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Nanoparticle for Catalysis

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 24238

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Shaodong Zhou

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Guest Editor
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: gas-phase chemistry; C1 chemistry; fine chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nanoparticles involve multidisciplinary research in, e.g., materials, chemistry, biology, medicine, physics, and computing. The nanoparticle catalysts continue to be in the spotlight due to their unique performances in various chemical processes. With rapid progress in nanoscience and technology, nanoparticle mediated reactions can be carried out in different systems regarding both gas and condensed phases. Due to the doping, surface, volume, and quantum size effects, elements in nanoparticle exhibit properties rather different from the ones in bulk materials, and may thus afford higher catalytic activity and selectivity for specific reactions. In particular, nanometal particles and semiconductor particles are widely used in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Moreover, the performance of nanoparticles is tunable by adjusting the size, morphology, and dopants. This Special Issue aims to gain insight into recent advances in nanoparticle catalysis, and focuses on the advantages, limitations and future directions of nanoparticle-mediated reactions in both chemical and biological systems. We encourage researchers to share their recent work and perspectives on this topic.

Dr. Shaodong Zhou
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • nanoparticle catalysis
  • photocatalysis
  • electrocatalysis
  • gas-phase reaction
  • condensed-phase reaction

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 6304 KiB  
Article
High-Loaded Copper-Containing Sol–Gel Catalysts for Furfural Hydroconversion
by Svetlana Selishcheva, Anastasiya Sumina, Evgeny Gerasimov, Dmitry Selishchev and Vadim Yakovlev
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7547; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087547 - 19 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1232
Abstract
In this study, the high-loaded copper-containing catalysts modified with Fe and Al were successfully applied for the hydroconversion of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (FA) or 2-methylfuran (2-MF) in a batch reactor. The synthesized catalysts were studied using a set of characterization techniques to [...] Read more.
In this study, the high-loaded copper-containing catalysts modified with Fe and Al were successfully applied for the hydroconversion of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (FA) or 2-methylfuran (2-MF) in a batch reactor. The synthesized catalysts were studied using a set of characterization techniques to find the correlation between their activity and physicochemical properties. Fine Cu-containing particles distributed in an amorphous SiO2 matrix, which has a high surface area, provide the conversion of furfural to FA or 2-MF under exposure to high pressure of hydrogen. The modification of the mono-copper catalyst with Fe and Al increases its activity and selectivity in the target process. The reaction temperature strongly affects the selectivity of the formed products. At a H2 pressure of 5.0 MPa, the highest selectivity toward FA (98%) and 2-MF (76%) was achieved in the case of 35Cu13Fe1Al-SiO2 at the temperature of 100 °C and 250 °C, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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13 pages, 4732 KiB  
Article
Spatially Formed Tenacious Nickel-Supported Bimetallic Catalysts for CO2 Methanation under Conventional and Induction Heating
by Daniel Lach, Błażej Tomiczek, Tomasz Siudyga, Maciej Kapkowski, Rafał Sitko, Joanna Klimontko, Sylwia Golba, Grzegorz Dercz, Krzysztof Matus, Wojciech Borek and Jaroslaw Polanski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4729; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054729 - 1 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1683
Abstract
The paper introduces spatially stable Ni-supported bimetallic catalysts for CO2 methanation. The catalysts are a combination of sintered nickel mesh or wool fibers and nanometal particles, such as Au, Pd, Re, or Ru. The preparation involves the nickel wool or mesh forming [...] Read more.
The paper introduces spatially stable Ni-supported bimetallic catalysts for CO2 methanation. The catalysts are a combination of sintered nickel mesh or wool fibers and nanometal particles, such as Au, Pd, Re, or Ru. The preparation involves the nickel wool or mesh forming and sintering into a stable shape and then impregnating them with metal nanoparticles generated by a silica matrix digestion method. This procedure can be scaled up for commercial use. The catalyst candidates were analyzed using SEM, XRD, and EDXRF and tested in a fixed-bed flow reactor. The best results were obtained with the Ru/Ni-wool combination, which yields nearly 100% conversion at 248 °C, with the onset of reaction at 186 °C. When we tested this catalyst under inductive heating, the highest conversion was observed already at 194 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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16 pages, 4700 KiB  
Article
Biomimetic Catalysts Based on Au@TiO2-MoS2-CeO2 Composites for the Production of Hydrogen by Water Splitting
by Kenneth Fontánez, Diego García, Dayna Ortiz, Paola Sampayo, Luis Hernández, María Cotto, José Ducongé, Francisco Díaz, Carmen Morant, Florian Petrescu, Abniel Machín and Francisco Márquez
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(1), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010363 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2276
Abstract
The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by water splitting has been studied, using catalysts based on crystalline TiO2 nanowires (TiO2NWs), which were synthesized by a hydrothermal procedure. This nanomaterial was subsequently modified by incorporating different loadings (1%, 3% and 5%) [...] Read more.
The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by water splitting has been studied, using catalysts based on crystalline TiO2 nanowires (TiO2NWs), which were synthesized by a hydrothermal procedure. This nanomaterial was subsequently modified by incorporating different loadings (1%, 3% and 5%) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the surface, previously exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets, and CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2NPs). These nanomaterials, as well as the different synthesized catalysts, were characterized by electron microscopy (HR-SEM and HR-TEM), XPS, XRD, Raman, Reflectance and BET surface area. HER studies were performed in aqueous solution, under irradiation at different wavelengths (UV-visible), which were selected through the appropriate use of optical filters. The results obtained show that there is a synergistic effect between the different nanomaterials of the catalysts. The specific area of the catalyst, and especially the increased loading of MoS2 and CeO2NPs in the catalyst substantially improved the H2 production, with values of ca. 1114 μm/hg for the catalyst that had the best efficiency. Recyclability studies showed only a decrease in activity of approx. 7% after 15 cycles of use, possibly due to partial leaching of gold nanoparticles during catalyst use cycles. The results obtained in this research are certainly relevant and open many possibilities regarding the potential use and scaling of these heterostructures in the photocatalytic production of H2 from water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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15 pages, 4844 KiB  
Article
Zr-Based Metal−Organic Frameworks with Phosphoric Acids for the Photo-Oxidation of Sulfides
by Zhenghua Zhao, Mingjie Liu, Kai Zhou, Hantao Gong, Yajing Shen, Zongbi Bao, Qiwei Yang, Qilong Ren and Zhiguo Zhang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(24), 16121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416121 - 17 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
Heterogeneous Brønsted acidic catalysts such as phosphoric acids are the conventional activators for organic transformations. However, the photocatalytic performance of these catalysts is still rarely explored. Herein, a novel Zr-based metal−organic framework Zr-MOF-P with phosphoric acids as a heterogeneous photocatalyst has been fabricated, [...] Read more.
Heterogeneous Brønsted acidic catalysts such as phosphoric acids are the conventional activators for organic transformations. However, the photocatalytic performance of these catalysts is still rarely explored. Herein, a novel Zr-based metal−organic framework Zr-MOF-P with phosphoric acids as a heterogeneous photocatalyst has been fabricated, which shows high selectivity and reactivity towards the photo-oxidation of sulfides under white light illumination. A mechanism study indicates that the selective oxygenation of sulfides occurs with triplet oxygen rather than common reactive oxygen species (ROS). When Zr-MOF-P is irradiated, the hydroxyl group of phosphoric acid is converted into oxygen radical, which takes an electron from the sulfides, and then the activated substrates react with the triplet oxygen to form sulfoxides, avoiding the destruction of the catalysts and endowing the reaction with high substrate compatibility and fine recyclability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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13 pages, 3446 KiB  
Article
Efficient Construction of Symmetrical Diaryl Sulfides via a Supported Pd Nanocatalyst-Catalyzed C-S Coupling Reaction
by Hao Jin, Penghao Liu, Qiaoqiao Teng, Yuxiang Wang, Qi Meng and Chao Qian
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 15360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315360 - 6 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1639
Abstract
Aryl sulfides play an important role in pharmaceuticals, biologically active molecules and polymeric materials. Herein, a general and efficient protocol for Pd@COF-TB (a kind of Pd nanocatalyst supported by a covalent organic framework)/DIPEA-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of symmetrical diaryl sulfides through a C-S coupling [...] Read more.
