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New Non (Limited)-Toxic Antifouling Solutions
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New Non (Limited)-Toxic Antifouling Solutions

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Green Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 April 2014) | Viewed by 47275

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Daniel Rittschof

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
Interests: environmental toxicology; marine fouling; environmentally benign antifoulants; plastic pollution
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As we modify and limit natural ecosystems, the nature that remains is more vulnerable to perturbation. Inexorably our world is in transition from settlements in a wilderness to civilizations in an agricultural, aquacultural and global transport landscape. In this new global structure, environmental stewardship is increasingly important if we are to continue our fragile ability to maintain and support human populations. A major interface between man and his environments is management of undesirable biological activities that impact energy use, generation and delivery of sustenance and services essential to survival. Environmetnally benign biofouling management is of critical importance as we approach global carrying capacity for human populations. Our future depends upon environmentally appropriate management of fouling. This volume will address state-of-the-art research and the next generation of environmentally appropriate management.

Professor Daniel Rittschof
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • low toxicity fouling management
  • aquaculture fouling management
  • ballast water management
  • hull fouling management
  • net fouling
  • membrane fouling

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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621 KiB  
Editorial
Marketing Netcoatings for Aquaculture
by Robert J. Martin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(10), 18742-18746; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151018742 - 17 Oct 2014
Viewed by 4536
Abstract
Unsustainable harvesting of natural fish stocks is driving an ever growing marine aquaculture industry. Part of the aquaculture support industry is net suppliers who provide producers with nets used in confining fish while they are grown to market size. Biofouling must be addressed [...] Read more.
Unsustainable harvesting of natural fish stocks is driving an ever growing marine aquaculture industry. Part of the aquaculture support industry is net suppliers who provide producers with nets used in confining fish while they are grown to market size. Biofouling must be addressed in marine environments to ensure maximum product growth by maintaining water flow and waste removal through the nets. Biofouling is managed with copper and organic biocide based net coatings. The aquaculture industry provides a case study for business issues related to entry of improved fouling management technology into the marketplace. Several major hurdles hinder entry of improved novel technologies into the market. The first hurdle is due to the structure of business relationships. Net suppliers can actually cut their business profits dramatically by introducing improved technologies. A second major hurdle is financial costs of registration and demonstration of efficacy and quality product with a new technology. Costs of registration are prohibitive if only the net coatings market is involved. Demonstration of quality product requires collaboration and a team approach between formulators, net suppliers and farmers. An alternative solution is a vertically integrated business model in which the support business and product production business are part of the same company. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Non (Limited)-Toxic Antifouling Solutions)

