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J. Intell.
Special Issues
Personality and Individual Differences
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Personality and Individual Differences

A special issue of Journal of Intelligence (ISSN 2079-3200).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2023) | Viewed by 16166

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kay Brauer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
Interests: psychological assessment; dispositions toward ridicule and being laughed at; adult playfulness; romantic relationships; interpersonal perception
Prof. Dr. René Proyer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
Interests: adult playfulness; humor research; test development

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The field of research into cognitive abilities is increasingly interested in examining the role of non-cognitive, interindividual difference variables (e.g., broad and narrow personality traits) to understand the antecedents of intelligence. In this Special Issue, we aim to extend the understanding of the associations and the potential interplay between cognitive abilities and non-cognitive individual difference variables.

We welcome submissions that examine basic research questions (e.g., associations between intelligence and non-cognitive constructs) and applied research questions (e.g., testing and comparing the predictive power of cognitive and non-variables on external indicators such as school grades or indicators of health). Additionally, we particularly invite submissions that extend the unit of analysis from individuals to dyads or groups. This might include research into the interpersonal perception of intelligence (e.g., accuracy and biases) and/or the role of cognitive abilities in social relationships (e.g., in couples or among workers). In line with the Journal of Intelligence’s scope, we also welcome review articles, theoretical contributions, meta-analyses, and commentaries (see Aims and Scope for an overview). 

Please note that the “Planned Papers” Section on the webpage does not imply that these papers will eventually be accepted; all manuscripts will be subject to the journal’s normal and rigorous peer review process.

Dr. Kay Brauer
Prof. Dr. René Proyer
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Intelligence is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • individual differences, non-cognitive
  • personality
  • intelligence

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 227 KiB  
Editorial
Introduction to the Special Issue “Personality and Individual Differences”
by Kay Brauer and René T. Proyer
J. Intell. 2024, 12(8), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12080078 - 8 Aug 2024
Viewed by 376
Abstract
The study of intelligence is one of the foundations of scientific psychology, and for more than a century, researchers from psychology and other disciplines such as neuroscience, genetics, and education have been interested in extending the knowledge about the structure and correlates of [...] Read more.
The study of intelligence is one of the foundations of scientific psychology, and for more than a century, researchers from psychology and other disciplines such as neuroscience, genetics, and education have been interested in extending the knowledge about the structure and correlates of intelligence [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality and Individual Differences)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

