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Machines
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Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines
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Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines

A special issue of Machines (ISSN 2075-1702). This special issue belongs to the section "Machine Design and Theory".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 35280

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pedro M. B. Torres

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro Álvares Cabral No 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal
2. SYSTEC—Research Center for Systems and Technologies, ARISE—Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems Associated Laboratory, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Interests: electronics; instrumentation; automation; control; robotics; cyber-physical systems; computer vision; image processing and machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Volker Lohweg

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Institute Industrial IT (inIT), Technische Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (TH OWL), Campusallee 6, D-32657 Lemgo, Germany
Interests: Intelligent automation; digitalization; information fusion; industrial image processing; pattern recognition; cyber–physical (production) systems; machine learning; resource-limited electronics; mobile devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Géza Husi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
Interests: mechatronics; rehabilitation devices; electrical machines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Eduardo André Perondi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mehanical Egineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Interests: penumatic and hydraulic systems; automation and control; robotics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Katarzyna Antosz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Aleja Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: industry 4.0; maintenance; production engineering; systems reliability; lean maintenance; decision support systems; artificial inteligence; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Oleg Zabolotnyi

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Guest Editor
Department of Applied Mechanics & Mechatronics, Lutsk National Technical University, Lutsk, Ukraine
Interests: energy-efficient technologies of creation a high-performance powder and composite materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jose Machado

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
MEtRICs Research Center, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Interests: Industry 4.0; maintenance; production engineering; systems reliability; lean maintenance; decision support systems; artificial inteligence; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to bring together papers that report on recent advances and challenges in addressing problems and designing new solutions for the Industry Digitalization, aligned with the context of Industry 4.0. Original contribution papers are expected with contents that present successful solutions to solve real problems in Industry. We believe that this Special Issue will be useful and informative to both researchers and practitioners. We also hope to deliver readers promising new ideas and directions for future developments in the field of Industry Digitalization. The scope of this Special Issue is closely associated to that of the ICIE’2022 conference. This conference and journal’s Special Issue is to present current innovations and engineering achievements of top world scientists and industrial practitioners in the thematic areas described above.

Suitable topics for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • Additive manufacturing and new hybrid processes;
  • Advanced mechatronics devices;
  • Automation and Robotics;
  • Case studies and testbeds on Smart Manufacturing;
  • Cyber physical systems;
  • Cybersecurity;
  • Developments in Intelligent Manufacturing Systems;
  • Industrial communication protocols;
  • Mechatronics sensing and control;
  • Modelling and simulation for Smart Manufacturing;
  • Smart actuators and materials;
  • Smart material handling and transportation vehicles;
  • Sustainable materials, products and processes;
  • IoT and IIoT;
  • 5G in Industry;
  • Big Data and Machine Learning;
  • Industrial Vision Systems;
  • Vision Guided Robotics;
  • NFC, RFID, BLE and other wireless technology applications;
  • Asset tagging and indoor geolocation

Prof. Dr. Pedro M. B. Torres
Prof. Volker Lohweg
Dr. Géza Husi
Dr. Eduardo André Perondi
Prof. Dr. Katarzyna Antosz
Dr. Oleg Zabolotnyi
Dr. José Machado
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Machines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1144 KiB  
Article
Impact of Manufacturing Tolerances on Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machines with Ironless Rotor Core: A Statistical Approach
by Andrés Escobar, Gonzalo Sánchez, Werner Jara, Carlos Madariaga, Juan A. Tapia, Javier Riedemann and Eduardo Reyes
Machines 2023, 11(5), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11050535 - 9 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1603
Abstract
Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) machines with ironless rotors are an attractive and recently studied solution in low-speed applications, due to their potentially high power/weight ratio, high aspect ratio, and high efficiency. Nevertheless, these machines are prone to be affected by manufacturing tolerance [...] Read more.
Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) machines with ironless rotors are an attractive and recently studied solution in low-speed applications, due to their potentially high power/weight ratio, high aspect ratio, and high efficiency. Nevertheless, these machines are prone to be affected by manufacturing tolerance during its fabrication process and consequently, the magnets may move freely inside the rotor structure. This work presents a statistical analysis of manufacturing tolerances of an AFPM machine with an ironless rotor, considering several magnet fault types. A computationally efficient superposition method is developed and implemented to obtain both the cogging torque and rated torque considering several tolerance combinations with acceptable accuracy. The results obtained from a statistical analysis of 10,000 designs of a two-stator one rotor tooth coil winding AFPM (TCW-AFPM) machine allowed us to identify the parameters with the most impact on relevant performance indicators and disclosed a substantial increase in cogging and ripple torque when unavoidable combined tolerances are present. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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22 pages, 7666 KiB  
Article
Cyber-Physical System for Evaluation of Taekwondo Athletes: An Initial Project Description
by Pedro Cunha, Paulo Barbosa, Fábio Ferreira, Tânia Silva, Nuno Martins, Filomena Soares and Vítor Carvalho
Machines 2023, 11(2), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11020234 - 5 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1736
Abstract
Regardless of the type of sport, coaches must perform the difficult task of evaluating the performance of athletes. In some cases, this task is aided using technology which provides tools for this purpose. When the sport considered is taekwondo this scenario does not [...] Read more.
Regardless of the type of sport, coaches must perform the difficult task of evaluating the performance of athletes. In some cases, this task is aided using technology which provides tools for this purpose. When the sport considered is taekwondo this scenario does not apply as the athlete evaluation methods used are mostly manual. Thus, the project presented in this paper has the main objective to develop a system that can be used as a tool to evaluate the performance of taekwondo athletes in real time, with special attention to the low cost of implementation and ease of use. With the intention of meeting these requirements, the developed system comprises a 3D camera with a depth sensor (Orbbec Astra), Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) with accelerometer and gyroscope, a computer and specific software developed for this purpose. This system allows the collection of data from the athletes’ movements necessary for the creation of a dataset that is then analyzed and interpretated. The system permits the user to obtain real-time information about the speed, acceleration, and strength of the athlete’s limbs during training as well as the identification of some movements and their accounting. To achieve this functionality, deep-learning architecture models were used, more specifically long short-term memory (LSTM). The intention is to provide a new training methodology through faster feedback, so that a faster evolution of the athlete’s performance is possible, contributing to the technological development of the assessment practices used in taekwondo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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14 pages, 3390 KiB  
Article
Improvement of the Dynamic Quality of Cantilever Boring Bars for Fine Boring
by Gennadii Oborskyi, Alexandr Orgiyan, Vitalii Ivanov, Anna Balaniuk, Ivan Pavlenko and Justyna Trojanowska
Machines 2023, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11010007 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1322
Abstract
The paper presents ways to reduce the vibrations of special cantilever boring bars mounted on spindle heads of finishing and boring machines. Special cantilever boring bars are designed for machining holes in non-standard conditions, for example, when boring deep holes with l/d>3 (l–hole [...] Read more.
The paper presents ways to reduce the vibrations of special cantilever boring bars mounted on spindle heads of finishing and boring machines. Special cantilever boring bars are designed for machining holes in non-standard conditions, for example, when boring deep holes with l/d>3 (l–hole length, d-hole diameter) or holes with a discontinuous surface. The results of the experiments and theoretical developments, as well as the schemes of the experimental stands, are presented. The investigated methods for reducing fluctuations are the following: the use of a dynamic damper with intermittent cutting elements; the suppression of the normal vibrations of the cutter to the workpiece surface due to the excitation of vibrations directed tangentially to the workpiece surface and not causing processing errors; increased damping in the cutting zone when changing the design of the boring bar. The tuning parameters of the dynamic damper, the logarithmic decrement of vibrations, as well as the conditions for effective damping of vibrations during the interaction of their two coupled forms are given. The results are shown in the tables and graphs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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28 pages, 7211 KiB  
Article
Design and Validation of a Testing 4D Mechatronic System for Measurement and Integrated Control of Processes
by Iulian Ilie and José Machado
Machines 2022, 10(12), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10121209 - 13 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1500
Abstract
Measurements are crucial for research in the fields of microelectromechanical (MEMS), nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) and industrial applications. In this work, the design approach for the development and construction of a testing 4D mechatronic system, and respective validation, including the detailed description of the used [...] Read more.
