Submit to IJERPH Review for IJERPH Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Related Special Issue
Published Papers

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Exercise and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 37734

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine book cover image

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jason R. Jaggers

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Health & Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
Interests: clinical exercise physiology; accelerometry; community-based interventions; metabolic syndrome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The long-term health benefits of daily physical activity and/or routine exercise have been clearly established, with strong evidence suggesting its use as both preventative care and a form of complementary medicine for nearly every clinical population. Even though diabetes mellitus is a serious disease, the advances in treatment options make this condition very manageable, giving individuals the opportunity to live full, active lives. Recommendations regarding the inclusion of physical activity, exercise, and/or competitive sports are minimal due to the lack of research within this population, especially in regard to type 1 diabetes. The available research indicates that exercise training should result in health improvements and long-term adaptations that would suggest someone with diabetes could naturally reduce insulin requirements of the body, which in turn may result in a reduction of insulin usage. Therefore, it is important to address the current state of research for individuals managing diabetes while being physically active and/or exercising.

This Special Issue will focus on exercise and physical activity in diabetes, and welcomes papers covering a broad overview of exercise-related topics. These range from short-term effects of exercise, using daily activity measurements as vital signs in diabetes care centers, the health and fitness benefits of resistance and aerobic exercise training, exercise prescription as a form of complementary medicine, as well as the challenges faced by children and/or adults regarding exercise programming at the community level. Our goal is to cover a broad range of diabetes research, including all forms of diabetes mellitus across all life spans.

Dr. Jason R. Jaggers
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

clinical exercise physiology
fitness
pediatric endocrinology
accelerometry
sport medicine
prediabetes
type 1 diabetes
type 2 diabetes
alternative therapy
exercise prescription

Related Special Issue

2nd Edition: Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (3 articles)

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers

Research

Jump to: Review, Other

7 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximal Oxygen Uptake, VO₂ Max, Testing Effect on Blood Glucose Level in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

by Kristi M. King, Timothy McKay, Bradly J. Thrasher and Kupper A. Wintergerst

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5543; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095543 - 3 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2179

Abstract

Assessing maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) is generally considered safe when performed properly for most adolescents; however, for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), monitoring glucose levels before and after exercise is critical to maintaining euglycemic ranges. Limited guidance exists for glucose level recommendations for the pediatric population; therefore, the purpose of this retrospective clinical chart review study was to determine the effects of VO₂ max testing on blood glucose levels for adolescents with T1DM. A total of 22 adolescents (mean age = 15.6 ± 1.8 years; male = 13, 59.1%) with a diagnosis of T1DM participated in a Bruce protocol for VO₂ max from January 2019 through February 2020. A statistically significant reduction in glucose levels between pretest (<30 min, mean = 191.1 mg/dL ± 61.2) and post-test VO₂ max (<5 min, mean = 166.7 mg/dL ± 57.9); t(21) = 2.3, p < 0.05) was detected. The results from this current study can help guide health and fitness professionals in formulating glycemic management strategies in preparatory activities prior to exercise testing and during exercise testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

9 pages, 639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HIIE Protocols Promote Better Acute Effects on Blood Glucose and Pressure Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes than Continuous Exercise

by Gabriela de Oliveira Teles, Paulo Gentil, Lucas Raphael Bento e Silva, Wátila de Moura Sousa, Camila Simões Seguro and Ana Cristina Silva Rebelo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 2601; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052601 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2409

Abstract

This study compared the acute effects of a session of different high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocols and a session of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on blood glucose, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). The trial included 44 participants (age: 55.91 ± 1.25 years; BMI: 28.95 ± 0.67 kg/m²; Hb1Ac: 9.1 ± 2.3%; 76 mmol/mol) randomized into three exercise protocols based on the velocity at which maximum oxygen consumption was obtained (vVO2 max): long HIIE (2 min at 100% vV̇o2peak + 2 min of passive rest); short HIIE (30 s at 100% vV̇o2peak + 30 s of passive rest); or MICE (14 min at 70% vV̇o2peak) on a treadmill. Capillary blood glucose, BP, and HR measurements were taken at rest, during peak exercise, immediately after the end of exercise, and 10 min after exercise. Long and short HIIE protocols reduced capillary blood glucose by 32.14 mg/dL and 31.40 mg/dL, respectively, and reduced systolic BP by 12.43 mmHg and 8.73 mmHg, respectively. No significant changes were observed for MICE. HIIE was found to promote more acute effects than MICE on glycemia and BP in people with DM2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Consumer-Based Activity Monitors into Clinical Practice for Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study

by Jason R. Jaggers, Timothy McKay, Kristi M. King, Bradly J. Thrasher and Kupper A. Wintergerst

