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Gut Hormone: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Aspects
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Gut Hormone: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Aspects

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 December 2019) | Viewed by 24126

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Bunzo Matsuura

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Lifestyle-Related Medicine and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
Interests: gut hormone; thyroid disease; obesity; diabetes mellitus; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gut hormones are closely related to lifestyle and lifestyle-related disorders. Gut hormones affect appetite, gastrointestinal motility, digestion, absorption and metabolism, and hence abnormalities of gut hormones cause malnutrition, metabolic syndrome and GI disorders. Gastrin and insulin have cell proliferation activity, and therefore abnormality of these hormones or hormone receptors affects development or progression of several cancers, for example pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer.

Understanding of the molecular basis of hormone binding and activation of receptors provides important insights into the active conformation of such receptors, providing critical information helpful for the design and refinement of receptor-active drugs. The family of guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors that includes receptors for many gut hormones are demonstrated as clinically useful pharmacological targets.

Papers related to any aspects of biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, physiology, and pathology will be considered for this Special Issue. The pure clinical reports may not be accepted.

Prof. Dr. Bunzo Matsuura
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • Appetite
  • Motility
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Metabolism
  • Microbiome
  • Immunity
  • Cell proliferation
  • Neuroendocrine tumor (NET)
  • Functional dyspepsia
  • Irritable bowel syndrome