Measurements are crucial for research in the fields of microelectromechanical (MEMS), nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) and industrial applications. In this work, the design approach for the development and construction of a testing 4D mechatronic system, and respective validation, including the detailed description of the used components and parts as well as the performed tests for respective validation in the working environment, are presented. Because this is testing equipment, the measurement feature is presented and validated, in detail, making this system available and reliable for the mentioned purposes of use. An important result in this work is the possibility of on-site control or the remote control of the 4D mechatronic system for measurement and integrated control of processes, with the aim of reducing the cost of obtaining the necessary measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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10 pages, 7363 KiB  
Article
Development of a Manually Operated Mobile Robot That Prints Construction Site Layouts
by An Yong Lee, Hee Chang Seo and Eun Soo Park
Machines 2022, 10(12), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10121192 - 9 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1653
Abstract
Chalk lines are used to print layouts in construction sites to indicate the location of attaching or cutting objects; printing depends on the skills of workers and is suitable for small-scale work. Moreover, this type of work requires a precise measurement process, which [...] Read more.
Chalk lines are used to print layouts in construction sites to indicate the location of attaching or cutting objects; printing depends on the skills of workers and is suitable for small-scale work. Moreover, this type of work requires a precise measurement process, which is time-consuming, to avoid errors. Thus, discrepancies between blueprints and construction site layouts can occur if construction plans and management are not uniformly aligned. To improve the traditional floor-layout-printing technique on construction sites, this study introduces a manually operated mecanum-wheeled mobile robot in the preliminary stage, i.e., before the development of a full-fledged automated system. This manually operated robot helps determine the technologies required for robotic automation. In the development process, layout-printing technology is classified into a marking toolkit, control system that can be manually operated, and mobile driver. To improve layout-printing quality, this study adopted a mecanum-wheeled design to improve mobility. In this study, applied tests are required to consider the site environment for automatically marking floor layout prints. To determine the applicability of the developed technology, this study conducted a field applicability experiment with a pen-type marking module and laser-type toolkit. The experiment confirmed that layout printing based on environmental changes on the construction site can be manually performed using the mobile robot system. To automatically mark floor-layout-printing work, it is necessary to consider the floor characteristics on the construction site. In addition, this experiment shows that the newly applied laser toolkit technology can be applied to layout printing within 12 mm from the floor. To apply this mechanism to a mobile robot that can automate layout printing, it is necessary to technically enhance the optimization of marking quality, e.g., floor separation distance and marking thickness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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14 pages, 3379 KiB  
Article
Control of Unstable Systems Using a 7 DoF Robotic Manipulator
by Lubos Spacek, Jiri Vojtesek and Frantisek Gazdos
Machines 2022, 10(12), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10121164 - 5 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1450
Abstract
Robotic manipulators are widely used in industrial applications, and their rigidity and flexibility are very important factors during their deployment. However, their usage is not limited to repetitive point-to-point tasks and can be used for more real-time control of various processes. This paper [...] Read more.
