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Retinal Imaging: Clinical Applications, Updates and Perspectives
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Retinal Imaging: Clinical Applications, Updates and Perspectives

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2024) | Viewed by 2560

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andreas Pollreisz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Interests: widefield OCT; adaptive optics OCT; diabetic retinopathy; age-related macular degeneration; multimodal imaging; minimally invasive vitreoretinal surgery; retinal pigment epithelium
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Thomas Ach

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
Interests: fundus autofluorescence; quantitative fundus autofluorescence; optical coherence tomography; age-related macular degeneration; diabetic retinopathy; chloroquine maculopathy; multimodal imaging; retinal pigment epithelium; minimally invasive retinal surgery

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Retinal imaging is essential for the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment decisions of retinal diseases. Currently, there are a number of imaging modalities available, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, autofluorescence, widefield color fundus/fluorescein/indocyanine green imaging or adaptive optics-assisted imaging (OCT, scanning laser ophthalmoscope). These cutting-edge technologies allow the visualization of a wide range of different aspects of the retina from a scale where individual cells are visible up to the depiction of a large field of views covering retinal areas even in the far periphery. Some of these novel imaging systems still require clinical validation to prove their applicability in routine clinical practice, particularly with new treatment modalities on the horizon. The ultimate goal of these imaging advancements is to positively support the clinician’s approach for diagnosing and treating various vitreoretinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vessel occlusions, retinal detachment, uveitis, retinal dystrophies and others.

The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight recent advancements in any aspects of retinal imaging in the form of original contributions and reviews.

Dr. Andreas Pollreisz
Dr. Thomas Ach
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • optical coherence tomography
  • widefield imaging
  • adaptive optics-assisted imaging
  • retinal diseases
  • fundus autofluorescence
  • quantitative fundus autofluorescence

