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Material, Design and Biological Studies of Bones & Implants

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2023) | Viewed by 9681

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zeming Lin

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Guest Editor

The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Interests: biomaterials

Dr. Muhammad Hanif Ramlee

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Guest Editor

School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
Interests: biomaterials; biomechanics; rehabilitation engineering; biomedical design; finite element; bone implant; biodegradable

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is well known that technology regarding implant development is continuing to grow. Researchers have found themselves constantly considering improvements that could be made in the creation of new implants. It must be noted that material, design, and biological elements affect the development process of bone-implant technology in terms of strength, biocompatibility, toxicity, durability, and many other parameters. Recently, advancements in technology regarding the development of alloys and composites such as titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium, and magnesium alloys as materials of choice for implant development have increased. This technology is not only could possibly enhance mechanical integrity, prevent complications and reduce costs but could also provide the best possible treatment for patients in the future. Fundamental studies regarding new materials and designs for bone and implant application have been ongoing since the late 1980s. Researchers and scientists continue to explore new technology for materials and designs which could contribute to successful new implant development. This will ensure that improvements in implant development can be made to meet the requirements from clinical practices.

In accordance with this, this Special Issue will include (but not be limited to) material, design, and biological studies of bones and implants. This issue will not only focus on the development of new materials and designs, but it will also include all biological studies related to bone and implant applications. Moreover, as the recipient of a new implant must undergo proper post-surgery and recovery procedures, in this Special Issue, attention should be also paid to biological and mechanical aspects which include (but are not limited to) toxicity, biocompatibility, bioabsorbability, tissue growth, stress shielding, stress distribution, strain, and displacement. From this Special Issue, it is hoped that the contents will provide new insights to all readers, enabling them to potentially use the information herein in the development of bones and implants in the future.

Dr. Zeming Lin
Dr. Muhammad Hanif Hanif Ramlee
Guest Editors

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Keywords

biomaterials
biodegradable
bioabsorbable
implant bone
biomechanics
nanomaterials
biocompatible
bioinert
biochemistry
biomedical
biotechnology

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 10038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biphasic Calcium Phosphate and Activated Carbon Microparticles in a Plasma Clot for Bone Reconstruction and In Situ Drug Delivery: A Feasibility Study

by Samah Rekima, Nadine Gautier, Sylvie Bonnamy, Nathalie Rochet and Florian Olivier

Materials 2024, 17(8), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081749 - 11 Apr 2024

Viewed by 441

Abstract

The development of bone-filling biomaterials capable of delivering in situ bone growth promoters or therapeutic agents is a key area of research. We previously developed a biomaterial constituting biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) microparticles embedded in an autologous blood or plasma clot, which induced bone-like tissue formation in ectopic sites and mature bone formation in orthotopic sites, in small and large animals. More recently, we showed that activated carbon (AC) fiber cloth is a biocompatible material that can be used, due to its multiscale porosity, as therapeutic drug delivery system. The present work aimed first to assess the feasibility of preparing calibrated AC microparticles, and second to investigate the properties of a BCP/AC microparticle combination embedded in a plasma clot. We show here, for the first time, after subcutaneous (SC) implantation in mice, that the addition of AC microparticles to a BCP/plasma clot does not impair bone-like tissue formation and has a beneficial effect on the vascularization of the newly formed tissue. Our results also confirm, in this SC model, the ability of AC in particle form to adsorb and deliver large molecules at an implantation site. Altogether, these results demonstrate the feasibility of using this BCP/AC/plasma clot composite for bone reconstruction and drug delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material, Design and Biological Studies of Bones & Implants)

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21 pages, 6152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Plate—Screw Fixation for Femoral Midshaft Fractures

by Izzawati Basirom, Ruslizam Daud, Muhammad Farzik Ijaz, Mohd Afendi Rojan and Khairul Salleh Basaruddin

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5958; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175958 - 30 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1067

Abstract

An understanding of the biomechanical characteristics and configuration of flexible and locked plating in order to provide balance stability and flexibility of implant fixation will help to construct and promote fast bone healing. The relationship between applied loading and implantation configuration for best bone healing is still under debate. This study aims to investigate the relationship between implant strength, working length, and interfragmentary strain (εIFM) on implant stability for femoral midshaft transverse fractures. The transverse fracture was fixed with a fragment locking compression plate (LCP) system. Finite element analysis was performed and subsequently characterised based on compression loading (600 N up to 900 N) and screw designs (conventional and locking) with different penetration depths (unicortical and bicortical). Strain theory was used to evaluate the stability of the model. The correlation of screw configuration with screw type shows a unicortical depth for both types (p < 0.01) for 700 N and 800 N loads and (p < 0.05) for configurations 134 and 124. Interfragmentary strain affected only the 600 N load (p < 0.01) for the bicortical conventional type (group BC), and the screw configurations that were influenced were 1234 and 123 (p < 0.05). The low steepness of the slope indicates the least εIFM for the corresponding biomechanical characteristic in good-quality stability. A strain value of ≤2% promotes callus formation and is classified as absolute stability, which is the minimum required value for the induction of callus and the maximum value that allows bony bridging. The outcomes have provided the correlation of screw configuration in femoral midshaft transverse fracture implantation which is important to promote essential primary stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material, Design and Biological Studies of Bones & Implants)

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11 pages, 3742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of Thread Engagement in Screw-Plate Interface of Polyaxial Locking System Using X-ray Computed Tomography

by Tomasz Bartkowiak, Daria Madalińska, Patryk Mietliński, Jakub Kaczmarek, Bartosz Gapiński, Marcin Pelic and Piotr Paczos

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5926; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175926 - 30 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 722

Abstract

This study demonstrates a new method for quantifying thread engagement in mechanical connections and verifies its applicability using biomedical implants under push-out tests. The focus is on orthopedic plate implants employed for bone fracture fixation, which, by design, allow off-axis screw insertion to accommodate different contact conditions. Thread engagement is crucial in determining connection strength and stability. In medical practice, off-axis screw placement is usually necessary due to bone geometries and implant plate rigidity. To address this, the study proposes a quantification method using non-destructive testing with X-ray micro-computed tomography and automated image processing, although tuning the image processing parameters is vital for accurate and reliable results. This enables detailed 3D models of screw-plate interfaces for precise thread engagement measurement. The results show that thread engagement decreases with both, increased off-axis insertion angles and higher torque during insertion. Correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship (R² > 0.6) between average thread engagement and push-out strength, underscoring the importance of proper screw placement for stable fixation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material, Design and Biological Studies of Bones & Implants)

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9 pages, 1132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Strength of Composite Rest Seats: An In Vitro Comparative Study of Different Composite versus Amalgam Restorations

by Shaimaa M. Fouda, Passent Ellakany, Mohammed M. Gad, Hala A. Bahgat, Neveen M. Ayad, Ijlal Shahrukh Ateeq, Laila Al Dehailan and Amr A. Mahrous

Materials 2023, 16(13), 4830; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134830 - 5 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1437

Abstract

Occlusal rest provides support for removable partial dentures (RPD). Rest seats are ideally prepared in enamel, but the abutment teeth might be restored or need restorations. This study compared the fracture strength of abutments restored with composite to amalgam restorations after rest seat preparation. Disto-occlusal cavities were prepared in 30 extracted human maxillary premolars. The specimens were allocated in three groups (n = 10) based on the type of restoration. All the specimens were exposed to thermomechanical aging followed by cycling loading. Fracture strength was tested using a universal testing machine, and then, the fracture mode was recorded. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test with a significance level set at 0.05. The fracture mode was recorded as catastrophic or non-catastrophic. The fracture strength between all tested groups showed no significant difference. The highest and lowest fracture strength were recorded on amalgam and Tetric N-Ceram groups, respectively. Composite Tetric N-Ceram showed equal distribution of fracture sites on the restorative materials and teeth, it also displayed the highest number of non-catastrophic fractures unlike other groups where the fracture occurred more within the restorations. The fracture strength of composite was comparable to that of amalgam restorations with prepared rest seats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material, Design and Biological Studies of Bones & Implants)

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13 pages, 2260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Modelling of a Synthetic Paediatric Spine for Biomechanical Investigation

by Nor Amalina Muhayudin, Khairul Salleh Basaruddin, Muhammad Farzik Ijaz and Ruslizam Daud

Materials 2023, 16(13), 4514; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134514 - 21 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 917

