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Life
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Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19
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Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 11729

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alessia Verduri

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Guest Editor
Respiratory Unit, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Hospital Policlinico, Modena, Italy
Interests: COPD; dyspnea; frailty; ageing; COVID-19; asthma; interstitial lung disease; pleural disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It has been more than three years since COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic. Since that point, we have experienced profound changes in the ways that we work, socialise, and learn. The severity of this transformation has allowed us to examine daily practices, social norms, institutions, and the positive and negative aspects of our former lifestyles. The pandemic compelled us to appreciate the precious details of our lives that we have taken for granted: workplaces, human touch, parties, travel, and access to and the utilisation of healthcare facilities. We are thus able to reflect on the ways we live now in order to modify our cultures and find different ways to improve the quality of life for future generations. Many trends that had already started before COVID-19 have been accelerated by the impact of the pandemic. Examples include the digital economy, with the rise of telemedicine in the healthcare delivery services.

One of the hardest things to deal with in this period was maintaining physical distance. Physical interactions are an essential part of human social experience, and they are particularly important for the development of young people. Social distancing, school closures, and physical isolation from friends have been especially challenging for adolescents. Some have subsequently experienced feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and sadness. Remote learning and homeworking under lockdown have also impacted the wellbeing of university students and young workers. Over the course of the pandemic, people of all ages reported symptoms consistent with anxiety and depression, regardless of severity of any viral infection. Additionally, increasing evidence of post-COVID long-term effects has been reported in the literature. Long COVID describes a range of symptoms, including fatigue, dyspnea, brain fog, and mental health disorders.

COVID is becoming endemic, which means that we will live with it as we do with the flu, i.e., without consequences as severe as those seen in the first three years. However, while some countries have reported a decline in COVID-19 cases and deaths, largely due to high vaccination coverage, there is still a relevant public health concern about refugees and unvaccinated people in many developing countries. The behaviour we all exhibit and the epidemiology of the virus itself are extremely important. New SARS-CoV-2 variants show increasing levels of concern and are likely to impact the epidemiological situation worldwide.

This Special Issue aims to provide a collection of high-quality data and new insights into COVID-19. We invite healthcare professionals and researchers involved in COVID-19 to submit original research articles or reviews to Life. Papers will be peer-reviewed by experts in the field.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Healthcare.

Dr. Alessia Verduri
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • COVID-19
  • telemedicine
  • pandemic-related anxiety
  • pandemic-related depression
  • long COVID
  • unvaccinated people
  • new SARS-CoV-2 variants

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 279 KiB  
Article
Relationship of Non-Invasive Arterial Stiffness Parameters with 10-Year Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score in Post-COVID-19 Patients—The Results of a Cross-Sectional Study
by Danuta Loboda, Beata Sarecka-Hujar, Marta Nowacka-Chmielewska, Izabela Szoltysek-Boldys, Wioleta Zielinska-Danch, Michal Gibinski, Jacek Wilczek, Rafal Gardas, Mateusz Grabowski, Mateusz Lejawa, Andrzej Malecki and Krzysztof S. Golba
Life 2024, 14(9), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091105 - 2 Sep 2024
Viewed by 528
Abstract
This study evaluated the relationship of non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters with an individual 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events in the cohort post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study group included 203 convalescents aged 60.0 (55.0–63.0) and 115 (56.7%) [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the relationship of non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters with an individual 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events in the cohort post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study group included 203 convalescents aged 60.0 (55.0–63.0) and 115 (56.7%) women. The ASCVD risk was assessed as low to moderate to very high based on medical history (for 62 participants with pre-existing ASCVD/diabetes/chronic kidney disease in the entire cohort) or calculated in percentages using the Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 (SCORE2) algorithm based on age, sex, smoking status, systolic blood pressure (BP), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (for 141 healthy participants). The stiffness index (SI) and reflection index (RI) measured by photoplethysmography, as well as pulse pressure (PP), calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic BP, were markers of arterial stiffness. Stiffness parameters increased significantly with the increase in ASCVD risk in the entire cohort. In 30 (14.8%) patients in the low- to moderate-risk group, the median SI was 8.07 m/s (7.10–8.73), RI 51.40% (39.40–65.60), and PP 45.50 mmHg (40.00–57.00); in 111 (54.7%) patients in the high-risk group, the median SI was 8.70 m/s (7.40–10.03), RI 57.20% (43.65–68.40), and PP 54.00 mmHg (46.00–60.75); and in 62 (30.5%) patients in the very-high-risk group, the median was SI 9.27 m/s (7.57–10.44), RI 59.00% (50.40–72.40), and PP 60.00 mmHg (51.00–67.00). In healthy participants, the SI ≤ 9.0 m/s (sensitivity of 92.31%, area under the curve [AUC] 0.686, p < 0.001) based on the receiver operating characteristics was the most sensitive variable for discriminating low to moderate risk, and PP > 56.0 mmHg (sensitivity of 74.36%, AUC 0.736, p < 0.001) was used for discriminating very high risk. In multivariate logistic regression, younger age, female sex, PP ≤ 50 mmHg, SI ≤ 9.0 m/s, and triglycerides < 150 mg/dL had the best relationship with low to moderate SCORE2 risk. In turn, older age, currently smoking, PP > 56.0 mmHg, RI > 68.6%, and diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg were related to very high SCORE2 risk. In conclusion, arterial stiffness is significantly related to ASCVD risk in post-COVID-19 patients and can be helpful as a single risk marker in everyday practice. Cut-off points for arterial stiffness parameters determined based on SCORE2 may help make individual decisions about implementing lifestyle changes or pharmacological treatment of ASCVD risk factors Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19)
16 pages, 1240 KiB  
Article
Motor and Respiratory Tele-Rehabilitation in Patients with Long COVID-19 after Hospital Discharge: An Interventional Study
by Serena Cerfoglio, Federica Verme, Paolo Capodaglio, Paolo Rossi, Viktoria Cvetkova, Gabriele Boldini, Manuela Galli and Veronica Cimolin
Life 2024, 14(7), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070864 - 10 Jul 2024
Viewed by 726
Abstract
The persistence of symptoms following COVID-19 infection represents a significant challenge in healthcare management. During the outbreak, tele-rehabilitation emerged as a new tool to support healthcare structures in providing rehabilitation services. This study assessed the effectiveness and the feasibility of a 3-week home-based [...] Read more.
The persistence of symptoms following COVID-19 infection represents a significant challenge in healthcare management. During the outbreak, tele-rehabilitation emerged as a new tool to support healthcare structures in providing rehabilitation services. This study assessed the effectiveness and the feasibility of a 3-week home-based motor and respiratory rehabilitation program for individuals with long COVID-19 after traditional rehabilitation. Twenty-three patients completed the program and underwent functional tests at different time points (i.e., baseline, at discharge from in-hospital rehabilitation and after tele-rehabilitation). Motor function was evaluated using the instrumented Six-Minutes Walking Test (i6MWT), with monitored heart rate and oxygen saturation. Additionally, respiratory function was measured via forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) tests. Significant improvements (p < 0.05) in motor and respiratory function were observed throughout the intervention, including an 18.3% increase in walked distance from the baseline. The findings suggest that the proposed home-based tele-rehabilitation shows potential in enhancing motor and respiratory function in patients with long COVID. Despite limitations such as the small sample size, lack of control group and the preliminary nature of the outcomes observed, the overall findings seem to support the feasibility of the proposed tele-rehabilitation program in managing long COVID symptoms and promoting functional recovery. Nevertheless, further research is needed to validate these findings and explore tele-rehabilitation’s potential in broader and different patient populations Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19)
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7 pages, 538 KiB  
Article
Management of Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Emergencies during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Experience of a Center of Excellence
by Cristian Iorga, Cristina Raluca Iorga, Iuliana Andreiana, Simona Hildegard Stancu, Iustinian Bengulescu, Traian Constantin and Victor Strambu
Life 2024, 14(7), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070805 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 939
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic struck unexpectedly; emergency services and chronic care institutions, including dialysis centers, were overloaded. A significant problem was the care of COVID-positive patients alongside the care of chronically dialyzed patients who presented emergencies. In our hospital, which became a COVID support [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic struck unexpectedly; emergency services and chronic care institutions, including dialysis centers, were overloaded. A significant problem was the care of COVID-positive patients alongside the care of chronically dialyzed patients who presented emergencies. In our hospital, which became a COVID support center for dialysis patients with severe forms of the disease, we had to care for PD patients with dialysis-related emergencies. We present two cases of patients managed on an outpatient basis or 1-day hospitalization who were treated successfully without compromising the quality of the care provided. We used remote monitoring, worked in a multidisciplinary team, and shortened the duration of the patients’ hospitalization (and implicitly the risk of contact). In pandemic conditions, the advantage of PD was the possibility of patient isolation; in the first 6 months of the pandemic, we recorded no deaths in this category of patients. In hemodialysis patients, infection and mortality rates were high. Although we expected an increase in the number of peritoneal dialysis patients in the post-pandemic period, this did not happen. We continue to plead for the popularization of the PD method among patients and doctors, which has proven advantages in pandemic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19)
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8 pages, 233 KiB  
Article
Temporal Variations in Convergence Insufficiency Symptomatic Status among University Students before and after COVID-19: A Longitudinal Analysis from 2018 to 2023
by Hugo Pena-Verdeal, Veronica Noya-Padin, Jacobo Garcia-Queiruga, Noelia Nores-Palmas, Maria J. Giraldez and Eva Yebra-Pimentel
Life 2024, 14(7), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070800 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 889
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the symptomatic status of Convergence Insufficiency (CI) in university students from 2018 to 2023 considering the educational environment pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic confinements. A Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) was conducted annually from 2018 to 2023, excluding [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to assess the symptomatic status of Convergence Insufficiency (CI) in university students from 2018 to 2023 considering the educational environment pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic confinements. A Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) was conducted annually from 2018 to 2023, excluding 2020, in an initial group of 217 third-year Optics and Optometry degree university student participants. In the final group (178 participants), the statistical differences in CISS scores between years were analysed, both overall and by questionnaire subgroup, along with associations between CISS diagnostic categories before and after 2020. Significant differences were found between years in the subscale and total score analyses (Kruskal–Wallis, both p ≤ 0.049). Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences for the performance subgroup in 2021 vs. 2019 and 2018 (Mann–Whitney, both p ≤ 0.004), while in terms of the total score, there was a statistical difference in 2021 vs. 2018 (Mann–Whitney, p < 0.001). The distribution analysis indicated a significant difference between groups (Chi, p = 0.004), with participants from 2021 or later more likely to exhibit higher CISS scores (OR = 3.47, 95%CI 1.04–8.58). The present study shows significant temporal increments in symptomatic status related to CI among university students from 2018 to 2023, indicating a potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic educational landscape on these outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19)
12 pages, 1734 KiB  
Article
SARS-CoV-2 Positivity in Foreign-Born Adults: A Retrospective Study in Verona, Northeast Italy
by Virginia Lotti, Gianluca Spiteri, Gulser Caliskan, Maria Grazia Lourdes Monaco, Davide Gibellini, Giuseppe Verlato and Stefano Porru
Life 2024, 14(6), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060663 - 22 May 2024
Viewed by 721
Abstract
We compared SARS-CoV-2 positivity between the foreign-born adult working population and Italians living in the Verona area to investigate whether being a foreign-born adult could confer an increased risk of infection or lead to a diagnostic delay. The present study included 105,774 subjects, [...] Read more.
We compared SARS-CoV-2 positivity between the foreign-born adult working population and Italians living in the Verona area to investigate whether being a foreign-born adult could confer an increased risk of infection or lead to a diagnostic delay. The present study included 105,774 subjects, aged 18–65 years, tested for SARS-CoV-2 by nasopharyngeal swabs and analyzed at the University Hospital of Verona between January 2020 and September 2022. A logistic regression model was used, controlling for gender, age, time of sampling, and source of referral. A higher proportion of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in Italian (30.09%) than in foreign-born (25.61%) adults was reported, with a higher proportion of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in men than women in both cohorts analyzed. The difference in swab positivity among Italian and foreign-born adults was the highest in people aged 18–29 years (31.5% vs. 23.3%) and tended to disappear thereafter. Swab positivity became comparable between Italian and foreign-born adults during the vaccination campaign. Multivariable analysis confirmed the lower risk of swab positivity among foreign-born adults (OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.82–0.89). In the Verona area, foreign-born adults showed a lower rate of SARS-CoV-2 positivity than the native population, likely because of underdiagnosis. Hence, public health should increase attention toward these particularly vulnerable populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19)
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12 pages, 795 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Association between Biomarkers and COVID-19 Mortality Using the Joint Modelling Approach
by Matteo Di Maso, Serena Delbue, Maurizio Sampietro, Monica Ferraroni, Annalisa Modenese, Maria Dolci, Federico Ambrogi and Pasquale Ferrante
Life 2024, 14(3), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14030343 - 6 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1062
Abstract
We evaluated the association between biomarkers and COVID-19 mortality. Baseline characteristics of 403 COVID-19 patients included sex and age; biomarkers, measured throughout the follow-up, included lymphocytes, neutrophils, ferritin, C-reactive protein, glucose, and LDH. Hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% credible intervals (CIs) were [...] Read more.
We evaluated the association between biomarkers and COVID-19 mortality. Baseline characteristics of 403 COVID-19 patients included sex and age; biomarkers, measured throughout the follow-up, included lymphocytes, neutrophils, ferritin, C-reactive protein, glucose, and LDH. Hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% credible intervals (CIs) were estimated through joint models (JMs) using a Bayesian approach. We fitted univariable (a single biomarker) and multivariable (all biomarkers) JMs. In univariable analyses, all biomarkers were significantly associated with COVID-19 mortality. In multivariable analysis, HRs were 1.78 (95% CI: 1.13–2.87) with a doubling of neutrophils levels, 1.49 (95% CI: 1.19–1.95) with a doubling of C-reactive protein levels, 2.66 (95% CI: 1.45–4.95) for an increase of 100 mg/dL of glucose, and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.12–1.55) for an increase of 100 U/L of LDH. No evidence of association was observed for lymphocytes and ferritin in multivariable analysis. Men had a higher COVID-19 mortality risk than women (HR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.07–2.80) and age showed the strongest effect with a rapid increase from 60 years. These findings using JM confirm the usefulness of biomarkers in assessing COVID-19 severity and mortality. Monitoring trend patterns of such biomarkers can provide additional help in tailoring the appropriate care pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19)
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Review