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10611; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010611 - 10 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

Current technology commonly utilized in diabetes care includes continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and insulin pumps. One often overlooked critical component to the human glucose response is daily physical activity habits. Consumer-based activity monitors may be a valid way for clinics to collect physical activity data, but whether or not children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) would wear them or use the associated mobile application is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of implementing a consumer-based accelerometer directly into ongoing care for adolescents managing T1D. Methods: Adolescents with T1D were invited to participate in this study and instructed to wear a mobile physical activity monitor while also completing a diet log for a minimum of 3 days. Clinical compliance was defined as the number of participants who were compliant with all measures while also having adequate glucose recordings using either a CGM, insulin pump, or on the diet log. Feasibility was defined as >50% of the total sample reaching clinical compliance. Results: A total of 57 children and teenagers between the ages of 7 and 19 agreed to participate in this study and were included in the final analysis. Chi-square results indicated significant compliance for activity tracking (p < 0.001), diet logs (p = 0.04), and overall clinical compliance (p = 0.04). Conclusion: More than half the children in this study were compliant for both activity monitoring and diet logs. This indicates that it is feasible for children with T1D to wear a consumer-based activity monitor while also recording their diet for a minimum of three days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnosis of Muscle Fatigue Using Surface Electromyography and Analysis of Associated Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Neuropathy: A Preliminary Study

by So Young Park and Chan Hyuk Park

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9635; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189635 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a major complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and results in fatigue. We investigated whether type 2 diabetic patients with or without neuropathy experienced muscle fatigue and determined the most influencing factor on muscle fatigue. Overall, 15 out of 25 patients with type 2 DM were diagnosed with DN using a nerve conduction study in the upper and lower extremities, and the composite score (CS) was calculated. We obtained the duration of DM and body mass index (BMI) from subjects, and they underwent a series of laboratory tests including HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and high- and low-density lipoprotein. To qualify muscle fatigue, this study used surface electromyography (sEMG). Anode and cathode electrodes were attached to the medial gastrocnemius. After 100% isometric maximal voluntary contracture of plantarflexion, the root mean square, median frequency (MDF), and mean power frequency (MNF) were obtained. We showed a correlation among laboratory results, duration of DM, BMI, CS, and parameters of muscle fatigue. The duration of DM was related to fatigue of the muscle and CS (p < 0.05). However, CS was not related to fatigue. The MDF and MNF of muscle parameters were positively correlated with HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that the duration of DM and glycemic control play important roles in muscle fatigue in patients with DN. Additionally, sEMG is useful for diagnosing muscle fatigue in patients with DN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity, Dietary Patterns, and Glycemic Management in Active Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes: An Online Survey

by Sheri R. Colberg, Jihan Kannane and Norou Diawara

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 9332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179332 - 3 Sep 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5486

Abstract

Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are able to balance their blood glucose levels while engaging in a wide variety of physical activities and sports. However, insulin use forces them to contend with many daily training and performance challenges involved with fine-tuning medication dosing, physical activity levels, and dietary patterns to optimize their participation and performance. The aim of this study was to ascertain which variables related to the diabetes management of physically active individuals with T1D have the greatest impact on overall blood glucose levels (reported as A1C) in a real-world setting. A total of 220 individuals with T1D completed an online survey to self-report information about their glycemic management, physical activity patterns, carbohydrate and dietary intake, use of diabetes technologies, and other variables that impact diabetes management and health. In analyzing many variables affecting glycemic management, the primary significant finding was that A1C values in lower, recommended ranges (<7%) were significantly predicted by a very-low carbohydrate intake dietary pattern, whereas the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices had the greatest predictive ability when A1C was above recommended (≥7%). Various aspects of physical activity participation (including type, weekly time, frequency, and intensity) were not significantly associated with A1C for participants in this survey. In conclusion, when individuals with T1D are already physically active, dietary changes and more frequent monitoring of glucose may be most capable of further enhancing glycemic management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Brain Breaks Video Intervention of Decisional Balance among Malaysians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Trial

by Aizuddin Hidrus, Yee Cheng Kueh, Bachok Norsa’adah, Yu-Kai Chang and Garry Kuan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 8972; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178972 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2190