Aryl sulfides play an important role in pharmaceuticals, biologically active molecules and polymeric materials. Herein, a general and efficient protocol for Pd@COF-TB (a kind of Pd nanocatalyst supported by a covalent organic framework)/DIPEA-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of symmetrical diaryl sulfides through a C-S coupling reaction from aryl iodides and Na2S2O3 is developed. More importantly, the addition of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) can not only enhance the catalytic activity of a Pd@COF-TB nanocatalyst, but also effectively inhibit the formation of biphenyl byproducts, which are a product of Ullmann reaction. Besides, it has been confirmed that the aryl Bunte salts generated in situ from Na2S2O3 and aryl iodides are the sulfur sources involved in this C-S coupling reaction. With the strategy proposed in this work, a variety of symmetrical diaryl sulfides could be obtained in moderate to excellent yields with a high tolerance of various functional groups. Moreover, a possible mechanism of this Pd nanoparticle-catalyzed C-S coupling reaction is proposed based on the results of controlling experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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13 pages, 4749 KiB  
Article
Palladium Decorated, Amine Functionalized Ni-, Cd- and Co-Ferrite Nanospheres as Novel and Effective Catalysts for 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Hydrogenation
by Viktória Hajdu, Emőke Sikora, Ferenc Kristály, Gábor Muránszky, Béla Fiser, Béla Viskolcz, Miklós Nagy and László Vanyorek
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 13197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113197 - 30 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1633
Abstract
2,4-diaminotoluene (TDA) is one of the most important polyurethane precursors produced in large quantities by the hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene using catalysts. Any improvement during the catalysis reaction is therefore of significant importance. Separation of the catalysts by filtration is cumbersome and causes catalyst [...] Read more.
2,4-diaminotoluene (TDA) is one of the most important polyurethane precursors produced in large quantities by the hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene using catalysts. Any improvement during the catalysis reaction is therefore of significant importance. Separation of the catalysts by filtration is cumbersome and causes catalyst loss. To solve this problem, we have developed magnetizable, amine functionalized ferrite supported palladium catalysts. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4-NH2), nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4-NH2), and cadmium ferrite (CdFe2O4-NH2) magnetic catalyst supports were produced by a simple coprecipitation/sonochemical method. The nanospheres formed contain only magnetic (spinel) phases and show catalytic activity even without noble metals (palladium, platinum, rhodium, etc.) during the hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 63% (n/n) conversion is also possible. By decorating the supports with palladium, almost 100% TDA selectivity and yield were ensured by using Pd/CoFe2O4-NH2 and Pd/NiFe2O4-NH2 catalysts. These catalysts possess highly favorable properties for industrial applications, such as easy separation from the reaction medium without loss by means of a magnetic field, enhanced reusability, and good dispersibility in aqueous medium. Contrary to non-functionalized supports, no significant leaching of precious metals could be detected even after four cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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13 pages, 5593 KiB  
Article
General Construction of Amine via Reduction of N=X (X = C, O, H) Bonds Mediated by Supported Nickel Boride Nanoclusters
by Da Ke and Shaodong Zhou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9337; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169337 - 19 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
Amines play an important role in synthesizing drugs, pesticides, dyes, etc. Herein, we report on an efficient catalyst for the general construction of amine mediated by nickel boride nanoclusters supported by a TS-1 molecular sieve. Efficient production of amines was achieved via catalytic [...] Read more.
Amines play an important role in synthesizing drugs, pesticides, dyes, etc. Herein, we report on an efficient catalyst for the general construction of amine mediated by nickel boride nanoclusters supported by a TS-1 molecular sieve. Efficient production of amines was achieved via catalytic hydrogenation of N=X (X = C, O, H) bonds. In addition, the catalyst maintains excellent performance upon recycling. Compared with the previous reports, the high activity, simple preparation and reusability of the Ni-B catalyst in this work make it promising for industrial application in the production of amines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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15 pages, 15932 KiB  
Article
Copper Foam as Active Catalysts for the Borylation of α, β-Unsaturated Compounds
by Kewang Zheng, Miao Liu, Zhifei Meng, Zufeng Xiao, Fei Zhong, Wei Wang and Caiqin Qin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(15), 8403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158403 - 29 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1429
Abstract
The use of simple, inexpensive, and efficient methods to construct carbon–boron and carbon–oxygen bonds has been a hot research topic in organic synthesis. We demonstrated that the desired β-boronic acid products can be obtained under mild conditions using copper foam as an [...] Read more.
