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Thyroid Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism
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Thyroid Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 25817

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Robert Krysiak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
Interests: thyroiditis; metformin; congenital adrenal hyperplasia; cardiometabolic risk

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Autoimmune thyroiditis is the most common thyroid disease, the major cause of thyroid hypofunction in developed countries and one of the most common human disorders worldwide. The disease is associated with antibody-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which leads to the progressive loss of follicular cells, the consequence of which is replacement of the thyroid tissue by lymphoid lymphocytic infiltrate, fibrotic reaction, and hypothyroidism. Despite the female predominance, an increasing number of men are being diagnosed with this disorder. Although highly prevalent, autoimmune thyroiditis still remains a poorly understood and understudied disorder of unknown pathogenesis, awaiting prevention strategies and new modes of treatment.

To fill the gap, this Special Issue entitled “Thyroid Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism” will comprise original research articles and topical reviews that describe studies related to all aspects of autoimmune thyroid disease, its complications, and other autoimmune endocrinopathies, which may lead to the design of specific tools for disease diagnosis, prevention, or treatment. Despite an emphasis on recent findings that elucidate disease pathogenesis at the molecular, genetic, or cellular level, all manuscripts containing relevant material are invited as well. There are no restrictions on the length of manuscripts, provided that the text is concise and comprehensive. 

Prof. Dr. Robert Krysiak
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • thyroiditis
  • hypothyroidism
  • thyroid disease
  • thyroid hypofunction
  • autoimmune endocrinopathies

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2337 KiB  
Article
The Role of Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) in the Development and Progression of Hashimoto’s Disease (HD): A Case Study on Female Patients in Poland
by Maria Klatka, Agnieszka Polak, Paulina Mertowska, Sebastian Mertowski, Jakub Łyczba, Anna Hymos, Izabela Korona-Głowniak and Ewelina Grywalska
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(6), 5344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065344 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1572
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, commonly known as HD, is one of the most common thyroid disorders. Due to the diverse factors affecting the etiopathogenesis of this disease (hormonal disorders and genetic and environmental factors), as well as the direct involvement of the immune system, [...] Read more.
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, commonly known as HD, is one of the most common thyroid disorders. Due to the diverse factors affecting the etiopathogenesis of this disease (hormonal disorders and genetic and environmental factors), as well as the direct involvement of the immune system, scientists are increasingly willing to undertake research aimed at explaining the impact of the loss of immune tolerance and reactivity of autoantigens on the development of the disease. One of the directions of research in recent years is the role of the innate immune response, particularly Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in the pathogenesis of HD. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression on selected populations of immune cells, namely, monocytes (MONs) and dendritic cells (DCs), in the course of HD. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of TLR2’s correlation with clinical parameters and the possibility its use as a potential biomarker molecule in the diagnostic process. Based on the obtained results, we found a statistically significant increase in the percentage of all analyzed populations of immune cells, i.e., mDC BDCA-1+CD19−, pDC BDCA-1+CD123, classical MONs CD14+CD16−, and non-classical MONs CD14+CD16+ showing on their surface TLR2 expression in patients diagnosed with HD compared to the healthy volunteers. Moreover, in the study group, we noted a more than 6-fold increase in the concentration of the soluble form of TLR2 in plasma compared to healthy patients. In addition, the correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between the level of TLR2 expression on selected subpopulations of immune cells and biochemical indicators of thyroid function. Based on the obtained results, we can assume that TLR2 may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of HD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism)
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13 pages, 1206 KiB  
Article
Impact of Antithyroperoxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO) on Ovarian Reserve and Early Embryo Development in Assisted Reproductive Technology Cycles
by Galina Kh. Safarian, Dariko A. Niauri, Igor Y. Kogan, Olesya N. Bespalova, Lyailya Kh. Dzhemlikhanova, Elena A. Lesik, Evgeniya M. Komarova, Inna O. Krikheli, Ksenia V. Obedkova, Nataliya N. Tkachenko, Yulia P. Milyutina, Aleksandr M. Gzgzyan and Yehuda Shoenfeld
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4705; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054705 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3217
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most common endocrinopathies and is more prevalent in women. It becomes evident that the circulating antithyroid antibodies that often follow AITD have effects on many tissues, including ovaries, and therefore that this common morbidity might [...] Read more.
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is one of the most common endocrinopathies and is more prevalent in women. It becomes evident that the circulating antithyroid antibodies that often follow AITD have effects on many tissues, including ovaries, and therefore that this common morbidity might have an impact on female fertility, the investigation of which is the aim of the present research. Ovarian reserve, ovarian response to stimulation and early embryo development in infertile patients with thyroid autoimmunity were assessed in 45 women with thyroid autoimmunity and 45 age-matched control patients undergoing infertility treatment. It was demonstrated that the presence of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies is associated with lower serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels and antral follicle count. Further investigation revealed the higher prevalence of sub-optimal response to ovarian stimulation in TAI-positive women, lower fertilization rate and lower number of high-quality embryos in this group of patients. The cut-off value for follicular fluid anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody affecting the above-mentioned parameters was determined to be 105.0 IU/mL, highlighting the necessity of closer monitoring in couples seeking infertility treatment with ART. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism)
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Review

