International Journal of Molecular Sciences

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17 pages, 5384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Study of the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Nano/Micromicellar Structures Containing Chokeberry Fruit Pomace Extracts Using Egg White and Egg Yolk

by Gohar Khachatryan, Julia Pląder, Karolina Piechowicz, Teresa Witczak, Marta Liszka-Skoczylas, Mariusz Witczak, Dorota Gałkowska, Dorota Duraczyńska, Walter Hunter, Aleksandra Waradzyn and Karen Khachatryan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(15), 8405; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158405 - 1 Aug 2024

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Abstract

There is currently a growing interest in health-promoting foods. The beneficial effects of food on human health are actively promoted by health professionals and nutritionists. This growing awareness is influencing the increasing range of functional foods and the pursuit of more innovative solutions. [...] Read more.

There is currently a growing interest in health-promoting foods. The beneficial effects of food on human health are actively promoted by health professionals and nutritionists. This growing awareness is influencing the increasing range of functional foods and the pursuit of more innovative solutions. Recent research indicates that spherical nanoparticles have the potential to be used as functional biomaterials in the food industry, particularly for encapsulating hydrophobic natural phytochemicals. Techniques and systems based on micro- and nano-encapsulation are of great importance in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It is of paramount importance that encapsulation materials are safe for use in food. The aim of this study was to obtain micelles containing extracts from chokeberry fruit pomace using egg yolk powder (EYP) for emulsification (as a source of lecithin) and egg white powder (EWP) for stabilisation. The structural properties of the micelles in the resulting powders were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the presence of spherical micellar structures between 500 and 1000 nm in size. The water activity and water content of the obtained powders were determined, and the thermal (DSC) and antioxidant properties were investigated. The results indicated that the powder with the micellar structures had a higher stability compared to the powder obtained by simple mixing without the use of encapsulation techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials: From Synthesis to Applications)

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19 pages, 1799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hard Gelatin Capsules with Alginate-Hypromellose Microparticles as a Multicompartment Drug Delivery System for Sustained Posaconazole Release

by Katarzyna Kruk and Katarzyna Winnicka

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137116 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 466

Abstract

Microparticles as a multicompartment drug delivery system are beneficial for poorly soluble drugs. Mucoadhesive polymers applied in microparticle technology prolong the contact of the drug with the mucosa surface enhancing drug bioavailability and extending drug activity. Sodium alginate (ALG) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose, [...] Read more.

Microparticles as a multicompartment drug delivery system are beneficial for poorly soluble drugs. Mucoadhesive polymers applied in microparticle technology prolong the contact of the drug with the mucosa surface enhancing drug bioavailability and extending drug activity. Sodium alginate (ALG) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose, HPMC) are polymers of a natural or semi-synthetic origin, respectively. They are characterized by mucoadhesive properties and are applied in microparticle technology. Spray drying is a technology employed in microparticle preparation, consisting of the atomization of liquid in a stream of gas. In this study, the pharmaceutical properties of spray-dried ALG/HPMC microparticles with posaconazole were compared with the properties of physical mixtures of powders with equal qualitative and quantitative compositions. Posaconazole (POS) as a relatively novel antifungal was utilized as a model poorly water-soluble drug, and hard gelatin capsules were applied as a reservoir for designed formulations. A release study in 0.1 M HCl showed significantly prolonged POS release from microparticles compared to a mixture of powders. Such a relationship was not followed in simulated vaginal fluid (SVF). Microparticles were also characterized by stronger mucoadhesive properties, an increased swelling ratio, and prolonged residence time compared to physical mixtures of powders. The obtained results indicated that the pharmaceutical properties of hard gelatin capsules filled with microparticles were significantly different from hard gelatin capsules with mixtures of powders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials: From Synthesis to Applications)

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22 pages, 3871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Interfacial Integrity with Hydrolytic-Resistant, Self-Reinforcing Dentin Adhesive

by Erhan Demirel, Burak Korkmaz, Youngwoo Chang, Anil Misra, Candan Tamerler and Paulette Spencer

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7061; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137061 - 27 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The leading cause of composite restoration failure is secondary caries, and although caries is a multifactorial problem, weak, damage-prone adhesives play a pivotal role in the high susceptibility of composite restorations to secondary caries. Our group has developed synthetic resins that capitalize on [...] Read more.