Robotic manipulators are widely used in industrial applications, and their rigidity and flexibility are very important factors during their deployment. However, their usage is not limited to repetitive point-to-point tasks and can be used for more real-time control of various processes. This paper uses a 7-degrees-of-freedom manipulator to control an unstable system (Ball and Plate) as a proof of concept. The Ball and Plate system is widely used for testing algorithms designed for unstable systems, and many recent works have dealt with robotic manipulators as a control motion system. Robots are not usually used to control unstable systems, but bipedal robots are an exception. This paper aims to design a controller capable of stabilizing an unstable system with solid robustness while keeping actuator action values as low as possible because these robots will be indented to work for a prolonged time. An algorithm for an LQ polynomial controller is described and designed, and the whole setup is tested for ball stabilization in the center. The results show that the designed controller stabilizes the ball even with large external and internal disturbances while keeping the controller effort as low as possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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16 pages, 2089 KiB  
Article
Analysis of a Collaborative Scheduling Model Applied in a Job Shop Manufacturing Environment
by Leonilde R. Varela, Cátia F. V. Alves, André S. Santos, Gaspar G. Vieira, Nuno Lopes and Goran D. Putnik
Machines 2022, 10(12), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10121138 - 30 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1722
Abstract
Collaborative Manufacturing Scheduling (CMS) is not yet a properly explored decision making practice, although its potential for being currently explored, in the digital era, by combining efforts among a set of entities, either persons or machines, to jointly cooperate for solving some more [...] Read more.
Collaborative Manufacturing Scheduling (CMS) is not yet a properly explored decision making practice, although its potential for being currently explored, in the digital era, by combining efforts among a set of entities, either persons or machines, to jointly cooperate for solving some more or less complex scheduling problem, namely occurring in job shop manufacturing environments. In this paper, an interoperable scheduling system integrating a proposed scheduling model, along with varying kinds of solving algorithms, are put forward and analyzed through an industrial case study. The case study was decomposed in three application scenarios, for enabling the evaluation of the proposed scheduling model when envisioning the prioritization of internal–makespan-or external–number of tardy jobs-performance measures, along with a third scenario assigning a same importance or weight to both kinds of performance measures. The results obtained enabled us to realize that the weighted application scenario permitted reaching more balanced, thus a potentially more attractive global solution for the scheduling problem considered through the combination of different kinds of scheduling algorithms for the resolution of each underlying sub problem according to the proposed scheduling model. Besides, the decomposition of a global more complex scheduling problem into simpler sub-problems turns them easier to be solved through the different solving algorithms available, while further enabling to obtain a wider range of alternative schedules to be explored and evaluated. Thus, contributing to enriching the scheduling problem-solving process. A future exploration of the application in other types of manufacturing environments, namely occurring in the context of extended, networked, distributed or virtual production systems, integrating an increased and variable set of collaborating entities or factories, is also suggested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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17 pages, 9299 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Ball Check Valves with Conical and Spherical Seat Designs from Common-Rail Pumps
by Narcis-Daniel Petrea, Razvan-Constantin Iordache and Carmen Bujoreanu
Machines 2022, 10(10), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100959 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3513
Abstract
Common-rail fuel injection systems are still a good option for equipping new car models. The technology is well known, systems of this type are reliable and can be used on a wide variety of diesel and petrol engines. However, there is still room [...] Read more.
Common-rail fuel injection systems are still a good option for equipping new car models. The technology is well known, systems of this type are reliable and can be used on a wide variety of diesel and petrol engines. However, there is still room for improvement. The ball check valve, which is part of the common-rail pump, is designed to open and allow the compressed fluid to be sent to the high-pressure accumulator and close to not allow fuel to return to the compression chamber. The valves’ design directly influences the volumetric efficiency of the outlet flow and the robustness against high pressures that lead to low performance and short service life of the fuel injection systems. This paper aims to compare two ball check valves with conical and spherical seat designs. The analysis is based on theoretical calculations and CFD simulations, which will give more confidence in the results. Considering the comparative analysis results, the ball check valve with a spherical seat shows better flow dynamics than the ball check valve with a conical seat. In addition to the improved flow dynamics, the ball check valve with spherical seat seems to have a uniformly distributed fluid pressure inside the valve. In contrast, the conical seat ball check valve has high local fluid pressures, leading to fatigue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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18 pages, 9079 KiB  
Article
Modeling of the Non-Braided Fabric Composite Rubber Hose for Industrial Hose Pump Design
by Yue Yu, Yibo Jiang, Ning Tang, Zheming Tong and Shuiguang Tong
Machines 2022, 10(10), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100928 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1676
Abstract
Due to the harsh operating conditions in an industrial hose pump, accurate numerical simulations of the hose with high speed would be significant but tough. The main goal of this paper is to develop a reliable numerical model with the acceptable complexity for [...] Read more.