Abstract

Brain Breaks^® are structured physical activity (PA) web-based videos designed to promote an interest in learning and health promotion. The objective of this study was to examine its effects on decision balance (DB) which consists of the perceived benefits (Pros) and perceived barriers (Cons) of exercise in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A randomised controlled trial was conducted among people with T2DM at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The intervention group received Brain Breaks videos for a period of four months. The intervention and control groups completed the validated Malay version of DB questionnaire for five times, at pre-intervention, the first month, the second month, the third month, and post-intervention. Multivariate Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance was performed for data analysis. A total of 70 participants were included (male = 39; female = 31) with a mean age of 57.6 years (SD = 8.5). The intervention group showed a significant change in the Pros and Cons factors of DB scores over time. The intervention group showed significantly higher scores for the Pros (p-value < 0.001) and lower scores for the Cons (p-value = 0.008) factors than the control group. In conclusion, the Brain Breaks video is an effective intervention to improve decisional balance in patients with T2DM to help them in deciding on behaviour change to be more physically active. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Nordic Walking on Bone Properties in Postmenopausal Women with Pre-Diabetes and Non-Alcohol Fatty Liver Disease

by Xiaming Du, Chao Zhang, Xiangqi Zhang, Zhen Qi, Sulin Cheng and Shenglong Le

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7570; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147570 - 16 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4214

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of Nordic walking on bone properties in postmenopausal women with pre-diabetes and non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A total of 63 eligible women randomly participated in the Nordic walking training (AEx, n = 33), or maintained their daily lifestyle (Con, n = 30) during intervention. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of whole body (WB), total femur (TF), femoral neck (FN), and lumbar spine (L2-4) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum osteocalcin, pentosidine, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) levels were analyzed by ELISA assay. After an 8.6-month intervention, the AEx group maintained their BMC_TF, BMD_TF, BMC_L2−4, and BMD_L2−4, and increased their BMC_FN (p = 0.016), while the Con group decreased their BMC_TF (p = 0.008), BMD_TF (p = 0.001), and BMD_L2−4 (p = 0.002). However, no significant group × time interaction was observed, except for BMD_L2−4 (p = 0.013). Decreased pentosidine was correlated with increased BMC_WB(r = −0.352, p = 0.019). The intervention has no significant effect on osteocalcin and RANKL. Changing of bone mass was associated with changing of pentosidine, but not with osteocalcin and RANKL. Our results suggest that Nordic walking is effective in preventing bone loss among postmenopausal women with pre-diabetes and NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Physical Activity and Sport Participation on Hemoglobin A1c Among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

by Kristi M. King, Jason R. Jaggers, Lindsay J. Della, Timothy McKay, Sara Watson, Amy E. Kozerski, Kimberly R. Hartson and Kupper A. Wintergerst

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7490; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147490 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3023

Abstract

Purpose: To determine associations between physical activity (PA) and sport participation on HbA1c levels in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Method: Pediatric patients with T1D were invited to complete a PA and sport participation survey. Data were linked to their medical records for demographic characteristics, diabetes treatment and monitoring plans, and HbA1c levels. Results: Participants consisted of 71 females and 81 males, were 13 ± 3 years old with an average HbA1c level of 8.75 ± 1.81. Children accumulating 60 min of activity 3 days or more a week had significantly lower HbA1c compared to those who accumulated less than 3 days (p < 0.01) of 60 min of activity. However, there was no significant difference in HbA1c values based on sport participation groups. A multiple linear regression model indicated that PA, race, age, duration of diagnosis, and CGM use all significantly predicted HbA1c (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the significant relationship between daily PA and HbA1c. Those in this sample presented with lower HbA1c values even if accumulating less than the recommended number of days of activity. Further, it was shown that sport participation alone may not be adequate enough to impact HbA1c in a similar manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 14328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Football Players: A Novel Multi Football Clubs Cross Sectional Study

by Sultan Ayoub Meo, Abdulelah Adnan Abukhalaf, Ali Abdullah Alomar, Omar Mohammed Alessa, Omar Yassin Sumaya and Anusha Sultan Meo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(4), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041763 - 11 Feb 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2735