The leading cause of composite restoration failure is secondary caries, and although caries is a multifactorial problem, weak, damage-prone adhesives play a pivotal role in the high susceptibility of composite restorations to secondary caries. Our group has developed synthetic resins that capitalize on free-radical polymerization and sol-gel reactions to provide dental adhesives with enhanced properties. The resins contain γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) as the Si-based compound. This study investigated the properties of methacrylate-based resins containing methacryloxymethyltrimethoxysilane (MMeS) as a short-chain alternative. The degree of conversion (DC), polymerization kinetics, water sorption, mechanical properties, and leachates of MMeS- and MPS-resins with 55 and 30 wt% BisGMA-crosslinker were determined. The formulations were used as model adhesives, and the adhesive/dentin (a/d) interfaces were analyzed using chemometrics-assisted micro-Raman spectroscopy. The properties of the 55 wt% formulations were comparable. In the 30 wt% BisGMA formulations, the MMeS-resin exhibited faster polymerization, lower DC, reduced leachates, and increased storage and loss moduli, glass transition (T_g), crosslink density, and heterogeneity. The spectroscopic results indicated a comparable spatial distribution of resin, mineralized, and demineralized dentin across the a/d interfaces. The hydrolytically stable experimental short-chain-silane-monomer dental adhesive provides enhanced mechanical properties through autonomous strengthening and offers a promising strategy for the development of restorative dental materials with extended service life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials: From Synthesis to Applications)

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14 pages, 2032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Design Using Selected Concentration Effects in Optically Activated Fluorescent Matrices

by Aneta Lewkowicz, Katarzyna Walczewska-Szewc, Martyna Czarnomska, Emilia Gruszczyńska, Mattia Pierpaoli, Robert Bogdanowicz and Zygmunt Gryczyński

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094804 - 28 Apr 2024

Viewed by 780

Abstract

Molecular physics plays a pivotal role in various fields, including medicine, pharmaceuticals, and broader industrial applications. This study aims to enhance the methods for producing specific optically active materials with distinct spectroscopic properties at the molecular level, which are crucial for these sectors, [...] Read more.

Molecular physics plays a pivotal role in various fields, including medicine, pharmaceuticals, and broader industrial applications. This study aims to enhance the methods for producing specific optically active materials with distinct spectroscopic properties at the molecular level, which are crucial for these sectors, while prioritizing human safety in both production and application. Forensic science, a significant socio-economic field, often employs hazardous substances in analyzing friction ridges on porous surfaces, posing safety concerns. In response, we formulated novel, non-toxic procedures for examining paper evidence, particularly thermal papers. Our laboratory model utilizes a polyvinyl alcohol polymer as a rigid matrix to emulate the thermal paper’s environment, enabling precise control over the spectroscopic characteristics of 1,8-diazafluoro-9-one (DFO). We identified and analyzed the cyclodimer 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DAK DFO), which is a non-toxic and biocompatible alternative for revealing forensic marks. The reagents used to preserve fingerprints were optimized for their effectiveness and stability. Using stationary absorption and emission spectroscopy, along with time-resolved emission studies, we verified the spectroscopic attributes of the new structures under deliberate aggregation conditions. Raman spectroscopy and quantum mechanical computations substantiated the cyclodimer’s configuration. The investigation provides robust scientific endorsement for the novel compound and its structural diversity, influenced by the solvatochromic sensitivity of the DFO precursor. Our approach to monitoring aggregation processes signifies a substantial shift in synthetic research paradigms, leveraging simple chemistry to yield an innovative contribution to forensic science methodologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials: From Synthesis to Applications)

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23 pages, 8977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecularly Imprinted Drug Carrier for Lamotrigine—Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Physicochemical Parameters

by Monika Sobiech, Sandile M. Khamanga, Karol Synoradzki, Tamara J. Bednarchuk, Katarzyna Sikora, Piotr Luliński and Joanna Giebułtowicz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4605; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094605 - 23 Apr 2024

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Abstract

This study presents the initial attempt at introducing a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) designed specifically for lamotrigine with the purpose of functioning as a drug carrier. First, the composition of the magnetic polymer underwent optimization based on bulk polymer adsorption studies and [...] Read more.

This study presents the initial attempt at introducing a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) designed specifically for lamotrigine with the purpose of functioning as a drug carrier. First, the composition of the magnetic polymer underwent optimization based on bulk polymer adsorption studies and theoretical analyses. The magnetic MIP was synthesized from itaconic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate exhibiting a drug loading capacity of 3.4 ± 0.9 μg g⁻¹. Structural characterization was performed using powder X-ray diffraction analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The resulting MIP demonstrated controlled drug released characteristics without a burst effect in the phospahe buffer saline at pH 5 and 8. These findings hold promise for the potential nasal administration of lamotrigine in future applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials: From Synthesis to Applications)

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21 pages, 4781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of the Delivery of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus by Gelatin Methacryloyl Microneedles

by Qiang Zhang, Jintong Na, Xiyu Liu and Jian He

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(4), 2353; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042353 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1245

Abstract

Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus is a new type of cancer immunotherapy drug. This paper proposes a scheme for delivering oncolytic viruses using hydrogel microneedles. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) was synthesized by chemical grafting, and GelMA microneedles encapsulating oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were prepared [...] Read more.

Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus is a new type of cancer immunotherapy drug. This paper proposes a scheme for delivering oncolytic viruses using hydrogel microneedles. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) was synthesized by chemical grafting, and GelMA microneedles encapsulating oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were prepared by micro-molding and photocrosslinking. The release and expression of NDV were tested by immunofluorescence and hemagglutination experiments. The experiments proved that GelMA was successfully synthesized and had hydrogel characteristics. NDV was evenly dispersed in the allantoic fluid without agglomeration, showing a characteristic virus morphology. NDV particle size was 257.4 ± 1.4 nm, zeta potential was −13.8 ± 0.5 mV, virus titer TCID50 was 10^7.5/mL, and PFU was 2 × 10⁷/mL, which had a selective killing effect on human liver cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The NDV@GelMA microneedles were arranged in an orderly cone array, with uniform height and complete needle shape. The distribution of virus-like particles was observed on the surface. GelMA microneedles could successfully penetrate 5% agarose gel and nude mouse skin. Optimal preparation conditions were freeze-drying. We successfully prepared GelMA hydrogel microneedles containing NDV, which could effectively encapsulate NDV but did not detect the release of NDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials: From Synthesis to Applications)

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Review

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25 pages, 12537 KiB

Open AccessReview

Porous Hydrogels for Immunomodulatory Applications

by Cuifang Wu, Honghong Zhang, Yangyang Guo, Xiaomin Sun, Zuquan Hu, Lijing Teng and Zhu Zeng

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105152 - 9 May 2024

Viewed by 832

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy relies on the insight that the immune system can be used to defend against malignant cells. The aim of cancer immunotherapy is to utilize, modulate, activate, and train the immune system to amplify antitumor T-cell immunity. In parallel, the immune system [...] Read more.

Cancer immunotherapy relies on the insight that the immune system can be used to defend against malignant cells. The aim of cancer immunotherapy is to utilize, modulate, activate, and train the immune system to amplify antitumor T-cell immunity. In parallel, the immune system response to damaged tissue is also crucial in determining the success or failure of an implant. Due to their extracellular matrix mimetics and tunable chemical or physical performance, hydrogels are promising platforms for building immunomodulatory microenvironments for realizing cancer therapy and tissue regeneration. However, submicron or nanosized pore structures within hydrogels are not favorable for modulating immune cell function, such as cell invasion, migration, and immunophenotype. In contrast, hydrogels with a porous structure not only allow for nutrient transportation and metabolite discharge but also offer more space for realizing cell function. In this review, the design strategies and influencing factors of porous hydrogels for cancer therapy and tissue regeneration are first discussed. Second, the immunomodulatory effects and therapeutic outcomes of different porous hydrogels for cancer immunotherapy and tissue regeneration are highlighted. Beyond that, this review highlights the effects of pore size on immune function and potential signal transduction. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives of immunomodulatory porous hydrogels are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials: From Synthesis to Applications)

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28 pages, 8050 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polyethersulfone Polymer for Biomedical Applications and Biotechnology

by Monika Wasyłeczko, Cezary Wojciechowski and Andrzej Chwojnowski

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(8), 4233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084233 - 11 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 998

Abstract

Polymers stand out as promising materials extensively employed in biomedicine and biotechnology. Their versatile applications owe much to the field of tissue engineering, which seamlessly integrates materials engineering with medical science. In medicine, biomaterials serve as prototypes for organ development and as implants [...] Read more.

Polymers stand out as promising materials extensively employed in biomedicine and biotechnology. Their versatile applications owe much to the field of tissue engineering, which seamlessly integrates materials engineering with medical science. In medicine, biomaterials serve as prototypes for organ development and as implants or scaffolds to facilitate body regeneration. With the growing demand for innovative solutions, synthetic and hybrid polymer materials, such as polyethersulfone, are gaining traction. This article offers a concise characterization of polyethersulfone followed by an exploration of its diverse applications in medical and biotechnological realms. It concludes by summarizing the significant roles of polyethersulfone in advancing both medicine and biotechnology, as outlined in the accompanying table. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymeric Materials: From Synthesis to Applications)

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