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Active and Healthy Ageing
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Active and Healthy Ageing

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Aging".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 50521

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Martina Amanzio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10123 Turin, Italy
2. European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing, 1049 Brussels, Belgium
Interests: cognitive neuroscience; active and healthy aging; neurocognitive disorders; placebo and nocebo; frailty; metacognitive-executive functions
Dr. Giuseppina Elena Cipriani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10123 Turin, Italy
Interests: cognitive neuroscience; active and healthy aging; neurocognitive disorders; placebo and nocebo; frailty; metacognitive-executive functions
Dr. Massimo Bartoli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10123 Turin, Italy
Interests: cognitive neuroscience; active and healthy aging; neurocognitive disorders; frailty; metacognitive-executive functions; forensic neuropsychology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Different definitions have been proposed to describe active and healthy aging. For instance, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines healthy aging as “the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age”. This definition considers older adults to be individuals actively involved in their lives and environment. Specifically, the WHO identifies four pillars to improve quality of life and to achieve active and healthy aging: (1) cognition—keeping the mind trained; (2) physical exercise—maintaining regular physical activity; (3) nutrition—eating a balanced diet; (4) social inclusion—living an active and fulfilling life building and preserving relationships.

The COVID-19 pandemic, characterized by lockdown measures and home confinement, can be considered a challenge to achieving and maintaining active and healthy aging.

This Special Issue aims to provide suggestions and, eventually, guidelines for successful aging in terms of cognitive, behavioral, social, physical, and biophysiological aspects.

Authors may submit articles, based on any scientific methodologies, which promote and enhance active and healthy aging. Papers discussing possible relationships between cognition, physical exercise, nutrition, and social inclusion are particularly welcome.

Dr. Martina Amanzio
Dr. Giuseppina Elena Cipriani
Dr. Massimo Bartoli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aging
  • older adults
  • neuropsychological and psychogeriatric assessment
  • physical status
  • nutrition
  • social inclusion
  • intervention
  • COVID-19

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 537 KiB  
Article
Does Unilateral Lumbosacral Radiculopathy Affect the Association between Lumbar Spinal Muscle Morphometry and Bone Mineral Density?
by Minjung Kim, Jinmann Chon, Seung Ah Lee, Yunsoo Soh, Myung Chul Yoo, Yeocheon Yun, Seongmin Choi and Min Gyun Kim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413155 - 14 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2240
Abstract
Age-related degenerative changes lead to a gradual decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle mass. We aimed to assess the effects of decreased BMD and lumbar denervation on lumbar spinal muscle morphometry and the relationship between BMD and lumbar spinal muscular morphometry, [...] Read more.
Age-related degenerative changes lead to a gradual decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle mass. We aimed to assess the effects of decreased BMD and lumbar denervation on lumbar spinal muscle morphometry and the relationship between BMD and lumbar spinal muscular morphometry, respectively. Eighty-one patients, aged 50–85 years, diagnosed with unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy based on electrodiagnostic studies between January 2016 and April 2021 were enrolled. BMD T scores in the lumbar spine and hip were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the psoas, multifidus, and erector spinae located in the middle of the lumbar spine, between the L3 and L4 and between the L4 and L5 levels, respectively, was measured using axial MRI. Functional CSA (FCSA) was defined as the CSA of lean muscle mass. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the association between BMD T scores and the CSA, FCSA, and the ratio of the FCSA to the CSA (functional ratio) for each side. The CSA of lumbar spinal muscles showed no significant correlation with lumbar BMD. The FCSA and functional ratio of lumbar spinal muscles were significantly correlated with lumbar BMD. There was no correlation between femur BMD and lumbar spinal muscle morphometry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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11 pages, 356 KiB  
Article
Health-Related Functional Fitness within the Elderly Communities of Five European Countries: The in Common Sports Study
by Irimia Mollinedo-Cardalda, Manuela Ferreira, Pedro Bezerra and José María Cancela-Carral
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12810; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312810 - 4 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2001 | Correction