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13 pages, 509 KiB  
Review
Acute Myocardial Infarction during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Long-Term Outcomes and Prognosis—A Systematic Review
by Marius Rus, Adriana Ioana Ardelean, Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara and Georgiana Carmen Filimon
Life 2024, 14(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14020202 - 31 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2420
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was a global pandemic with high mortality and morbidity that led to an increased health burden all over the world. Although the virus mostly affects the pulmonary tract, cardiovascular implications are often observed among COVID-19 patients and are predictive [...] Read more.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was a global pandemic with high mortality and morbidity that led to an increased health burden all over the world. Although the virus mostly affects the pulmonary tract, cardiovascular implications are often observed among COVID-19 patients and are predictive of poor outcomes. Increased values of myocardial biomarkers such as troponin I or NT-proBNP were proven to be risk factors for respiratory failure. Although the risk of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) was greater in the acute phase of COVID-19, there were lower rates of hospitalization for ACSs, due to patients’ hesitation in presenting at the hospital. Hospitalized ACSs patients with COVID-19 infection had a prolonged symptom-to-first-medical-contact time, and longer door-to-balloon time. The mechanisms of myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients are still not entirely clear; however, the most frequently implicated factors include the downregulation of ACE2 receptors, endothelial dysfunction, pro-coagulant status, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the long-term outcomes and prognosis of COVID-19 survivors that presented an acute myocardial infarction, by reviewing existing data. The importance of the association between this infectious disease and myocardial infarction arises from the increased mortality of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and AMI (10–76%, compared with 4.6% for NSTEMI patients and 7% for STEMI patients without COVID-19). The literature review showed an increased risk of cardiovascular events in COVID-19 survivors compared with the general population, even after the acute phase of the disease, with poorer long-term outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19)
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Other