Research

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2646 KiB  
Article
Comparing Biofouling Control Treatments for Use on Aquaculture Nets
by Geoffrey Swain and Nagahiko Shinjo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(12), 22142-22154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222142 - 2 Dec 2014
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6625
Abstract
Test panels comprised of uncoated, copper coated and silicone coated 7/8'' (22 mm) mesh knitted nylon net were evaluated to compare their properties and the effectiveness to prevent biofouling. This paper describes test procedures that were developed to quantify the performance in terms [...] Read more.
Test panels comprised of uncoated, copper coated and silicone coated 7/8'' (22 mm) mesh knitted nylon net were evaluated to compare their properties and the effectiveness to prevent biofouling. This paper describes test procedures that were developed to quantify the performance in terms of antifouling, cleanability, drag and cost. The copper treatment was the most effective at controlling fouling, however, the silicone treated nets were the easiest to clean. The drag forces on the net were a function of twine diameter, twine roughness and fouling. After immersion, the uncoated nets had the most drag followed by the silicone and copper treatments. The cost of applying silicone to nets is high; however, improved formulations may provide a non-toxic alternative to control fouling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Non (Limited)-Toxic Antifouling Solutions)
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1104 KiB  
Article
Concentration of Antifouling Biocides and Metals in Sediment Core Samples in the Northern Part of Hiroshima Bay
by Noritaka Tsunemasa and Hideo Yamazaki
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(6), 9991-10004; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15069991 - 4 Jun 2014
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6092
Abstract
Accumulation of Ot alternative antifoulants in sediment is the focus of this research. Much research had been done on surface sediment, but in this report, the accumulation in the sediment core was studied. The Ot alternative antifoulants, Diuron, Sea-Nine211, and Irgarol 1051, and [...] Read more.
Accumulation of Ot alternative antifoulants in sediment is the focus of this research. Much research had been done on surface sediment, but in this report, the accumulation in the sediment core was studied. The Ot alternative antifoulants, Diuron, Sea-Nine211, and Irgarol 1051, and the latter’s degradation product, M1, were investigated in five samples from the northern part of Hiroshima Bay. Ot compounds (tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT)) were also investigated for comparison. In addition, metal (Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) levels and chronology were measured to better understand what happens after accumulation on the sea floor. It was discovered that Ot alternative antifoulant accumulation characteristics in sediment were like Ot compounds, with the concentration in the sediment core being much higher than surface sediment. The concentration in sediment seems to have been affected by the regulation of Ot compounds in 1990, due to the concentration of Ot alternative antifoulants and Ot compounds at the survey point in front of the dock, showing an increase from almost the same layer after the regulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Non (Limited)-Toxic Antifouling Solutions)
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622 KiB  
Article
Searching for “Environmentally-Benign” Antifouling Biocides
by Yan Ting Cui, Serena L. M. Teo, Wai Leong and Christina L. L. Chai
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(6), 9255-9284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15069255 - 26 May 2014
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7709
Abstract
As the result of the ecological impacts from the use of tributyltins (TBT) in shipping, environmental legislation for the registration of chemicals for use in the environment has grown to a monumental challenge requiring product dossiers to include information on the environmental fate [...] Read more.
As the result of the ecological impacts from the use of tributyltins (TBT) in shipping, environmental legislation for the registration of chemicals for use in the environment has grown to a monumental challenge requiring product dossiers to include information on the environmental fate and behavior of any chemicals. Specifically, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, collectively known as PBT, are properties of concern in the assessment of chemicals. However, existing measurements of PBT properties are a cumbersome and expensive process, and thus not applied in the early stages of the product discovery and development. Inexpensive methods for preliminary PBT screening would minimize risks arising with the subsequent registration of products. In this article, we evaluated the PBT properties of compounds reported to possess anti-fouling properties using QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) prediction programs such as BIOWIN™ (a biodegradation probability program), KOWWIN™ (log octanol-water partition coefficient calculation program) and ECOSAR™ (Ecological Structure Activity Relationship Programme). The analyses identified some small (Mr < 400) synthetic and natural products as potential candidates for environmentally benign biocides. We aim to demonstrate that while these methods of estimation have limitations, when applied with discretion, they are powerful tools useful in the early stages of research for compound selection for further development as anti-foulants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Non (Limited)-Toxic Antifouling Solutions)
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1368 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Biofouling Bacteria and Profiling of Quorum Sensing Signal Molecules from Membrane Bioreactor Activated Sludge
by Harshad Lade, Diby Paul and Ji Hyang Kweon
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(2), 2255-2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15022255 - 4 Feb 2014
Cited by 78 | Viewed by 11542
Abstract
The formation of biofilm in a membrane bioreactor depends on the production of various signaling molecules like N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). In the present study, a total of 200 bacterial strains were isolated from membrane bioreactor activated sludge and screened for AHLs [...] Read more.
The formation of biofilm in a membrane bioreactor depends on the production of various signaling molecules like N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). In the present study, a total of 200 bacterial strains were isolated from membrane bioreactor activated sludge and screened for AHLs production using two biosensor systems, Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens A136. A correlation between AHLs production and biofilm formation has been made among screened AHLs producing strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed the dominance of Aeromonas and Enterobacter sp. in AHLs production; however few a species of Serratia, Leclercia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Raoultella and Citrobacter were also identified. The chromatographic characterization of sludge extract showed the presence of a broad range of quorum sensing signal molecules. Further identification of sludge AHLs by thin layer chromatography bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography confirms the presence of C4-HSL, C6-HSL, C8-HSL, 3-oxo-C8-HSL, C10-HSL, C12-HSL, 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C14-HSL. The occurrence of AHLs in sludge extract and dominance of Aeromonas and Enterobacter sp. in activated sludge suggests the key role of these bacterial strains in AHLs production and thereby membrane fouling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Non (Limited)-Toxic Antifouling Solutions)
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1145 KiB  
Article
Anti-Biofilm Performance of Three Natural Products against Initial Bacterial Attachment
by Maria Salta, Julian A. Wharton, Simon P. Dennington, Paul Stoodley and Keith R. Stokes
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(11), 21757-21780; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141121757 - 4 Nov 2013
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 10013
Abstract
Marine bacteria contribute significantly towards the fouling consortium, both directly (modern foul release coatings fail to prevent “slime” attachment) and indirectly (biofilms often excrete chemical cues that attract macrofouling settlement). This study assessed the natural product anti-biofilm performance of an extract of the [...] Read more.
Marine bacteria contribute significantly towards the fouling consortium, both directly (modern foul release coatings fail to prevent “slime” attachment) and indirectly (biofilms often excrete chemical cues that attract macrofouling settlement). This study assessed the natural product anti-biofilm performance of an extract of the seaweed, Chondrus crispus, and two isolated compounds from terrestrial sources, (+)-usnic acid and juglone, against two marine biofilm forming bacteria, Cobetia marina and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Bioassays were developed using quantitative imaging and fluorescent labelling to test the natural products over a range of concentrations against initial bacterial attachment. All natural products affected bacterial attachment; however, juglone demonstrated the best anti-biofilm performance against both bacterial species at a concentration range between 5–20 ppm. In addition, for the first time, a dose-dependent inhibition (hormetic) response was observed for natural products against marine biofilm forming bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Non (Limited)-Toxic Antifouling Solutions)
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