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to analyse the functional fitness and the anthropometric values of older adults participating in the “IN COMMON SPORTS” project. (2) Methods: A total of 418 participants (eastern European Group (GEE, n = 124) and southern [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to analyse the functional fitness and the anthropometric values of older adults participating in the “IN COMMON SPORTS” project. (2) Methods: A total of 418 participants (eastern European Group (GEE, n = 124) and southern European Groups (GES, n = 294) have been evaluated for anthropometric characteristics and fitness. (3) Results: The GES participants presented significant differences in anthropometric values and fitness, with the best values for upper and lower limb strength and aerobic resistance, while those from the GEE presented significantly better values for lower limb flexibility. (4) Conclusion: Older adults present differences in fitness in accordance with their country of residence, with the GES having the best functional fitness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
10 pages, 1122 KiB  
Article
The Effectiveness of Intervening on Social Isolation to Reduce Mortality during Heat Waves in Aged Population: A Retrospective Ecological Study
by Stefano Orlando, Claudia Mosconi, Carolina De Santo, Leonardo Emberti Gialloreti, Maria Chiara Inzerilli, Olga Madaro, Sandro Mancinelli, Fausto Ciccacci, Maria Cristina Marazzi, Leonardo Palombi and Giuseppe Liotta
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11587; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111587 - 4 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2790
Abstract
Background: Heat waves are correlated with increased mortality in the aged population. Social isolation is known as a vulnerability factor. This study aims at evaluating the correlation between an intervention to reduce social isolation and the increase in mortality in the population over [...] Read more.
Background: Heat waves are correlated with increased mortality in the aged population. Social isolation is known as a vulnerability factor. This study aims at evaluating the correlation between an intervention to reduce social isolation and the increase in mortality in the population over 80 during heat waves. Methods: This study adopted a retrospective ecologic design. We compared the excess mortality rate (EMR) in the over-80 population during heat waves in urban areas of Rome (Italy) where a program to reduce social isolation was implemented, to others where it was not implemented. We measured the mortality of the summer periods from 2015 to 2019 compared with 2014 (a year without heat waves). Winter mortality, cadastral income, and the proportion of people over 90 were included in the multivariate Poisson regression. Results: The EMR in the intervention and controls was 2.70% and 3.81%, respectively. The rate ratio was 0.70 (c.i. 0.54–0.92, p-value 0.01). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) of the interventions, with respect to the controls, was 0.76 (c.i. 0.59–0.98). After adjusting for other variables, the IRR was 0.44 (c.i. 0.32–0.60). Conclusions: Reducing social isolation could limit the impact of heat waves on the mortality of the elderly population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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11 pages, 872 KiB  
Article
Prevalence of Locomotive Organ Impairment and Associated Factors among Middle-Aged and Older People in Nan Province, Thailand
by Marie Niwayama, Kayako Sakisaka, Pongthep Wongwatcharapaiboon, Valika Rattanachun, Satoshi Miyata and Kenzo Takahashi
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010871 - 15 Oct 2021
Viewed by 1700
Abstract
While locomotive organ impairment among older people is attracting worldwide attention, this issue has not yet been widely investigated in Thailand. This study aimed to measure locomotive organ impairment prevalence and identify the determinants of locomotive function decline among middle-aged and older people [...] Read more.
While locomotive organ impairment among older people is attracting worldwide attention, this issue has not yet been widely investigated in Thailand. This study aimed to measure locomotive organ impairment prevalence and identify the determinants of locomotive function decline among middle-aged and older people in Nan Province, Thailand. This cross-sectional study included anthropometric measurements, a two-step test to investigate locomotive function, and a structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic and related information. Logistic regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to identify the determinants of locomotive organ impairment. The study participants were aged 50–87 years old (n = 165), and 71.5% of them had begun experiencing declining locomotive function; < 6 years of school education (adjusted odds ratio: 4.46), body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 (AOR: 3.06), comorbidities (AOR: 2.55), and continuous walking for <15 min (AOR: 2.51) were identified as factors associated with locomotive organ impairment. Moreover, age, knee pain, anxiety about falling in daily life, and difficulty with simple tasks were identified as factors significantly associated with exacerbated locomotive organ impairment (p < 0.05). Appropriate interventions such as guidance or follow-up and recommendations for exercises are needed to prevent locomotive organ impairment and improve treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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12 pages, 498 KiB  
Article
Physical Activity and Its Determinants among Senior Residents of Podlasie, a Green Region of Poland, Based on the National PolSenior Study
by Rafał Rowiński, Grażyna Kowalska, Mariusz Kozakiewicz, Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska, Maciej Kornatowski, Joanna Hawlena and Karolina Rowińska
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10816; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010816 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1623
Abstract
Physical activity is essential at all stages of life, and particularly so in the later years. The main objectives of the present work was to evaluate the physical activity of seniors, aged 65 years and older, living in the area of the Podlaskie [...] Read more.