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21 pages, 5466 KiB  
Review
Microbiota Alterations in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Systematic Review
by Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj, Dawid Gruszczyński, Natalia Zawalna, Kacper Nijakowski, Ilaria Muller, Tomasz Karpiński, Mario Salvi and Marek Ruchała
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 13450; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113450 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3819
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are chronic autoimmune disorders that cause impaired immunoregulation, leading to specific immune responses against thyroid antigens. Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) are the major forms of AITDs. Increasing evidence suggests a possible role of microbiota alterations in [...] Read more.
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are chronic autoimmune disorders that cause impaired immunoregulation, leading to specific immune responses against thyroid antigens. Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) are the major forms of AITDs. Increasing evidence suggests a possible role of microbiota alterations in the pathogenesis and progression of AITDs. This systematic review was designed to address the following question: “Is microbiota altered in patients with AITDs?” After screening the selected studies using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies were included in this review (in accordance with PRISMA statement guidelines). A meta-analysis revealed that patients with HT showed significantly higher values of diversity indices (except for the Simpson index) and that patients with GD showed significant tendencies toward lower values of all assessed indices compared with healthy subjects. However, the latter demonstrated a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria at the phylum level and thus Prevotella and Bifidobacterium at the genus level, respectively. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies showed the most significant positive and negative correlations between bacterial levels and thyroid functional parameters. In conclusion, significant alterations in the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota were observed in both GD and HT patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism)
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29 pages, 806 KiB  
Review
Metabolic Characteristics of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Patients and the Role of Microelements and Diet in the Disease Management—An Overview
by Aniceta A. Mikulska, Marta Karaźniewicz-Łada, Dorota Filipowicz, Marek Ruchała and Franciszek K. Główka
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(12), 6580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126580 - 13 Jun 2022
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 16317
Abstract
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is the most common autoimmune disease and the leading cause of hypothyroidism, in which damage to the thyroid gland occurs due to the infiltration of lymphocytes. It is characterized by increased levels of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. In [...] Read more.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is the most common autoimmune disease and the leading cause of hypothyroidism, in which damage to the thyroid gland occurs due to the infiltration of lymphocytes. It is characterized by increased levels of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. In this review, we present the metabolic profile, the effectiveness of micronutrient supplementation and the impact of dietary management in patients with HT. For this current literature review, the databases PubMed, Cochrane, Medline and Embase were reviewed from the last ten years until March 2022. This article provides a comprehensive overview of recent randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and clinical trials. Many patients with HT, even in the euthyroid state, have excess body weight, metabolic disorders, and reduced quality of life. Due to frequent concomitant nutritional deficiencies, the role of vitamin D, iodine, selenium, magnesium, iron and vitamin B12 is currently debated. Several studies have underlined the benefits of vitamin D and selenium supplementation. There is still no specific diet recommended for patients with HT, but a protective effect of an anti-inflammatory diet rich in vitamins and minerals and low in animal foods has been suggested. There is insufficient evidence to support a gluten-free diet for all HT patients. Pharmacotherapy, along with appropriate nutrition and supplementation, are important elements of medical care for patients with HT. The abovementioned factors may decrease autoantibody levels, improve thyroid function, slow down the inflammatory process, maintain proper body weight, relieve symptoms, and prevent nutritional deficiencies and the development of metabolic disorders in patients with HT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism)
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