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 4328 KiB  
Article
Imaging the Area of Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling after Macular Hole Surgery
by Christoph R. Clemens, Justus Obergassel, Peter Heiduschka, Nicole Eter and Florian Alten
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3938; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133938 - 4 Jul 2024
Viewed by 459
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to compare en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) imaging at different wavelengths to identify the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling area after primary surgery with vitrectomy and ILM peeling [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of this study was to compare en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) imaging at different wavelengths to identify the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling area after primary surgery with vitrectomy and ILM peeling for macular hole (MH). Methods: In total, 50 eyes of 50 consecutive patients who underwent primary surgery with vitrectomy and ILM peeling for MH were studied. The true ILM rhexis based on intraoperative color fundus photography was compared to the presumed ILM rhexis identified by a blinded examiner using en-face OCT imaging and cSLO images at various wavelengths. To calculate the fraction of overlap (FoO), the common intersecting area and the total of both areas were measured. Results: The FoO for the measured areas was 0.93 ± 0.03 for en-face OCT, 0.76 ± 0.06 for blue reflectance (BR; 488 nm), 0.71 ± 0.09 for green reflectance (GR; 514 nm), 0.56 ± 0.07 for infrared reflectance (IR; 815 nm) and 0.73 ± 0.06 for multispectral (MS). The FoO in the en-face OCT group was significantly higher than in all other groups, whereas the FoO in the IR group was significantly lower compared to all other groups. No significant differences were observed in FoO among the MS, BR, and GR groups. In en-face OCT, there was no significant change in the ILM peeled area measured intraoperatively and postoperatively (8.37 ± 3.01 vs. 8.24 ± 2.81 mm2; p = 0.8145). Nasal-inferior foveal displacement was observed in 38 eyes (76%). Conclusions: En-face OCT imaging demonstrates reliable postoperative visualization of the ILM peeled area. Although the size of the ILM peeling remains stable after one month, our findings indicate a notable inferior-nasal shift of the overall ILM peeling area towards the optic disc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Imaging: Clinical Applications, Updates and Perspectives)
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13 pages, 1265 KiB  
Article
Microvascular Density Analysis of Patients with Inactive Systemic Lupus Erythematosus—A Two-Year Follow-Up Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study
by Martin Dominik Leclaire, Eliane Luisa Esser, Sebastian Dierse, Raphael Koch, Julian Alexander Zimmermann, Jens Julian Storp, Marie-Louise Gunnemann, Larissa Lahme, Nicole Eter and Nataša Mihailovic
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2979; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102979 - 18 May 2024
Viewed by 532
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aims to investigate the long-term effect of inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on the retinal microcirculation measured via optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Methods: Twenty-four eyes of 24 patients with inactive SLE under hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy were included. The OCT-A [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study aims to investigate the long-term effect of inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on the retinal microcirculation measured via optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Methods: Twenty-four eyes of 24 patients with inactive SLE under hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy were included. The OCT-A data (mainly vessel density (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) data of the superficial and of the deep capillary plexus (SCP, DCP) and the choriocapillaris (CC)) were analyzed and compared between the baseline examination (t0) and 2 years later (t1). Results: At t1, VD in the whole en face SCP and in the CC was notably reduced compared to t0 (SCP: p = 0.001, CC: p = 0.013). VD in the DCP, CRT and FAZ area showed no difference at t1 compared to t0 (DCP: p = 0.128, FAZ: p = 0.332, CRT fovea: p = 0.296). Correlation analysis between the increase in cumulative doses of HCQ between t0 and t1 and the VD of the whole en face SCP did not show any correlation (Spearman r = 0.062 (95% CI −0.367; 0.477). Conclusions: SLE patients demonstrated a decrease in the retinal VD of the SCP and CC over a 2-year period. There was no correlation with the change in cumulative doses of HCQ. These results suggest an ongoing effect of the disease on the retinal and choriocapillary microcirculation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Imaging: Clinical Applications, Updates and Perspectives)
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10 pages, 2080 KiB  
Article
Macular Microvascular Perfusion Status in Hypertensive Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
by Heiko Stino, Elisa de Llano Pato, Irene Steiner, Nikolaus Mahnert, Maximilian Pawloff, Matthias Hasun, Franz Weidinger, Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth and Andreas Pollreisz
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(17), 5493; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175493 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1158
Abstract
To compare retinal microvascular perfusion between the eyes of hypertensive patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD), the vessel density (VD) and fractal dimension (FD) of the superficial (SVP) and deep retinal vascular plexus (DVP) were analyzed on 6 × 6 mm [...] Read more.
To compare retinal microvascular perfusion between the eyes of hypertensive patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD), the vessel density (VD) and fractal dimension (FD) of the superficial (SVP) and deep retinal vascular plexus (DVP) were analyzed on 6 × 6 mm fovea-centered optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images of patients with hypertension. The retina was divided into an inner ring (IR) and outer ring (OR) according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined and CKD was diagnosed (GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Ninety-six eyes from 52 patients with hypertension were included in this analysis. Twenty patients (n = 37 eyes) were diagnosed with CKD. The mean age was 69 ± 11.7 years and 60.4 ± 9.2 years in the CKD group and in the control group, respectively. The univariate model revealed a significant difference in VD between patients without and with CKD in the superficial IR (0.36 ± 0.03 vs. 0.34 ± 0.04, p = 0.03), the superficial OR (0.35 ± 0.02 vs. 0.33 ± 0.04, p = 0.02), the deep OR (0.24 ± 0.01 vs. 0.23 ± 0.02, p = 0.003), and the FD in the SVP (1.87 ± 0.01 vs. 1.86 ± 0.02, p = 0.02) and DVP (1.83 ± 0.01 vs. 1.82 ± 0.01, p = 0.006). After adjusting for age and sex, these differences did not remain statistically significant. Similar results were observed for the FD in the SVP and DVP. In our cohort, patients with hypertension and CKD did not differ from patients without CKD in regard to microvascular perfusion status in the macular area as assessed using OCTA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Imaging: Clinical Applications, Updates and Perspectives)
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