Physical activity is essential at all stages of life, and particularly so in the later years. The main objectives of the present work was to evaluate the physical activity of seniors, aged 65 years and older, living in the area of the Podlaskie voivodeship (Podlasie), Poland, based on the results of the nationwide PolSenior project, and to formulate recommendations for health policies implemented by both national and local government units. The study was performed as part of the national PolSenior project, whose aim was to evaluate various aspects of aging in Poland. The physical activity of a group of 186 randomly-selected people aged 65 years and above, 94 men and 92 women, was evaluated by questionnaire. The analysis included participants who took part in physical activity at least several times a week. Although all participants reported a decline in physical activity with age, the men remained physically active for longer. Among the respondents, 68.3% of women and 62.7% of men took short walks around the house as the main form of exercise, with working on the allotment or garden being another frequent activity; however, this was more common among men (53.9%) than women (34.7%). In addition, men were nearly twice as likely to take part in cycling (31.5%) than women (13.1%). The greatest motivation for physical activity given by the respondents was health, as noted by 73.8% of the men and 77.7% of the women. The physical activity of seniors in Podlasie is unsatisfactory and does not fulfil the WHO recommendations regarding the prophylaxis and prevention of chronic illness. This level does not, however, significantly differ from that reported in the nationwide PolSenior study or in other European countries in the Eurobarometer study. The decline in physical activity with age highlights the need for its greater promotion among seniors by local authorities. Such initiatives will help maintain the physical fitness and independence of this age group and contribute to a greater quality of life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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11 pages, 351 KiB  
Article
Regular Physical Activities and Related Factors among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Jinan, China: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Shukang Wang, Wei Ma, Shu-Mei Wang and Xiangren Yi
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10362; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910362 - 1 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1903
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of regular physical activity (RPA) among middle-aged and older adults in urban communities in Jinan, China, and to identify the factors related to RPA. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among middle-aged and elderly [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of regular physical activity (RPA) among middle-aged and older adults in urban communities in Jinan, China, and to identify the factors related to RPA. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among middle-aged and elderly urban residents. A total of 1406 participants were included in the final data analysis. The results of the four models consistently showed that the relevant factors of RPA were educational level, previously diagnosed hypertension (PDH) and depression. In terms of educational level, compared with illiteracy, from the first model to the fourth model, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of senior middle school were 2.072 (1.418, 3.026), 2.072 (1.418, 3.026), 1.905 (1.289, 2.816) and 1.926 (1.302, 2.848), respectively, and the ORs and 95% CIs of college or above were 2.364 (1.462, 3.823), 2.364 (1.462, 3.823), 2.001 (1.208, 3.312) and 2.054 (1.239, 3.405). In terms of PDH, compared with those with PDH, from the first model to the fourth model, ORs and 95% CIs of non-PDH were 1.259 (1.003, 1.580), 1.259 (1.003, 1.580), 1.263 (1.006, 1.585) and 1.261 (1.004, 1.584), respectively. For depression, compared with those without depression, also from the first model to the fourth model, ORs and 95% CIs of depression were 0.702 (0.517, 0.951), 0.702 (0.517, 0.951), 0.722 (0.532, 0.981) and 0.719 (0.529, 0.977), respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that participation in RPA among middle-aged and older adults in Jinan urban communities was significantly associated with education level, PDH and depression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
12 pages, 987 KiB  
Article
Relationship of Coping Strategies and Quality of Life: Parallel and Serial Mediating Role of Resilience and Social Participation among Older Adults in Western Philippines
by Madonna S. Palmes, Sheilla M. Trajera and Gregory S. Ching
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10006; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910006 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6664
Abstract
Growing old is frequently linked with various challenges. Hence, it is important to understand how to age successfully. Drawing on the concept that an individual’s quality of life (QOL) is influenced by their demographics, coping strategies, resilience, and social participation, the current study [...] Read more.