20 pages, 3139 KiB  
Article
Personality Traits and Family SES Moderate the Relationship between Media Multitasking and Reasoning Performance
by Yuning Ma, Jinrong Yin, Hongzhou Xuan, Xuezhu Ren, Jie He and Tengfei Wang
J. Intell. 2024, 12(6), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12060058 - 3 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 525
Abstract
The prevalence of media multitasking has raised concerns regarding its potential impact on cognitive abilities. Despite increasing attention given to this topic, there remains no consensus on how media multitasking is related to cognitive performance. This study aims to shed light on this [...] Read more.
The prevalence of media multitasking has raised concerns regarding its potential impact on cognitive abilities. Despite increasing attention given to this topic, there remains no consensus on how media multitasking is related to cognitive performance. This study aims to shed light on this issue by examining whether and how personality traits and family socioeconomic status (SES) moderate the relationship between media multitasking and reasoning performance. To this end, a large sample of university students (n = 777) completed a battery of measures, including the Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices, the Media Multitasking Inventory, the Big Five Inventory, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the Grit Scale, and the Family SES Questionnaire. Results revealed a negative correlation between media multitasking and reasoning performance. However, this relationship was substantially moderated by conscientiousness, extraversion, openness, and family SES. Specifically, media multitasking was more detrimental to reasoning performance among individuals with lower levels of conscientiousness, extraversion, openness, and family SES, whereas it was less detrimental to counterparts with higher levels of these personality traits and family SES. The proposed moderation model, for the first time, not only offers novel insights into the theoretical accounts regarding how media multitasking relates to cognitive abilities, but also identifies the protective factors that may buffer the negative impacts of media multitasking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality and Individual Differences)
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11 pages, 608 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Thinking Dispositions, Working Memory, and Critical Thinking Ability in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis
by Shuangshuang Li, Ziyue Wang and Yijia Sun
J. Intell. 2024, 12(6), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12060052 - 21 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1035
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that thinking dispositions and working memory are closely related to students’ critical thinking ability. However, little is known about whether bidirectionality between thinking dispositions, working memory, and critical thinking ability exists in adolescence. This study, therefore, explored this aspect [...] Read more.
Previous studies have demonstrated that thinking dispositions and working memory are closely related to students’ critical thinking ability. However, little is known about whether bidirectionality between thinking dispositions, working memory, and critical thinking ability exists in adolescence. This study, therefore, explored this aspect across two time points. Participants were 509 Chinese adolescents (mean age at Time 1 = 14.09 years; 59.7% girls). At Time 1, adolescents were administered the measures of thinking dispositions, working memory, and critical thinking ability. They were reassessed using these measures at Time 2 one year later. The results revealed a bidirectional longitudinal relationship between adolescents’ thinking dispositions and critical thinking ability, suggesting that thinking dispositions at Time 1 predicted critical thinking ability at Time 2; critical thinking ability at Time 1 also predicted subsequent thinking dispositions in adolescents. Furthermore, working memory at Time 1 showed a larger predictive effect on critical thinking ability at Time 2 compared with thinking dispositions at Time 1. These findings underscore the role of early thinking dispositions and working memory in promoting adolescents’ critical thinking ability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality and Individual Differences)
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33 pages, 1367 KiB  
Article
Adding a Piece to the Puzzle? The Allocation of Figurative Language Comprehension into the CHC Model of Cognitive Abilities
by Andra Biesok, Matthias Ziegler, Christiane Montag and Ivan Nenchev
J. Intell. 2024, 12(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12030029 - 1 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1797
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the allocation of figurative language comprehension (FLC) within the Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) model of cognitive abilities, using three newly developed tests: the Reverse Paraphrase Test (RPT), the Literal Paraphrase Test (LPT), and the Proverb Test (PT). The analysis of [...] Read more.
The study aimed to investigate the allocation of figurative language comprehension (FLC) within the Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) model of cognitive abilities, using three newly developed tests: the Reverse Paraphrase Test (RPT), the Literal Paraphrase Test (LPT), and the Proverb Test (PT). The analysis of a sample of 909 participants revealed that the RPT and LPT measured a unidimensional construct of FLC, while the PT was excluded due to insufficient fit. Combining RPT and LPT items, various models were evaluated, with a bifactor S-1 model showing the best fit, indicating the influence of a general factor (representing FLC) and test-specific method factors. The study explored FLC allocation within the CHC model, supporting its consideration as a distinct factor under the g factor. Examining the nomological network, significant correlations emerged between the Intellectual Curiosity and Aesthetic Sensitivity facets of Openness and FLC, which were comparable in size to the relation with general ability. In conclusion, the study enhances the understanding of FLC within the CHC model, advocating its recognition as a distinct factor. Correlations with Openness facets suggest valuable insights into the interplay between cognitive abilities and personality, necessitating further research for a deeper exploration of this relation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality and Individual Differences)