Due to the harsh operating conditions in an industrial hose pump, accurate numerical simulations of the hose with high speed would be significant but tough. The main goal of this paper is to develop a reliable numerical model with the acceptable complexity for a non-braided fabric composite rubber hose used in industrial hose pumps. A finite element model with rebar elements dealing with the non-braided fabric layers is established. Two practical tests for the counter force and profile deformation characteristics of the hose during compressing are designed. The simulation results show a good accuracy. Based on the feasible numerical model, further studies on dependencies of counter force, maximum strain and stress and the area size in contact with the inner surface of the hose on the pressing displacement are carried out, which will help engineers to decide the pressing displacement and cut down the time and cost of prototype testing. The predicted pressing displacements to seal off the hose under different pressures are also given. The methodology of modeling a hose pump hose proposed by this paper is helpful to the fully virtual simulation and design of a hose pump. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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19 pages, 12495 KiB  
Article
Technical Risk Assessment for the Safe Design of a Man-Rider Chair Lift System
by Mohd Ahtesham Hussain Siddiqui, Shahzad Akhtar, Somnath Chattopadhyaya, Shubham Sharma, Changhe Li, Shashi Prakash Dwivedi, Katarzyna Antosz and José Machado
Machines 2022, 10(9), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10090769 - 3 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5250
Abstract
Underground mining is a difficult area for miners to work. Miners must go to the working faces by walking, which is not only time consuming but also physically demanding. In mines, a man-rider chair lift system (MRCL) has been developed to alleviate the [...] Read more.
Underground mining is a difficult area for miners to work. Miners must go to the working faces by walking, which is not only time consuming but also physically demanding. In mines, a man-rider chair lift system (MRCL) has been developed to alleviate the strain stresses caused by walking lengthy and uneven distances up to the working faces. All parameters, including horizontal and vertical distances, variation and inclination of underground mines, slope forces considering the weight of persons and chair, forces acting towards return and drive unit, curves angles, power to operate, and rope safety factor, are calculated mathematically while modelling a man-rider chair lift system for both the installation and extension phases. We analyzed the analytical approach in conjunction with practical installation of the man-rider chair lift system to establish if the installation and extension of MRCL is genuinely feasible in the current scenario. We also created a simulation model of steel wire rope in Creo 8.0 for analyzing the various stresses on it with the Ansys R 16.2 software. In both phase I and phase II, the factor of safety is above that recommended, and the system is a hundred percent reliable, risk-free, and safe for operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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18 pages, 4461 KiB  
Article
Transmission Parameter Design and Characteristic Analysis of Three-Row Parallel Planetary Gear HMCVT
by Huadong Zhou, Lin Wang, Zhixiong Lu, Jin Qian, Haijun Zhang, Yirong Zhao, Zhun Cheng and Xingwei Wang
Machines 2022, 10(9), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10090740 - 28 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1552
Abstract
A three-planetary-row linkage HMCVT scheme is designed for the operation requirements of low speed and high torque of tractors. The HM1 section adopts hydraulic mechanical power to begin its operations so that the tractor can obtain a greater transmission ratio at a low [...] Read more.