Growing old is frequently linked with various challenges. Hence, it is important to understand how to age successfully. Drawing on the concept that an individual’s quality of life (QOL) is influenced by their demographics, coping strategies, resilience, and social participation, the current study reports on the findings of these variables among older adults in the Western Philippines. A total of 392 volunteer older adults were surveyed. Aside from the demographics such as age, gender, marital status, average monthly income, educational attainment, and health status, the data collected also included the 30-item coping strategies for the elderly, 14-item resilience scale, 12-item social participation scale, and 35-item older people’s QOL scale. Structural equation modeling was used to verify the parallel and serial mediating role of resilience and social participation within the relationship between coping strategies and QOL. Findings show that coping strategies alone are not enough to improve QOL. The only way to improve QOL is through resiliency, as well as the ability to participate in social activities. In essence, the QOL of older adults can be improved by encouraging them to have more social participation, and at the same time, understand how it takes to become resilient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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14 pages, 690 KiB  
Article
Older Women’s Experiences of a Community-Led Walking Programme Using Activity Trackers
by Jessica O’Brien, Amy Mason, Marica Cassarino, Jason Chan and Annalisa Setti
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9818; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189818 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2444
Abstract
Promoting physical activity amongst older adults represents a major public health goal and community-led exercise programmes present benefits in promoting active lifestyles. Commercial activity trackers potentially encourage positive behaviour change with respect to physical exercise. This qualitative study investigated the experiences and attitudes [...] Read more.
Promoting physical activity amongst older adults represents a major public health goal and community-led exercise programmes present benefits in promoting active lifestyles. Commercial activity trackers potentially encourage positive behaviour change with respect to physical exercise. This qualitative study investigated the experiences and attitudes of older adults following a 6-week community-led walking programme utilising activity trackers. Eleven community-dwelling older women aged 60+ completed individual phone interviews following their involvement in the programme. The programme, codesigned with a group of senior citizens, equipped participants with wrist-worn activity trackers and included biweekly check-in sessions with a researcher to monitor progress and support motivation. Interviews explored participants’ experiences of the programme and of using activity trackers for the purpose of becoming more active. A thematic analysis produced three main themes: ‘programme as a source of motivation’, ‘user experiences with the technology’ and ‘views on social dimension of the programme’. Overall, participants highlighted the self-monitoring function of activity trackers as most beneficial for their exercise levels. This study provides insights into the personal and social factors perceived by older adults in relation to being part of a community-led programme using activity trackers. It highlights the role of the programme and trackers in maintaining motivation to stay active. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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15 pages, 962 KiB  
Article
Perceived Neighborhood Environment Associated with Sarcopenia in Urban-Dwelling Older Adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS)
by Yuri Seo, Miji Kim, Hyungeun Shin and Changwon Won
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126292 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2409
Abstract
Sarcopenia is associated with adverse health outcomes among older individuals. However, little is known about its association with neighborhood environmental factors. We explored the relationship between sarcopenia and perceived neighborhood environmental factors among community-dwelling older adults aged 70–84 years. We analyzed 1778 participants [...] Read more.
Sarcopenia is associated with adverse health outcomes among older individuals. However, little is known about its association with neighborhood environmental factors. We explored the relationship between sarcopenia and perceived neighborhood environmental factors among community-dwelling older adults aged 70–84 years. We analyzed 1778 participants (mean age of 75.9 ± 3.8 years; 54.0% women) who lived in urban areas and underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 definition. Perceived neighborhood environmental factors were assessed using the Environmental Module of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-E). In the multivariate analysis, compared to the fifth quintile of the IPAQ-E score, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sarcopenia in the first, second, third, and fourth quintiles were 2.13 (1.40–3.24), 1.72 (1.12–2.64), 1.75 (1.15–2.66), and 1.62 (1.06–2.47), respectively. These neighborhood environmental characteristics were linked with an increased likelihood of sarcopenia: no public transportation access (OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.19–3.48), poor recreational facilities access (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.01–1.90), absence of destination (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.06–2.20), many hill hazards (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.03–1.78), and lack of traffic safety (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.02–1.78). Thus, better neighborhood environmental strategies may help prevent sarcopenia among urban-dwelling older adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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14 pages, 355 KiB  
Article
Perceived Opportunities for Physical Activity and Willingness to Be More Active in Older Adults with Different Physical Activity Levels
by Eeva Aartolahti, Johanna Eronen, Timo Törmäkangas, Taina Rantanen, Mirja Hirvensalo, Lotta Palmberg, Heidi Skantz, Anne Viljanen, Erja Portegijs, Susanne Iwarsson and Merja Rantakokko
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 6146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116146 - 7 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3206
Abstract
This study examined equity in physical activity (PA) by investigating whether perceived opportunity for PA was associated with willingness to be more active. Among community residents (75, 80, or 85 years old, n = 962) perceived opportunity for PA (poor and good), willingness [...] Read more.
This study examined equity in physical activity (PA) by investigating whether perceived opportunity for PA was associated with willingness to be more active. Among community residents (75, 80, or 85 years old, n = 962) perceived opportunity for PA (poor and good), willingness to be more active (not at all, a bit, and a lot), and level of PA (low, moderate, and high) were assessed via questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regression showed that physical activity moderated the association between poor opportunity and willingness to increase PA. Among those with moderate PA, poor opportunity for PA increased the odds of willingness to be a lot more active (multinomial odds ratio, mOR 3.90, 95% confidence interval 2.21–6.87) than not wanting to be more active compared to those perceiving good opportunities. Associations were similar at high PA levels (p < 0.001), but were not found at low PA levels. Those with moderate or high PA wish to increase their activity particularly when the perceived opportunities for activity are not optimal. Among those with low PA, perceived opportunities are not associated with a perceived need to increase physical activity. Increasing equity in physical activity in old age requires provision of support and opportunities at every level of physical activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
14 pages, 559 KiB  
Article
The Role of Neuropsychological Factors in Perceived Threat of SARS-CoV-2 in Healthy Ageing
by Massimo Bartoli, Nicola Canessa, Giuseppina Elena Cipriani, Stefano F. Cappa and Martina Amanzio
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5847; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115847 - 29 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2374
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is known to increase older adults’ vulnerability to adverse outcomes. Alongside increased physical frailty, anxiety symptoms associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 contagion appear to represent its most prominent ‘sequelae’. The attentional and linguistic resources required for decoding virus-related information [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic is known to increase older adults’ vulnerability to adverse outcomes. Alongside increased physical frailty, anxiety symptoms associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 contagion appear to represent its most prominent ‘sequelae’. The attentional and linguistic resources required for decoding virus-related information may also influence the perceived threat of contagion. However, the possible role of neuropsychogeriatric factors on the latter dimension has never been assessed in a longitudinal study on the older population. To fill this gap, 50 healthy cognitively preserved older adults underwent a neuropsychological and physical frailty assessment before the pandemic (T0). Subsequently, they agreed to be interviewed and re-assessed during the lockdown (T1) and immediately after it (T2) through a longitudinal one-year study. Perceived threat of SARS-CoV-2 at T2 was predicted both by baseline anxiety and frailty scores, and by decreased performance in information processing speed and language comprehension tests. While confirming the joint role of frailty and anxiety, a moderation/interaction model showed that each of them was sufficient, at its highest level, to support the maximum degree of perceived threat of contagion. The contribution of neuropsychological factors to perceived threat of SARS-CoV-2 highlights their importance of tailoring information campaigns addressed to older people. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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Review

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37 pages, 3149 KiB  
Review
Governance of Assisted Living in Long-Term Care: A Systematic Literature Review
by Luting Poh, Si-Ying Tan and Jeremy Lim
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11352; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111352 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3778
Abstract
Assisted living (AL) is an emerging model of care in countries where long-term care needs are escalating, with emphasis given to promoting independence and autonomy among the residents to achieve active and healthy ageing. Unlike established nursing homes, the governance of AL is [...] Read more.