Abstract

Sports offer great benefits, improving health and reducing the risk of illnesses. This study’s aim was to investigate the prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in football players compared to population based non-elite athlete control subjects. Initially 1100 male volunteers, (550) football players, and (550) population based non-elite athlete control subjects were interviewed. After socio-demographic and medical history analysis, 756 (378) nonsmoker male football players and (378) nonsmoker male control subjects were recruited. The control subjects were not involved in regular sports activities such as football, volleyball, badminton, cricket, hockey, and swimming. Participants with a known history of anemia, blood diseases, diabetes mellitus, and malignancy were excluded from the study. The mean age of football players was 31.80 ± 5.46 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) was 26.40 ± 2.08 (kg/m²), and the mean age of control subjects was 32.32 ± 4.37 years, and BMI was 26.66 ± 1.87 (kg/m²). The selected football players have been playing football for about 2 h a day, 3 days per week, and so the total mean duration of playing football was 1.08 years. American Diabetes Association (ADA) based criteria on Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to investigate prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In football players the prevalence of prediabetes was 30 (7.93%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was 6 (1.59%) compared to population based matched non-elite athlete control subjects where the prediabetes was 71 (18.78%) and T2DM was 89 (23.54%) (p = 0.001). Among football players there was a 7-fold decrease in T2DM compared to control subjects. Football recreational activities markedly reduce the prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM. The study findings demonstrate the benefits of football and other such sport activities and emphasize the urgent need for promoting football based physical activities as a physiological preventive strategy against the globally growing diabetes epidemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

17 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessReview

Can Resistance Exercise Be a Tool for Healthy Aging in Post-Menopausal Women with Type 1 Diabetes?

by Zeinab Momeni, Jessica E. Logan, Ronald J. Sigal and Jane E. Yardley

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168716 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3824

Abstract

Due to improvements in diabetes care, people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are living longer. Studies show that post-menopausal T1D women have a substantially elevated cardiovascular risk compared to those without T1D. As T1D may also accelerate age-related bone and muscle loss, the risk of frailty may be considerable for T1D women. Exercise and physical activity may be optimal preventative therapies to maintain health and prevent complications in this population: They are associated with improvements in, or maintenance of, cardiovascular health, bone mineral density, and muscle mass in older adults. Resistance exercise, in particular, may provide important protection against age-related frailty, due to its specific effects on bone and muscle. Fear of hypoglycemia can be a barrier to exercise in those with T1D, and resistance exercise may cause less hypoglycemia than aerobic exercise. There are currently no exercise studies involving older, post-menopausal women with T1D. As such, it is unknown whether current guidelines for insulin adjustment/carbohydrate intake for activity are appropriate for this population. This review focuses on existing knowledge about exercise in older adults and considers potential future directions around resistance exercise as a therapeutic intervention for post-menopausal T1D women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comment on Teles et al. HIIE Protocols Promote Better Acute Effects on Blood Glucose and Pressure Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes than Continuous Exercise. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2601

by Victor Hugo Gasparini Neto and Leticia Nascimento Santos Neves

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 8028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138028 - 30 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1302

Abstract

After a careful appraisal, we are concerned that the article “HIIE Protocols Promote Better Acute Effects on Blood Glucose and Pressure Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes than Continuous Exercise” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

13 pages, 3751 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Yoga on Health-Related Fitness among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Rakhmat Ari Wibowo, Riskah Nurámalia, Herlin Ajeng Nurrahma, Eva Oktariani, Jajar Setiawan, Ajeng Viska Icanervilia and Denny Agustiningsih

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074199 - 1 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4343

Abstract

Background: There is a need for a type of physical activity that could address the challenging cycle of physical inactivity, impaired health-related fitness, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) conditions. Yoga could be one type of exercise to overcome the barriers to adhere to regular physical activity. The current study aimed to systematically review the effect of yoga on health-related fitness, including cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, balance, and flexibility, among patients with T2DM. Methods: We systematically searched four databases and two registries (Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, WHO-ITCRP, and Clinicaltrials.gov) in September 2021, following a registered protocol on PROSPERO (CRD42022276225). Study inclusion criteria were T2DM patients with or without complication, yoga intervention as a single component or as a complement compared to other kinds of exercise or an inactive control, health-related fitness, and a randomized, controlled trial or quasi-experimental with control group design. The ROBINS-I tool and ROB 2.0 tool were used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. A vote-counting analysis and meta-analysis computed using random effects’ models were conducted. Results: A total of 10 records from 3 quasi-experimental and 7 randomized, controlled trials with 815 participants in total were included. The meta-analysis favored yoga groups compared to inactive controls in improving muscle strength by 3.42 (95% confidence interval 2.42 to 4.43), repetitions of chair stand test, and improving cardiorespiratory fitness by 6.6% (95% confidence interval 0.4 to 12.8) improvement of baseline forced vital capacity. The quality of evidence for both outcomes was low. Conclusion: Low-quality evidence favored yoga in improving health-related fitness, particularly muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness, among patients with T2DM. Funding: All authors in this systematic review received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Diabetes in Sports and Exercise Medicine

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (12 papers)

Research

Review

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI