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Toxicity of Nanoparticles
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Toxicity of Nanoparticles

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Nanoscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 December 2024 | Viewed by 9817

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
2. World Institute for Family Health, University of Kalisz, Nowy Swiat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
Interests: nanotoxicology; impact of nanoparticles on cancer; pesticides toxicity; environmental health

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The rapid expansion of nanotechnologies promises to have significant beneficial impacts on society, yet there is increasing concern that exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) will have a negative impact on both human and environmental health. Nanoparticles can easily enter the human body and cross all intrinsic barriers, making them very useful as drug delivery vectors; on the other hand, NPs may interact with biological systems and induce potentially negative effects. Presently, there is increasing concern about the detrimental health effects due to NP exposure. Nanoparticles have been reported to induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, and many other adverse effects that are known to be crucial for the development of lifestyle diseases.

Studies have shown that the toxic effects of NPs are mainly determined by several factors, such as physicochemical properties, dose, exposure pathways, and duration. The unique physicochemical properties of NPs confer not only promising biological effects but also pose unexpected toxic threats to the human body at the same time. The chronic exposure to low doses of noxious chemicals mainly of anthropogenic origin is inevitable; therefore, it is important to expand our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of nanoparticles. Based on our current knowledge, it is challenging to elucidate the exact mechanisms of NP toxicity.

This Special Issue focuses on the in vitro and in vivo interactions of nanomaterials with biological systems at different levels of organization. We welcome both experimental works and review papers regarding the negative effects of nanoparticles on the molecular and cellular levels, on tissues and organs, and on whole organisms. We also welcome studies on animal model systems and the environmental and occupational exposure of humans to nanoparticles.

It is my pleasure to invite manuscript submissions for this Special Issue.

This Special Issue is supervised by Prof. Dr. Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak and assisted by our Topical Advisory Panel Member Dr. Magdalena Matysiak-Kucharek (Institute of Rural Health).

Prof. Dr. Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanoparticles
  • nanotoxicity
  • exposure to nanoparticles
  • health effects
  • biological effects
  • oxidative stress
  • environmental health

