of AMM and facilitate its breeding, this study collected 33 germplasm samples from five provinces and conducted a comprehensive evaluation of their botanical traits, agronomic traits, quality traits, and powdery mildew resistance. The results indicated that, among the 18 botanical and agronomic traits, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) for quantitative traits was higher than that for qualitative traits, with the coefficient of variation ranging from 6.82% to 34.14%. The characterization of five flavonoids and eight saponins based on the established UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technique revealed that 13 compounds showed significant abundance variations across germplasms. Correlation analysis revealed that plants with robust above-ground growth usually have higher yields. Moreover, the number of compound leaflets was positively correlated with flavonoid content in the roots, whereas germplasms with smaller above-ground biomass and thinner roots exhibited higher saponin content. Based on the comprehensive scores (F-value), the top three germplasms were An-31, An-26, and An-28, which may serve as promising breeding materials. Cluster analysis grouped the 33 germplasms into five categories, including high-content and high-yield groups. Five germplasms exhibiting strong disease resistance were identified, with An-26 demonstrating the best performance in yield, quality, and resistance. Furthermore, a negative correlation was observed between powdery mildew resistance and flavonoid content in roots. This study will provide a foundation for the AMM breeding and selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding, Cultivation, and Metabolic Regulation of Medicinal Plants)

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21 pages, 3713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Light Conditions on the Leaf Growth and Steviol Glycoside Yields of Hydroponically Cultivated Stevia Across Growth Stages

by Cheng-Tai Chou, Vivian Christabel, Mai Anh Le, Min-Lang Tsai and Shang-Ta Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030316 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 410

Abstract

Extracts of Stevia rebaudiana are rich in sweet-tasting steviol glycosides (SG), which are widely valued as natural sweeteners. This study investigated the effects of different light conditions on stevia growth and SG production across growth stages using a controlled hydroponic system. Four light [...] Read more.

Extracts of Stevia rebaudiana are rich in sweet-tasting steviol glycosides (SG), which are widely valued as natural sweeteners. This study investigated the effects of different light conditions on stevia growth and SG production across growth stages using a controlled hydroponic system. Four light conditions were introduced at a low photosynthetic photon flux density of 50 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Stevia growth was divided into four stages, and leaf weight and SG yield were analyzed. Red light resulted in the highest leaf fresh weights at 23.53 g·plant⁻¹, whereas green light resulted in the lowest at 17.15 g·plant⁻¹, marking a difference of 37.2%. However, green light performed the highest total SG content (LSG) at 190.68 mg·g⁻¹ and total SG yield (YSG) at 39.24 g·m⁻², compared to the lowest LSG under red light at 108.68 mg·g⁻¹ and YSG at 24.76 g·m⁻², derived differences of 75.45% and 58.48%, respectively. These results suggest a trade-off between vegetative growth and SG synthesis. Red light is optimal for early-stage biomass accumulation, while green light and blue light treatments during the last two stages, respectively, may enhance overall SG production. Consequently, the results offered insights into commercial stevia cultivation and the production of SG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Artificial Light in Horticultural Crops)

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21 pages, 4990 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Seed Geometry in Species of the Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae)

by Diego Gutiérrez del Pozo, José Javier Martín-Gómez, Nick Israel Reyes Tomala, Ángel Tocino and Emilio Cervantes

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030315 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 415

Abstract

The Nepetoideae are a subfamily of the Lamiaceae with 124 genera in three tribes: Elsholtzieae, Mentheae and Ocimeae. Their seeds have variable shapes, described in the literature by using adjectives derived from geometry, such as ellipsoid or elliptic, oblong, oval, ovate, ovoid, subspherical, [...] Read more.