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20 pages, 829 KiB  
Systematic Review
Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Long COVID: A Systematic Review
by Bing-Qi Wu, De-Yi Liu, Te-Chun Shen, Yu-Ru Lai, Tsai-Ling Yu, Hsiang-Li Hsu, Hsiu-Ming Lee, Wei-Chih Liao and Te-Chun Hsia
Life 2024, 14(4), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040438 - 26 Mar 2024
Viewed by 2799
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in an increasing population that is experiencing a wide range of long-lasting symptoms after recovery from the acute infection. Long COVID refers to this specific condition and is associated with diverse symptoms, such as fatigue, myalgias, [...] Read more.
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in an increasing population that is experiencing a wide range of long-lasting symptoms after recovery from the acute infection. Long COVID refers to this specific condition and is associated with diverse symptoms, such as fatigue, myalgias, dyspnea, headache, cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative symptoms, anxiety, depression, and a sense of despair. The potential of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) to improve chronic fatigue, cognitive impairments, and neurological disorders has been established; therefore, the use of HBOT to treat long COVID has also been studied. We conducted a literature search between 1 January 2019 and 30 October 2023, focusing on the clinical efficacy and utility of HBOT for treating long COVID and found ten clinical studies that fit the review topic, including one case report, five one-group pretest-posttest design studies, one safety report from a randomized controlled trial (RCT), and three complete reports of RCTs. Most studies found that HBOT can improve quality of life, fatigue, cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cardiopulmonary function. Although HBOT has shown some benefits for long COVID symptoms, further rigorous large-scale RCTs are required to establish precise indications, protocols, and post-treatment evaluations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19)
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