Assisted living (AL) is an emerging model of care in countries where long-term care needs are escalating, with emphasis given to promoting independence and autonomy among the residents to achieve active and healthy ageing. Unlike established nursing homes, the governance of AL is nebulous due to its novelty and diverse nature of operations in many jurisdictions. A comprehensive understanding of how AL is governed globally is important to inform regulatory policies as the adoption of AL increases. A systematic literature review was undertaken to understand the different levels of regulations that need to be instituted to govern AL effectively. A total of 65 studies, conducted between 1990 to 2020, identified from three major databases (PubMed, Medline, and Scopus), were included. Using a thematic synthesis analytical approach, we identified macro-level regulations (operational authorisation, care quality assessment and infrastructural requirements), meso-level regulations (operational management, staff management and distribution, service provision and care monitoring, and crisis management), and micro-level regulations (clear criteria for resident admission and staff hiring) that are important in the governance of AL. Large-scale adoption of AL without compromising the quality, equity and affordability would require clear provisions of micro-, meso- and macro-level regulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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16 pages, 2777 KiB  
Review
Sunlight Exposure and Phototherapy: Perspectives for Healthy Aging in an Era of COVID-19
by Toshiaki Nakano, Kuei-Chen Chiang, Chien-Chih Chen, Po-Jung Chen, Chia-Yun Lai, Li-Wen Hsu, Naoya Ohmori, Takeshi Goto, Chao-Long Chen and Shigeru Goto
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10950; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010950 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4667
Abstract
Most humans depend on sunlight exposure to satisfy their requirements for vitamin D3. However, the destruction of the ozone layer in the past few decades has increased the risk of skin aging and wrinkling caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) [...] Read more.
Most humans depend on sunlight exposure to satisfy their requirements for vitamin D3. However, the destruction of the ozone layer in the past few decades has increased the risk of skin aging and wrinkling caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which may also promote the risk of skin cancer development. The promotion of public health recommendations to avoid sunlight exposure would reduce the risk of skin cancer, but it would also enhance the risk of vitamin D3 insufficiency/deficiency, which may cause disease development and progression. In addition, the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic may further reduce sunlight exposure due to stay-at-home policies, resulting in difficulty in active and healthy aging. In this review article, we performed a literature search in PubMed and provided an overview of basic and clinical data regarding the impact of sunlight exposure and vitamin D3 on public health. We also discuss the potential mechanisms and clinical value of phototherapy with a full-spectrum light (notably blue, red, and near-infrared light) as an alternative to sunlight exposure, which may contribute to combating COVID-19 and promoting active and healthy aging in current aged/superaged societies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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17 pages, 830 KiB  
Review
Are Sleep Problems Related to Psychological Distress in Healthy Aging during the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Review
by Giuseppina Elena Cipriani, Massimo Bartoli and Martina Amanzio
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010676 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2813
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, characterized by home confinement and other restrictive measures to reduce the spread of the infection, led to significant changes in people’s habits and lifestyle. One of the most common problems is the worsening of sleep quality or quantity, which could [...] Read more.