The Nepetoideae are a subfamily of the Lamiaceae with 124 genera in three tribes: Elsholtzieae, Mentheae and Ocimeae. Their seeds have variable shapes, described in the literature by using adjectives derived from geometry, such as ellipsoid or elliptic, oblong, oval, ovate, ovoid, subspherical, round, spheroidal or their binary combinations. The articles describing seed shape mainly refer to single genera or even species, but a comprehensive approach covering different genera is lacking. Here we present general seed morphological measurements, curvature values and similarity to a geometric model (J-index) for seeds of the subfam. Nepetoideae. Seed morphology is described for 21 species belonging to nine genera of the three tribes and compared between genera as well as between different species in Mentha, Salvia, Thymus, Lavandula and Ocimum. The research objective was to investigate the application of the J-index and curvature analysis in the taxonomy of this subfamily. Individual genera can be defined by size and shape measurements, while species can be distinguished via the J-index and curvature. New methods are presented for studying the morphological relationships between taxa in the Nepetoideae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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15 pages, 2223 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Glyoxylic Acid on Metabolism and Ripening of ‘Rocha’ Pears Treated with 1-MCP

by Cindy Dias, Clara Sousa, Marta W. Vasconcelos, António Ferrante and Manuela Pintado

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030314 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 360

Abstract

The application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is widely used to extend the storage life of climacteric fruits, such as ‘Rocha’ pears. However, the suppression of ethylene’s action by 1-MCP often results in excessive ripening delay, compromising fruit quality and consumer acceptance. In this study, [...] Read more.

The application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is widely used to extend the storage life of climacteric fruits, such as ‘Rocha’ pears. However, the suppression of ethylene’s action by 1-MCP often results in excessive ripening delay, compromising fruit quality and consumer acceptance. In this study, we investigated the potential of glyoxylic acid (GLA) to counteract the effects of 1-MCP and promote ripening. To evaluate this, ‘Rocha’ pears treated with 1-MCP were exposed to 3% (m/v) GLA and stored at 20 ± 2 °C for 15 days. Typical ripening indicators, such as firmness, skin color, ethylene production, respiration rate, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sugars, and the activity of ethylene biosynthetic enzymes, were measured. Our results indicate that GLA did not induce significant effects on the ripening response, as ethylene production remained comparable to that of the control. Consequently, no significant changes in firmness, skin yellowing, or sugar content were observed in the GLA-treated pears. However, GLA significantly increased respiration rates (approximately 57%) and induced higher emissions of stress-associated VOCs, including hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and ethanol. This suggests that GLA may influence metabolic pathways related to energy metabolism and redox homeostasis without necessarily triggering ethylene-induced ripening. This study provides new insights into the interactions between GLA, 1-MCP, and fruit development, contributing to the development of alternative strategies to manage the effects of 1-MCP in ‘Rocha’ pear storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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15 pages, 4270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Locating Appropriate Reference Genes in Heteroblastic Plant Ottelia cordata for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Normalization

by Panyang Guo, Runan Li, Jiaquan Huang and Liyan Yin

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030313 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 321

Abstract

Selecting the right reference genes for data normalization is the only way to ensure the precision and reproducibility of gene expression measurement using qRT-PCR. Ottelia cordata is a member of the Hydrocharitaceae family in aquatic plants that exhibits both floating and submerged leaf [...] Read more.

Selecting the right reference genes for data normalization is the only way to ensure the precision and reproducibility of gene expression measurement using qRT-PCR. Ottelia cordata is a member of the Hydrocharitaceae family in aquatic plants that exhibits both floating and submerged leaf forms. It has recently drawn interest as a possible model plant for research into non-KRANZ C₄ photosynthesis and heteroblastic leaves. Our earlier research has demonstrated bias in gene expression analysis when actin or GAPDH, two common reference genes, are used for normalization. Furthermore, there has been no study on the Hydrocharitaceae family reference gene selection published to date. To standardize qRT-PCR in O. cordata, seven genes were chosen from a transcriptome database: ACT7, EF1_α, GAPDH, BRCC36, PP2A, UBC7, and UBQ. We conducted qRT-PCR experiments in various tissues, leaves in different developmental stages, leaves in high/low carbon treatment, and leaves in high/low temperature treatment. After analyzing the stability using five statistical methods (geNorm, normFinder, comparative ΔCt, bestKeeper, and comprehensive analysis), PP2A and UBQ were identified as the most stable genes. BRCC36 was identified as a new reference gene in plants. Finally, by contrasting the expression patterns of pepc2, a crucial gene connected to C₄ photosynthesis, in floating and submerged leaves, PP2A, UBQ, and UBC7 were verified. Of these, PP2A and UBQ were shown to be the superior gene for the precise qRT-PCR data normalization. The results of this study offer the initial information concerning reference gene identification for O. cordata as well as the first data in Hydrocharitaceae plants. It will make it easier to do more gene function and molecular biology research on O. cordata and other closely related species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm, Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Plants)