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1958 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Toxicity of Metal- and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials In Vitro: Impact on Respiratory, Intestinal, Skin, and Immune Cell Lines
by Juliana Carrillo-Romero, Gartze Mentxaka, Adrián García-Salvador, Alberto Katsumiti, Susana Carregal-Romero and Felipe Goñi-de-Cerio
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(20), 10910; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252010910 - 10 Oct 2024
Viewed by 967
Abstract
The field of nanotechnology has experienced exponential growth, with the unique properties of nanomaterials (NMs) being employed to enhance a wide range of products across diverse industrial sectors. This study examines the toxicity of metal- and carbon-based NMs, with a particular focus on [...] Read more.
The field of nanotechnology has experienced exponential growth, with the unique properties of nanomaterials (NMs) being employed to enhance a wide range of products across diverse industrial sectors. This study examines the toxicity of metal- and carbon-based NMs, with a particular focus on titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), silica (SiO2), cerium oxide (CeO2), silver (Ag), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The potential health risks associated with increased human exposure to these NMs and their effect on the respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermal, and immune systems were evaluated using in vitro assays. Physicochemical characterisation of the NMs was carried out, and in vitro assays were performed to assess the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis/necrosis, and inflammation in cell lines representative of the systems evaluated (3T3, Caco-2, HepG2, A549, and THP-1 cell lines). The results obtained show that 3T3 and A549 cells exhibit high cytotoxicity and ROS production after exposure to ZnO NMs. Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines show cytotoxicity when exposed to ZnO and Ag NMs and oxidative stress induced by SiO2 and MWCNTs. THP-1 cell line shows increased cytotoxicity and a pro-inflammatory response upon exposure to SiO2. This study emphasises the importance of conducting comprehensive toxicological assessments of NMs given their physicochemical interactions with biological systems. Therefore, it is of key importance to develop robust and specific methodologies for the assessment of their potential health risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Nanoparticles)
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19 pages, 4350 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Stealth Liposome-Based Nanoparticles Encapsulating the ACAT1/SOAT1 Inhibitor F26: Efficacy and Toxicity Studies In Vitro and in Wild-Type Mice
by Junghoon Lee, Adrianna L. De La Torre, Felix L. Rawlinson, Dylan B. Ness, Lionel D. Lewis, William F. Hickey, Catherine C. Y. Chang and Ta Yuan Chang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(17), 9151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179151 - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 790
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is pivotal for cellular function. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), also abbreviated as SOAT1, is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the storage of excess cholesterol to cholesteryl esters. ACAT1 is an emerging target to treat diverse diseases including atherosclerosis, cancer, and [...] Read more.
Cholesterol homeostasis is pivotal for cellular function. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), also abbreviated as SOAT1, is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the storage of excess cholesterol to cholesteryl esters. ACAT1 is an emerging target to treat diverse diseases including atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. F12511 is a high-affinity ACAT1 inhibitor. Previously, we developed a stealth liposome-based nanoparticle to encapsulate F12511 to enhance its delivery to the brain and showed its efficacy in treating a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we introduce F26, a close derivative of F12511 metabolite in rats. F26 was encapsulated in the same DSPE-PEG2000/phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposome-based nanoparticle system. We employed various in vitro and in vivo methodologies to assess F26’s efficacy and toxicity compared to F12511. The results demonstrate that F26 is more effective and durable than F12511 in inhibiting ACAT1, in both mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and in multiple mouse tissues including the brain tissues, without exhibiting any overt systemic or neurotoxic effects. This study demonstrates the superior pharmacokinetic and safety profile of F26 in wild-type mice, and suggests its therapeutic potential against various neurodegenerative diseases including AD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Nanoparticles)
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19 pages, 6338 KiB  
Article
Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Effects of a Magnetic Zeolite Composite in Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)
by Jacquelyne Y. Zarria-Romero and Juan A. Ramos-Guivar
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(14), 7542; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147542 - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 822
Abstract
Zeolite type 5A combined with the magnetic properties of maghemite nanoparticles facilitate the rapid absorption of heavy metals, which makes them an interesting proposal for the remediation of water contaminated with lead and arsenic. However, the physicochemical analysis related to concentration and size [...] Read more.
Zeolite type 5A combined with the magnetic properties of maghemite nanoparticles facilitate the rapid absorption of heavy metals, which makes them an interesting proposal for the remediation of water contaminated with lead and arsenic. However, the physicochemical analysis related to concentration and size for the use of this magnetic zeolite composite (MZ0) in water bodies and the possible toxicological effects on aquatic fauna has not yet been carried out. The main objective of the research work is to determine lethal concentrations that cause damage to Daphnia magna based on LC50 tests, morphology, reproductive rate, and quantification of the expression of three genes closely involved in the morphological development of vital structures (Glass, NinaE, Pph13). To achieve this objective, populations of neonates and young individuals were used, and results showed that the LC50 for neonates was 11,314 mg L−1, while for young individuals, it was 0.0310 mg L−1. Damage to morphological development was evidenced by a decrease in eye size in neonates, an increase in eye size in young individuals, variations in the size of the caudal spine for both age groups, and slight increases in the heart size, body, and antenna for both age groups. The reproductive rate of neonates was not affected by the lower concentrations of MZ0, while in young individuals, the reproductive rate decreased by more than 50% from the minimum exposure concentration of MZ0. And for both ages, Glass gene expression levels decreased as the MZ0 concentration increased. Also, the MZ0 evidenced its affinity for the exoskeleton of D. magna, which was observed using both light microscopy and electron microscopy. It is concluded that MZ0 did not generate significant damage in the mortality, morphology, reproductive rate, or gene expression in D. magna at lower concentrations, demonstrating the importance of evaluating the possible impacts on different life stages of the cladoceran. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Nanoparticles)
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Review