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 848 KiB  
Article
Release of Cholecystokinin from Rat Intestinal Mucosal Cells and the Enteroendocrine Cell Line STC-1 in Response to Maleic and Succinic Acid, Fermentation Products of Alcoholic Beverages
by Jan-Hendrik Egberts, Ghulam Shere Raza, Cornelia Wilgus, Stefan Teyssen, Karlheinz Kiehne and Karl-Heinz Herzig
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(2), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020589 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3564
Abstract
Alcoholic beverages stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretions by inducing cholecystokinin (CCK) release. CCK is the major stimulatory hormone of pancreatic exocrine secretions, secreted from enteroendocrine I-cells of the intestine. Fermentation products of alcoholic beverages, such as maleic and succinic acids, influence gastric acid secretions. [...] Read more.
Alcoholic beverages stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretions by inducing cholecystokinin (CCK) release. CCK is the major stimulatory hormone of pancreatic exocrine secretions, secreted from enteroendocrine I-cells of the intestine. Fermentation products of alcoholic beverages, such as maleic and succinic acids, influence gastric acid secretions. We hypothesize that maleic and succinic acids stimulate pancreatic exocrine secretions during beer and wine ingestion by increasing CCK secretions. Therefore, the effects of maleic and succinic acids on CCK release were studied in duodenal mucosal cells and the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1. Mucosal cells were perfused for 30 min with 5 min sampling intervals, STC-1 cells were studied under static incubation for 15 min, and supernatants were collected for CCK measurements. Succinate and maleate-induced CCK release were investigated. Succinate and maleate doses dependently stimulated CCK secretions from mucosal cells and STC-1 cells. Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, significantly inhibited succinate and maleate-induced CCK secretions from mucosal cells and STC-1 cells. Maleate and succinate did not show cytotoxicity in STC-1 cells. Our results indicate that succinate and maleate are novel CCK-releasing factors in fermented alcoholic beverages and could contribute to pancreatic exocrine secretions and their pathophysiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Hormone: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Aspects)
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17 pages, 3678 KiB  
Article
Diet-Induced Obese Mice and Leptin-Deficient Lepob/ob Mice Exhibit Increased Circulating GIP Levels Produced by Different Mechanisms
by Eunyoung Lee, Emily L. Miedzybrodzka, Xilin Zhang, Ryo Hatano, Junki Miyamoto, Ikuo Kimura, Kosuke Fujimoto, Satoshi Uematsu, Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca, Antonio Vidal-Puig, Fiona M. Gribble, Frank Reimann and Takashi Miki
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(18), 4448; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184448 - 10 Sep 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4413
Abstract
As glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) possesses pro-adipogenic action, the suppression of the GIP hypersecretion seen in obesity might represent a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of obesity. However, the mechanism of GIP hypersecretion remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated [...] Read more.
As glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) possesses pro-adipogenic action, the suppression of the GIP hypersecretion seen in obesity might represent a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of obesity. However, the mechanism of GIP hypersecretion remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated GIP secretion in two mouse models of obesity: High-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and leptin-deficient Lepob/ob mice. In DIO mice, plasma GIP was increased along with an increase in GIP mRNA expression in the lower small intestine. Despite the robust alteration in the gut microbiome in DIO mice, co-administration of maltose and the α-glucosidase inhibitor (α-GI) miglitol induced the microbiome-mediated suppression of GIP secretion. The plasma GIP levels of Lepob/ob mice were also elevated and were suppressed by fat transplantation. The GIP mRNA expression in fat tissue was not increased in Lepob/ob mice, while the expression of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was increased. Fat transplantation suppressed the expression of IL-1Ra. The plasma IL-1Ra levels were positively correlated with the plasma GIP levels. Accordingly, although circulating GIP levels are increased in both DIO and Lepob/ob mice, the underlying mechanisms differ, and the anti-obesity actions of α-GIs and leptin sensitizers may be mediated partly by the suppression of GIP secretion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Hormone: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Aspects)
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14 pages, 2549 KiB  
Article
GI inflammation Increases Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Sglt1
by Jiyoung Park, In-Seung Lee, Kang-Hoon Kim, Yumi Kim, Eun-Jin An and Hyeung-Jin Jang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(10), 2537; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102537 - 23 May 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4096
Abstract
A correlation between gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and gut hormones has reported that inflammatory stimuli including bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 induces high levels of incretin hormone leading to glucose dysregulation. Although incretin hormones are immediately secreted in response to environmental [...] Read more.
A correlation between gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and gut hormones has reported that inflammatory stimuli including bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 induces high levels of incretin hormone leading to glucose dysregulation. Although incretin hormones are immediately secreted in response to environmental stimuli, such as nutrients, cytokines, and LPS, but studies of glucose-induced incretin secretion in an inflamed state are limited. We hypothesized that GI inflammatory conditions induce over-stimulated incretin secretion via an increase of glucose-sensing receptors. To confirm our hypothesis, we observed the alteration of glucose-induced incretin secretion and glucose-sensing receptors in a GI inflammatory mouse model, and we treated a conditioned media (Mϕ 30%) containing inflammatory cytokines in intestinal epithelium cells and enteroendocrine L-like NCI-H716 cells. In GI-inflamed mice, we observed that over-stimulated incretin secretion and insulin release in response to glucose and sodium glucose cotransporter (Sglt1) was increased. Incubation with Mϕ 30% increases Sglt1 and induces glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion with increasing intracellular calcium influx. Phloridzin, an sglt1 inhibitor, inhibits glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion, ERK activation, and calcium influx. These findings suggest that the abnormalities of incretin secretion leading to metabolic disturbances in GI inflammatory disease by an increase of Sglt1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Hormone: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Aspects)
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18 pages, 5244 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Maternal Intact Protein- and Amino Acid-Based Diets on Development of Food Intake Regulatory Systems and Body Weight in Dams and Male Offspring of Wistar Rats
by Alireza Jahan-mihan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(7), 1690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071690 - 4 Apr 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2511
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the effect of maternal and weaning intact protein- and amino acid-based diets on regulation of food intake, intake regulatory hormones, and body weight in dams and their male offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated to [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to examine the effect of maternal and weaning intact protein- and amino acid-based diets on regulation of food intake, intake regulatory hormones, and body weight in dams and their male offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated to two groups (n = 12) and were fed either an intact protein diet (IPD) or mixed amino acid diet (AAD) from day 3 of gestation throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring were weaned to either an IPD or AAD for 18 weeks. Food intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were measured weekly. Results: In dams, the AAD group had lower FI and BW in the post-partum period compared with the IPD group. In pups born to AAD dams, birth weight and BW were lower. However, the percentage of fat and lean mass were not affected. Food intake was influenced by maternal diet and was higher in pups born to IPD dams throughout post-weaning. Short-term FI in response to protein preloads was lower in pups born to AAD dams in 1 h. Fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were not influenced by either maternal or weaning diet. However, peptide YY (PYY) was higher in pups born to IPD dams at weaning. Conclusions: The physicochemical properties of proteins fed during pregnancy and lactation had determining effects on the body weight and development of food intake regulatory systems in offspring. Maternal AAD resulted in lower BW in dams and lower birth weight and post-weaning BWs in pups compared with maternal IPD which was consistent with their lower FI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Hormone: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Aspects)
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13 pages, 2034 KiB  
Article
Effects of Motilin Receptor Agonists and Ghrelin in Human motilin receptor Transgenic Mice
by Tomoe Kawamura, Bunzo Matsuura, Teruki Miyake, Masanori Abe, Yoshiou Ikeda and Yoichi Hiasa
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(7), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071521 - 27 Mar 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3918
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is regulated by neural factors and humoral factors. Both motilin and ghrelin improve gastrointestinal motility, but many issues remain unclear. We prepared human motilin receptor transgenic (Tg) mice and performed experiments evaluating the effects of motilin, erythromycin (EM), and ghrelin. EM [...] Read more.
Gastrointestinal motility is regulated by neural factors and humoral factors. Both motilin and ghrelin improve gastrointestinal motility, but many issues remain unclear. We prepared human motilin receptor transgenic (Tg) mice and performed experiments evaluating the effects of motilin, erythromycin (EM), and ghrelin. EM and ghrelin promoted gastric emptying (GE) when administered either peripherally or centrally to Tg mice. Atropine (a muscarinic receptor antagonist) counteracted GE induced by centrally administered EM, but not that induced by peripherally administered EM. The administration of EM in this model promoted the effect of mosapride (a selective serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist), and improved loperamide (a μ-opioid receptor agonist)-induced gastroparesis. The level of acyl-ghrelin was significantly attenuated by EM administration. Thus, we have established an animal model appropriate for the evaluation of motilin receptor agonists. These data and the model are expected to facilitate the identification of novel compounds with clinical potential for relieving symptoms of dyspepsia and gastroparesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Hormone: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Aspects)
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Review

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36 pages, 1408 KiB  
Review
Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis
by Agnieszka Stempniewicz, Piotr Ceranowicz and Zygmunt Warzecha
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(7), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071534 - 27 Mar 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5116
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral [...] Read more.
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Hormone: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Aspects)
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