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35 pages, 5924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Local Uses of the Convolvulaceae Family in Udon Thani Province, Thailand, with Notes on Its Potential Horticultural Significance

by Piyaporn Saensouk, Surapon Saensouk, Sarayut Rakarcha, Thawatphong Boonma, Tammanoon Jitpromma, Phiphat Sonthongphithak, Areerat Ragsasilp and Phetlasy Souladeth

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030312 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 692

Abstract

This study investigates the species diversity of the Convolvulaceae family in Udon Thani Province, Thailand, and was conducted from January to December 2022. A total of 52 species across fifteen genera were identified. Ipomoea was the most diverse genus in the region. The [...] Read more.

This study investigates the species diversity of the Convolvulaceae family in Udon Thani Province, Thailand, and was conducted from January to December 2022. A total of 52 species across fifteen genera were identified. Ipomoea was the most diverse genus in the region. The Ipomoea family was found in five ecological areas: deciduous dipterocarp forests, mixed deciduous forests, aquatic areas, open areas and roadsides, and cultivated areas like home gardens. Most species flower during the rainy season, especially from June to August, while some bloom in the winter, around January to March. Out of the total number of species, 29 were evaluated as rare and 23 as common. Meanwhile, 44 species were proposed for conservation as Not Evaluated and six species as Least Concern. Traditional uses of these species include food, animal fodder, horticultural cultivation, medicinal plants, and ornamental plants. The whole plant is the most used part followed by leaves, stems, roots or storage roots, and inflorescence, respectively. This research contributes valuable data on the biodiversity, conservation status, and cultural significance of Convolvulaceae species in Udon Thani Province, offering a foundation for future studies and potential sustainable resource management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

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11 pages, 7966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reproductive Phenology and Asymbiotic Germination for Conservation of Endangered Miniature Orchid Specklinia digitale

by Obdulia Baltazar-Bernal and Evelia Guadalupe Mora-González

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030311 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 364

Abstract

Specklinia digitale is an epiphytic orchid endemic to Mexico. The destruction of its habitat has resulted in it being regarded as an endangered species, and, to our knowledge, no effort has been made to establish ex situ conservation programs. Here, we describe an [...] Read more.

Specklinia digitale is an epiphytic orchid endemic to Mexico. The destruction of its habitat has resulted in it being regarded as an endangered species, and, to our knowledge, no effort has been made to establish ex situ conservation programs. Here, we describe an in situ assessment of flower and fruit phenology and subsequent in vitro germination. We also established a successful protocol for asymbiotic in vitro germination and acclimatization using Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium at full (full-MS) and half (1/2 MS) strength as well as activated charcoal (AC). All-year flower and fruit production was confirmed. Nevertheless, we observed a low pollination occurrence. No significant difference in germination rate was found for the four treatments tested; however, after protocorm evaluation, full-MS plus AC emerged as the best treatment for S. digitale in vitro propagation. Germination of up to 90.53% was achieved in full-MS. The acclimatization survival was 95%. These observations and our effective germination protocol can be used in a comprehensive approach for conservation efforts of this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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Horticulturae, Volume 11, Issue 3 (March 2025) – 117 articles

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