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25 pages, 456 KiB  
Article
Who Wants to Enhance Their Cognitive Abilities? Potential Predictors of the Acceptance of Cognitive Enhancement
by Sandra Grinschgl, Anna-Lena Berdnik, Elisabeth Stehling, Gabriela Hofer and Aljoscha C. Neubauer
J. Intell. 2023, 11(6), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11060109 - 1 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2965
Abstract
With advances in new technologies, the topic of cognitive enhancement has been at the center of public debate in recent years. Various enhancement methods (e.g., brain stimulation, smart drugs, or working memory training) promise improvements in one’s cognitive abilities such as intelligence and [...] Read more.
With advances in new technologies, the topic of cognitive enhancement has been at the center of public debate in recent years. Various enhancement methods (e.g., brain stimulation, smart drugs, or working memory training) promise improvements in one’s cognitive abilities such as intelligence and memory. Although these methods have been rather ineffective so far, they are largely available to the general public and can be applied individually. As applying enhancement might be accompanied by certain risks, it is important to understand which individuals seek to enhance themselves. For instance, individuals’ intelligence, personality, and interests might predict their willingness to get enhanced. Thus, in a preregistered study, we asked 257 participants about their acceptance of various enhancement methods and tested predictors thereof, such as participants’ psychometrically measured and self-estimated intelligence. While both measured and self-estimated intelligence as well as participants’ implicit beliefs about intelligence, did not predict participants’ acceptance of enhancement; a younger age, higher interest in science-fiction, and (partially) higher openness as well as lower conscientiousness did. Thus, certain interests and personality traits might contribute to the willingness to enhance one’s cognition. Finally, we discuss the need for replication and argue for testing other potential predictors of the acceptance of cognitive enhancement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality and Individual Differences)
28 pages, 1013 KiB  
Article
Five-Factor Model and DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorder Profile Construction: Associations with Cognitive Ability and Clinical Symptoms
by Chloe Lau, R. Michael Bagby, Bruce G. Pollock and Lena Quilty
J. Intell. 2023, 11(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11040071 - 8 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4446
Abstract
Although numerous studies have explored latent profiles using the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of normative personality, no studies have investigated how broad personality traits (i.e., FFM) and pathological personality traits using the alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD) may combine for latent personality profiles. [...] Read more.
Although numerous studies have explored latent profiles using the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of normative personality, no studies have investigated how broad personality traits (i.e., FFM) and pathological personality traits using the alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD) may combine for latent personality profiles. The present study recruited outpatients (N = 201) who completed the Big Five Aspects Scales (BFAS), Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P), gambling and alcohol use measures, and the Weschler Intelligence subtests. When FFM and AMPD measures were combined, latent profile analyses revealed four profiles, Internalizing-Thought disorder, Externalizing, Average-Detached, and Adaptive. Detachment and openness to experience were the most and least essential traits for profile distinction, respectively. No associations between group membership and cognitive ability measures were found. Internalizing-Thought disorder membership was linked with a current mood and anxiety disorder diagnosis. Externalizing profile membership was associated with younger age, problematic gambling, alcohol use, and a current substance use disorder diagnosis. The four FFM–AMPD profiles overlapped with the four FFM-only and three AMPD-only profiles. Overall, the FFM–AMPD profiles appeared to have better convergent and discriminant validity with DSM-relevant psychopathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality and Individual Differences)
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22 pages, 839 KiB  
Article
The Construct Validity of Intellect and Openness as Distinct Aspects of Personality through Differential Associations with Reaction Time
by Emily A. Willoughby, Yuri Kim, James J. Lee and Colin G. DeYoung
J. Intell. 2023, 11(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11020030 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3002
Abstract
The construct validity of group factor models of personality, which are typically derived from factor analysis of questionnaire items, relies on the ability of each factor to predict meaningful and differentiated real-world outcomes. In a sample of 481 participants, we used the Big [...] Read more.
The construct validity of group factor models of personality, which are typically derived from factor analysis of questionnaire items, relies on the ability of each factor to predict meaningful and differentiated real-world outcomes. In a sample of 481 participants, we used the Big Five Aspect Scales (BFAS) personality questionnaire, two laboratory-measured reaction time (RT) tasks, and a short-form test of cognitive ability (ICAR-16) to test the hypothesis that the Intellect and Openness aspects of Big Five Openness to Experience differentially correlate with reaction time moments. We found that higher scores on the Intellect aspect significantly correlate with faster and less variable response times, while no such association is observed for the Openness aspect. Further, we found that this advantage lies solely in the decisional, but not perceptual, stage of information processing; no other Big Five aspect showed a similar pattern of results. In sum, these findings represent the largest and most comprehensive study to date on personality factors and reaction time, and the first to demonstrate a mechanistic validation of BFAS Intellect through a differential pattern of associations with RT and Big Five personality aspects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality and Individual Differences)
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