A three-planetary-row linkage HMCVT scheme is designed for the operation requirements of low speed and high torque of tractors. The HM1 section adopts hydraulic mechanical power to begin its operations so that the tractor can obtain a greater transmission ratio at a low speed. The HM2 and HM3 sections adopt an “equal ratio” design so that the system has a better speed-regulation performance. The clutches controlling forward and backward movements are placed on the output shaft so that the forward and backward sections have a wider speed range. The stepless speed-regulation characteristics and torque characteristics of HMCVT are analyzed, and they can meet the kinematic and dynamic requirements. The transmission ratios of the three sections are as follows: HM1 section, 14-1.85; HM2 section, 1.85-1.04; HM3 section, 1.04-0.6. The corresponding tractor speed ranges are as follows: HM1 section, 0.2–14 km/h; HM2 section, 14–26 km/h; HM3 section, 32–46 km/h. According to energy conservation, the transmission efficiency of the system is analyzed in combination with the power flow characteristics; the highest transmission efficiencies are as follows: HM1 section, 0.85; HM2 section, 0.88; HM3 section, 0.92. When the system has cycle power, the overall transmission efficiency of the system is low and is greatly affected by the change in displacement ratio; when the system does not have cycle power, the transmission efficiency is less affected by the displacement ratio. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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23 pages, 8880 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Device Detecting Tensile Forces in the Rope and Coefficient of Friction in the Rope Sheave Groove
by Leopold Hrabovský, Oldřich Učeň, Lukáš Kudrna, Daniel Čepica and Karel Frydrýšek
Machines 2022, 10(7), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10070590 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2298
Abstract
One of the possible ways to transfer the tractive power of a drive unit to the traction element is to use fibre friction. When a steel rope is used as the traction element, there is a transfer of tractive power in the groove [...] Read more.
One of the possible ways to transfer the tractive power of a drive unit to the traction element is to use fibre friction. When a steel rope is used as the traction element, there is a transfer of tractive power in the groove created on the perimeter of the rim of the driving rope sheave. The transmission capability of the drive is directly proportional to the size of the angle of wrap and the shear friction coefficient of the rope surface when the rope is in contact with the surface of the groove wall. The relationship for calculating the size of friction coefficient in the grooves is given by relevant technical standards. The coefficient of friction determined in this way does not take into account the state of possible operational contamination of the groove or the diameter of the rope used. Using a unique laboratory instrument, tensile forces were measured for both rope sides in the state of a non-rotating sheave or when the sheave started to rotate rope. Experimental measurements were carried out for two different diameters of steel ropes, which were guided by two types of grooves for the rope sheave under two limit operating states of the groove wall surface: clean and dirty with oil. By evaluating the measured tensile forces in the approaching and outrunning rope side girded with the groove of the rope sheave, it was found (using a measuring apparatus) that a rope of a larger diameter acquires a higher value of the friction coefficient for the groove than a rope of a smaller diameter. The coefficient of friction in the groove decreases with the increasing size of the sum of the acting tensile forces on both sides of the rope. Lower values of the coefficient of friction achieve semi-circular grooves, and V-shaped grooves show higher values. Lower values for the coefficient of friction, close to theoretical values which were calculated using the relevant relationships specified in the standards, were found for grooves contaminated with oil as opposed to dry and clean grooves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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15 pages, 4643 KiB  
Article
Full Factorial Simulation Test Analysis and I-GA Based Piecewise Model Comparison for Efficiency Characteristics of Hydro Mechanical CVT
by Zhun Cheng, Yuting Chen, Wenjie Li, Junhao Liu, Li Li, Pengfei Zhou, Wenjuan Chang and Zhixiong Lu
Machines 2022, 10(5), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10050358 - 10 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1559
Abstract
The hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) has complicated transmission characteristics. To analyze the influences of various factors on HMCVT’s efficiency characteristics and build a more precise HMCVT efficiency characteristic model, the paper conducted a full factorial simulation test for and a modeling study [...] Read more.
The hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) has complicated transmission characteristics. To analyze the influences of various factors on HMCVT’s efficiency characteristics and build a more precise HMCVT efficiency characteristic model, the paper conducted a full factorial simulation test for and a modeling study on a novel five-stage HMCVT’s efficiency characteristics. The full factorial test considered four factors with a total of 160 groups of test samples and used a range analysis method. Moreover, we proposed a piecewise modeling method for HMCVT efficiency characteristics based on the improved genetic algorithm (I-GA) and compared the precision of seven models. Research results showed that the working stage with the power output from the planet carrier had relatively higher efficiency. The variable pump’s displacement ratio had the greatest influence, and the HMCVT’s efficiency characteristics presented two variation laws with the boundary that the displacement ratio is 0. The load power and the engine speed showed a positive correlation and a negative correlation with the efficiency characteristics, respectively, and the influences decreased as the factor values increased. The modeling method proposed had high modeling precision and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of seven models was in the range of 1.6884~3.1375%. The estimation precision greatly could be improved (the MAPE reduced by 7.7024% and the R2 increased by 9.2943%) by introducing the first-order term of engine speed on the basis of a two-factor model (in which the factors were the displacement ratio and the load power). The paper aimed to offer direct reference information on parameters of the mechanical design and control strategy development of HMCVT from an energy-saving perspective in the design stage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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20 pages, 5688 KiB  
Article
Design of an Innovative Test Rig for Industrial Bearing Monitoring with Self-Balancing Layout
by Eugenio Brusa, Cristiana Delprete, Lorenzo Giorio, Luigi Gianpio Di Maggio and Vittorio Zanella
Machines 2022, 10(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10010054 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3943
Abstract
The remote prognosis and diagnosis of bearings can prevent industrial system failures, but the availability of realistic experimental data, being as close as possible to those detected in industrial applications, is essential to validate the monitoring algorithms. In this paper, an innovative bearing [...] Read more.
The remote prognosis and diagnosis of bearings can prevent industrial system failures, but the availability of realistic experimental data, being as close as possible to those detected in industrial applications, is essential to validate the monitoring algorithms. In this paper, an innovative bearing test rig architecture is presented, based on the novel concept of “self-contained box”. The monitoring activity is applicable to a set of four middle-sized bearings simultaneously, while undergoing the independent application of radial and axial loads in order to simulate the behavior of the real industrial machinery. The impact of actions on the platform and supports is mitigated by the so-called “self-contained box” layout, leading to self-balancing of actions within the rotor system. Moreover, the high modularity of this innovative layout allows installing various sized bearings, just changing mechanical adapters. This leads to a reduction of cost as well as of system down-time required to change bearings. The test rig is equipped with suitable instrumentation to develop effective procedures and tools for in- and out-monitoring of the system. An initial characterization of the healthy system is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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11 pages, 6220 KiB  
Communication
Operating Characteristic Analysis and Verification of Short-Stroke Linear Oscillating Actuators Considering Mechanical Load
by Woo-Hyeon Kim, Chang-Woo Kim, Hyo-Seob Shin, Kyung-Hun Shin and Jang-Young Choi
Machines 2022, 10(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10010048 - 9 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1558
Abstract
Linear oscillating machines are electric devices that reciprocate at a specific frequency and at a specific stroke. Because of their linear motion, they are used in special applications, such as refrigerators for home appliances and medical devices. In this paper, the structure and [...] Read more.
Linear oscillating machines are electric devices that reciprocate at a specific frequency and at a specific stroke. Because of their linear motion, they are used in special applications, such as refrigerators for home appliances and medical devices. In this paper, the structure and electromagnetic characteristics of these linear oscillating machines are investigated, and the stroke is calculated according to voltage and motion equations. In addition, static and transient behavior analysis is performed, considering mechanical systems such as springs, damping systems, and mover mass. Furthermore, in this study, the magnetic force is analyzed, experiments are conducted according to the input power, and the current magnitude and stroke characteristics are analyzed according to the input frequency. Finally, the study confirmed that the most efficient operation is possible when the electrical resonance frequency matches the resonance frequency of the linear oscillating machines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Manufacture of Advanced Machines)
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