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, characterized by home confinement and other restrictive measures to reduce the spread of the infection, led to significant changes in people’s habits and lifestyle. One of the most common problems is the worsening of sleep quality or quantity, which could have negative effects on psychological wellbeing, particularly in older adults. The purposes of the present literature review considering healthy aging subjects are (a) to examine the existing research on sleep alterations during the current pandemic and (b) to highlight possible relationships between sleep problems and psychological distress. A systematic search strategy was implemented according to PRISMA guidelines in the international literature online databases, up to 1 July 2021. After identification and screening phases, 11 articles were included in this review. The studies found possible associations between sleep problems and mood changes—particularly in terms of depression and anxiety. In addition, altered sleep patterns seemed to be related to changes in individual aspects, lifestyle, and attitudes adopted by older adults during the COVID-19 lockdown. Thus, the pandemic could affect the sleep and psychological wellbeing of the older population, even in healthy aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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1 pages, 268 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Mollinedo-Cardalda et al. Health-Related Functional Fitness within the Elderly Communities of Five European Countries: The in Common Sports Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12810
by Irimia Mollinedo-Cardalda, Manuela Ferreira, Pedro Bezerra and José María Cancela-Carral
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(12), 6186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126186 - 20 Jun 2023
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Abstract
There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
15 pages, 812 KiB  
Study Protocol
The Diagnostic Accuracy and Clinimetric Properties of Screening Instruments to Identify Frail Older Adults Attending Emergency Departments: A Protocol for a Mixed Methods Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Elizabeth Moloney, Duygu Sezgin, Mark O’Donovan, Kadjo Yves Cedric Adja, Keith McGrath, Aaron Liew, Jacopo Lenzi, Davide Gori, Kieran O’Connor, David William Molloy, Evelyn Flanagan, Darren McLoughlin, Maria Pia Fantini, Suzanne Timmons and Rónán O’Caoimh
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031380 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3222
Abstract
Background: Prompt and efficient identification and stratification of patients who are frail is important, as this cohort are at high risk of adverse healthcare outcomes. Numerous frailty screening tools have been developed to support their identification across different settings, yet relatively few have [...] Read more.
Background: Prompt and efficient identification and stratification of patients who are frail is important, as this cohort are at high risk of adverse healthcare outcomes. Numerous frailty screening tools have been developed to support their identification across different settings, yet relatively few have emerged for use in emergency departments (EDs). This protocol provides details for a systematic review aiming to synthesize the accumulated evidence regarding the diagnostic accuracy and clinimetric properties of frailty screening instruments to identify frail older adults in EDs. Methods: Six electronic databases will be searched from January 2000 to March 2021. Eligible studies will include adults aged ≥60 years screened in EDs with any available screening instrument to identify frailty (even if not originally designed for this purpose). Studies, including case-control, longitudinal, and cohort studies, will be included, where instruments are compared to a reference standard to explore diagnostic accuracy. Predictive accuracy for a selection of outcomes, including mortality, institutionalization, and readmission, will be assessed. Clinical and methodological heterogeneity will be examined, and a random effects meta-analysis performed if appropriate. Conclusion: Understanding whether frailty screening on presentation to EDs is accurate in identifying frailty, and predicting these outcomes is important for decision-making and targeting appropriate management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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28 pages, 828 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Fall Risk Factors in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review
by Michal Elboim-Gabyzon, Roie Buxbaum and Roei Klein
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 11809; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211809 - 11 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4080
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves functional capacity, muscle power and physical performance in older adults with and without comorbidities. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of HIIT as a method for reducing major fall risk factors (balance, muscle strength [...] Read more.
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves functional capacity, muscle power and physical performance in older adults with and without comorbidities. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of HIIT as a method for reducing major fall risk factors (balance, muscle strength and physical activity) in older adults. A systematic literature search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. A computerized search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, APA PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus, PEDro, and AgeLine) published up to July 2021. Eleven papers (9 studies) of moderate quality (mean of 5.5 in Pedro scale) involving 328 healthy older adults met the inclusion criteria. Studies were characterized by high heterogeneity in terms of methodology, HIIT modality and protocol, subject characteristics, and outcome measures. Results indicate that HIIT cannot be recommended as a single modality for fall prevention in older adults due to insufficient data and no consensus among the studies. HIIT appears to be a safe and well-tolerated supplement to proven fall prevention programs, due to its effects on lower limb strength reflected in functional performance tests, and on dynamic balance and subjective balance perception. However, caution is warranted following HIIT, especially after the first session, due to possible temporary instability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active and Healthy Ageing)
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