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34 pages, 2139 KiB  
Review
Comprehensive Analysis of the Potential Toxicity of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Medical Applications: Cellular Mechanisms and Systemic Effects
by Julia Nowak-Jary and Beata Machnicka
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(22), 12013; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212013 - 8 Nov 2024
Viewed by 423
Abstract
Owing to recent advancements in nanotechnology, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), are currently widely employed in the field of medicine. These MNPs, characterized by their large specific surface area, [...] Read more.
Owing to recent advancements in nanotechnology, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), are currently widely employed in the field of medicine. These MNPs, characterized by their large specific surface area, potential for diverse functionalization, and magnetic properties, have found application in various medical domains, including tumor imaging (MRI), radiolabelling, internal radiotherapy, hyperthermia, gene therapy, drug delivery, and theranostics. However, ensuring the non-toxicity of MNPs when employed in medical practices is paramount. Thus, ongoing research endeavors are essential to comprehensively understand and address potential toxicological implications associated with their usage. This review aims to present the latest research and findings on assessing the potential toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles. It meticulously delineates the primary mechanisms of MNP toxicity at the cellular level, encompassing oxidative stress, genotoxic effects, disruption of the cytoskeleton, cell membrane perturbation, alterations in the cell cycle, dysregulation of gene expression, inflammatory response, disturbance in ion homeostasis, and interference with cell migration and mobility. Furthermore, the review expounds upon the potential impact of MNPs on various organs and systems, including the brain and nervous system, heart and circulatory system, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, urinary, and reproductive systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Nanoparticles)
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20 pages, 5190 KiB  
Review
Mapping Microplastics in Humans: Analysis of Polymer Types, and Shapes in Food and Drinking Water—A Systematic Review
by Alena Vdovchenko and Marina Resmini
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7074; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137074 - 27 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1933
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pervade the environment, infiltrating food sources and human bodies, raising concerns about their impact on human health. This review is focused on three key questions: (i) What type of polymers are humans most exposed to? (ii) What are the prevalent shapes [...] Read more.
Microplastics (MPs) pervade the environment, infiltrating food sources and human bodies, raising concerns about their impact on human health. This review is focused on three key questions: (i) What type of polymers are humans most exposed to? (ii) What are the prevalent shapes of MPs found in food and human samples? (iii) Are the data influenced by the detection limit on the size of particles? Through a systematic literature analysis, we have explored data on polymer types and shapes found in food and human samples. The data provide evidence that polyester is the most commonly detected polymer in humans, followed by polyamide, polyurethane, polypropylene, and polyacrylate. Fibres emerge as the predominant shape across all categories, suggesting potential environmental contamination from the textile industry. Studies in humans and drinking water reported data on small particles, in contrast to larger size MPs detected in environmental research, in particular seafood. Discrepancies in size detection methodologies across different reports were identified, which could impact some of the discussed trends. This study highlights the need for more comprehensive research on the interactions between MPs and biological systems and the effects of MPs on toxicity, together with standardised analytical methodologies to accurately assess contamination levels and human exposure. Understanding these dynamics is essential for formulating effective strategies to mitigate the environmental and health implications of MP pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Nanoparticles)
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40 pages, 1445 KiB  
Review
Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)—Toxicity, Safety and Green Synthesis: A Critical Review
by Łukasz Niżnik, Maciej Noga, Damian Kobylarz, Adrian Frydrych, Alicja Krośniak, Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak and Kamil Jurowski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 4057; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25074057 - 5 Apr 2024
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4221
Abstract
In recent years, the extensive exploration of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) has captivated the scientific community due to their versatile applications across various industries. With sizes typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm, AuNPs have emerged as promising entities for innovative technologies. This article [...] Read more.
In recent years, the extensive exploration of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) has captivated the scientific community due to their versatile applications across various industries. With sizes typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm, AuNPs have emerged as promising entities for innovative technologies. This article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in AuNPs research, encompassing synthesis methodologies, diverse applications, and crucial insights into their toxicological profiles. Synthesis techniques for AuNPs span physical, chemical, and biological routes, focusing on eco-friendly “green synthesis” approaches. A critical examination of physical and chemical methods reveals their limitations, including high costs and the potential toxicity associated with using chemicals. Moreover, this article investigates the biosafety implications of AuNPs, shedding light on their potential toxic effects on cellular, tissue, and organ levels. By synthesizing key findings, this review underscores the pressing need for a thorough understanding of AuNPs toxicities, providing essential insights for safety assessment and advancing green toxicology principles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Nanoparticles)
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