The use of simple, inexpensive, and efficient methods to construct carbon–boron and carbon–oxygen bonds has been a hot research topic in organic synthesis. We demonstrated that the desired β-boronic acid products can be obtained under mild conditions using copper foam as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. The structure of copper foam before and after the reaction was investigated by polarized light microscopy (PM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the results have shown that the structure of the catalyst copper foam remained unchanged before and after the reaction. The XPS test results showed that the Cu(0) content increased after the reaction, indicating that copper may be involved in the boron addition reaction. The specific optimization conditions were as follows: CH3COCH3 and H2O were used as mixed solvents, 4-methoxychalcone was used as the raw material, 8 mg of catalyst was used and the reaction was carried out at room temperature and under air for 10 h. The yield of the product obtained was up to 92%, and the catalytic efficiency of the catalytic material remained largely unchanged after five cycles of use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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19 pages, 10778 KiB  
Article
Underlying Mechanisms of Reductive Amination on Pd-Catalysts: The Unique Role of Hydroxyl Group in Generating Sterically Hindered Amine
by Zeng Hong, Xin Ge and Shaodong Zhou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 7621; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147621 - 10 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2316
Abstract
Pd nanospecies supported on porous g-C3N4 nanosheets were prepared for efficient reductive amination reactions. The structures of the catalysts were characterized via FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and TG analysis, and the mechanisms were investigated using in situ ATR–FTIR spectroscopic [...] Read more.
Pd nanospecies supported on porous g-C3N4 nanosheets were prepared for efficient reductive amination reactions. The structures of the catalysts were characterized via FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and TG analysis, and the mechanisms were investigated using in situ ATR–FTIR spectroscopic analysis complemented by theoretical calculation. It transpired that the valence state of the Pd is not the dominating factor; rather, the hydroxyl group of the Pd(OH)2 cluster is crucial. Thus, by passing protons between different molecules, the hydroxyl group facilitates both the generation of the imine intermediate and the reduction of the C=N unit. As a result, the sterically hindered amines can be obtained at high selectivity (>90%) at room temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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8 pages, 974 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Theoretical Study of N2 Adsorption on Hydrogenated Y2C4H− and Dehydrogenated Y2C4− Cluster Anions at Room Temperature
by Min Gao, Yong-Qi Ding and Jia-Bi Ma
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 6976; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136976 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1459
Abstract
The adsorption of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) on transition metal sites is an important topic in chemistry, which is regarded as the prerequisite for the activation of robust N≡N bonds in biological and industrial fields. Metal hydride bonds play an important part [...] Read more.
The adsorption of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) on transition metal sites is an important topic in chemistry, which is regarded as the prerequisite for the activation of robust N≡N bonds in biological and industrial fields. Metal hydride bonds play an important part in the adsorption of N2, while the role of hydrogen has not been comprehensively studied. Herein, we report the N2 adsorption on the well-defined Y2C4H0,1− cluster anions under mild conditions by using mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. The mass spectrometry results reveal that the reactivity of N2 adsorption on Y2C4H− is 50 times higher than that on Y2C4− clusters. Further analysis reveals the important role of the H atom: (1) the presence of the H atom modifies the charge distribution of the Y2C4H− anion; (2) the approach of N2 to Y2C4H− is more favorable kinetically compared to that to Y2C4−; and (3) a natural charge analysis shows that two Y atoms and one Y atom are the major electron donors in the Y2C4− and Y2C4H− anion clusters, respectively. This work provides new clues to the rational design of TM-based catalysts by efficiently doping hydrogen atoms to modulate the reactivity towards N2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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13 pages, 5283 KiB  
Article
Solid-State Construction of CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 Nanocomposite with Abundant Surface CuOx Species and Oxygen Vacancies to Promote CO Oxidation Activity
by Baolin Liu, Hao Wu, Shihao Li, Mengjiao Xu, Yali Cao and Yizhao Li
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(12), 6856; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126856 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1685
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation performance heavily depends on the surface-active species and the oxygen vacancies of nanocomposites. Herein, the CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 were fabricated via solid-state strategy. It is manifested that the construction of CuOx/Cu1.5 [...] Read more.
Carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation performance heavily depends on the surface-active species and the oxygen vacancies of nanocomposites. Herein, the CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 were fabricated via solid-state strategy. It is manifested that the construction of CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 nanocomposite can produce abundant surface CuOx species and a number of oxygen vacancies, resulting in substantially enhanced CO oxidation activity. The CO is completely converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) at 75 °C when CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 nanocomposites were involved, which is higher than individual CuOx, MnOx, and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4. Density function theory (DFT) calculations suggest that CO and O2 are adsorbed on CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 surface with relatively optimal adsorption energy, which is more beneficial for CO oxidation activity. This work presents an effective way to prepare heterogeneous metal oxides with promising application in catalysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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12 pages, 2540 KiB  
Article
Development of High-Efficiency, Magnetically Separable Palladium-Decorated Manganese-Ferrite Catalyst for Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation
by Viktória Hajdu, Gábor Muránszky, Miklós Nagy, Erika Kopcsik, Ferenc Kristály, Béla Fiser, Béla Viskolcz and László Vanyorek
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(12), 6535; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126535 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1819
Abstract
Aniline (AN) is one of the most important compounds in the chemical industry and is prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB). The development of novel, multifunctional catalysts which are easily recoverable from the reaction mixture is, therefore, of paramount importance. Compared [...] Read more.
Aniline (AN) is one of the most important compounds in the chemical industry and is prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB). The development of novel, multifunctional catalysts which are easily recoverable from the reaction mixture is, therefore, of paramount importance. Compared to conventional filtration, magnetic separation is favored because it is cheaper and more facile. For satisfying these requirements, we developed manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4)–supported, magnetically separable palladium catalysts with high catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline. In addition to high NB conversion and AN yield, remarkable aniline selectivity (above 96 n/n%) was achieved. Surprisingly, the magnetic support alone also shows moderate catalytic activity even without noble metals, and thus, up to 94 n/n% nitrobenzene conversion, along with 47 n/n% aniline yield, are attainable. After adding palladium nanoparticles to the support, the combined catalytic activity of the two nanomaterials yielded a fast, efficient, and highly selective catalyst. During the test of the Pd/MnFe2O4 catalyst in NB hydrogenation, no by-products were detected, and consequently, above 96 n/n% aniline yield and 96 n/n% selectivity were achieved. The activity of the Pd/MnFe2O4 catalyst was not particularly sensitive to the hydrogenation temperature, and reuse tests indicate its applicability in at least four cycles without regeneration. The remarkable catalytic activity and other favorable properties can make our catalyst potentially applicable to both NB hydrogenation and other similar or slightly different reactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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Review

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13 pages, 1952 KiB  
Review
Recent Studies on the Application of Microwave-Assisted Method for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts and Catalytic Hydrogenation Processes
by Anna A. Strekalova, Anastasiya A. Shesterkina, Alexander L. Kustov and Leonid M. Kustov
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098272 - 5 May 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2065
Abstract
Currently, microwave radiation is widely used in various chemical processes in order to intensify them and carry out processes within the framework of “green” chemistry approaches. In the last 10 years, there has been a significant increase in the number of scientific publications [...] Read more.
Currently, microwave radiation is widely used in various chemical processes in order to intensify them and carry out processes within the framework of “green” chemistry approaches. In the last 10 years, there has been a significant increase in the number of scientific publications on the application of microwaves in catalytic reactions and synthesis of nanomaterials. It is known that heterogeneous catalysts obtained under microwave activation conditions have many advantages, such as improved catalytic characteristics and stability, and the synthesis of nanomaterials is accelerated several times compared to traditional methods used to produce catalysts. The present review article is to summarize the results of modern research on the use of microwave radiation for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalytic nanomaterials and discusses the prospects for research in the field of microwave-induced liquid-phase heterogeneous catalysis in hydrogenation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticle for Catalysis)
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