Abstract

Studies on paediatric spines commonly use human adult or immature porcine spines as specimens, because it is difficult to obtain actual paediatric specimens. There are quite obvious differences, such as geometry, size, bone morphology, and orientation of facet joint for these specimens, compared to paediatric spine. Hence, development of synthetic models that can behave similarly to actual paediatric spines, particularly in term of range of motion (ROM), could provide a significant contribution for paediatric spine research. This study aims to develop a synthetic paediatric spine using finite element modelling and evaluate the reliability of the model by comparing it with the experimental data under certain load conditions. The ROM of the paediatric spine was measured using a validated FE model at ±0.5 Nm moment in order to determine the moment required by the synthetic spine to achieve the same ROM. The results showed that the synthetic spine required two moments, ±2 Nm for lateral-bending and axial rotation, and ±3 Nm for flexion-extension, to obtain the paediatric ROM. The synthetic spine was shown to be stiffer in flexion-extension but more flexible in lateral bending than the paediatric FE model, possibly as a result of the intervertebral disc’s simplified shape and the disc’s weak bonding with the vertebrae. Nevertheless, the synthetic paediatric spine has promising potential in the future as an alternative paediatric spine model for biomechanical investigation of paediatric cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material, Design and Biological Studies of Bones & Implants)

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11 pages, 6155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conventional and Digital Impressions for Fabrication of Complete Implant-Supported Bars: A Comparative In Vitro Study

by Samanta N. V. Vieira, Matheus F. Lourenço, Rodrigo C. Pereira, Esdras C. França, Ênio L. Vilaça, Rodrigo R. Silveira and Guilherme C. Silva

Materials 2023, 16(11), 4176; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16114176 - 4 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1044

Abstract

Obtaining accurate models and well-fitting prostheses during the fabrication of complete implant-supported prostheses has been a significant challenge. Conventional impression methods involve multiple clinical and laboratory steps that can lead to distortions, potentially resulting in inaccurate prostheses. In contrast, digital impressions may eliminate some of these steps, leading to better-fitting prostheses. Therefore, it is important to compare conventional and digital impressions for producing implant-supported prostheses. This study aimed to compare the quality of digital intraoral and conventional impressions by measuring the vertical misfit of implant-supported complete bars obtained using both types of techniques. Five digital impressions using an intraoral scanner and five impressions using elastomer were made in a four-implant master model. The plaster models produced with conventional impressions were scanned in a laboratory scanner to obtain virtual models. Screw-retained bars (n = five) were designed on the models and milled in zirconia. The bars fabricated using digital (DI) and conventional (CI) impressions were screwed to the master model, initially with one screw (DI1 and CI1) and later with four screws (DI4 and CI4), and were analyzed under a SEM to measure the misfit. ANOVA was used to compare the results (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the misfit between the bars fabricated using digital and conventional impressions when screwed with one (DI1 = 94.45 µm vs. CI1 = 101.90 µm: F = 0.096; p = 0.761) or four screws (DI4 = 59.43 µm vs. CI4 = 75.62 µm: F = 2.655; p = 0.139). Further, there were no differences when the bars were compared within the same group screwed with one or four screws (DI1 = 94.45 µm vs. DI4 = 59.43 µm: F = 2.926; p = 0.123; CI1 = 101.90 µm vs. CI4 = 75.62 µm: F = 0.013; p = 0.907). It was concluded that both impression techniques produced bars with a satisfactory fit, regardless of whether they were screwed with one or four screws. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material, Design and Biological Studies of Bones & Implants)

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20 pages, 11281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical Effects of the Porous Structure of Gyroid and Voronoi Hip Implants: A Finite Element Analysis Using an Experimentally Validated Model

by Zatul Faqihah Mohd Salaha, Muhammad Imam Ammarullah, Nik Nur Ain Azrin Abdullah, Aishah Umairah Abd Aziz, Hong-Seng Gan, Abdul Halim Abdullah, Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir and Muhammad Hanif Ramlee

Materials 2023, 16(9), 3298; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093298 - 22 Apr 2023

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 3144

Abstract

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is most likely one of the most successful surgical procedures in medicine. It is estimated that three in four patients live beyond the first post-operative year, so appropriate surgery is needed to alleviate an otherwise long-standing suboptimal functional level. However, research has shown that during a complete THA procedure, a solid hip implant inserted in the femur can damage the main arterial supply of the cortex and damage the medullary space, leading to cortical bone resorption. Therefore, this study aimed to design a porous hip implant with a focus on providing more space for better osteointegration, improving the medullary revascularisation and blood circulation of patients. Based on a review of the literature, a lightweight implant design was developed by applying topology optimisation and changing the materials of the implant. Gyroid and Voronoi lattice structures and a solid hip implant (as a control) were designed. In total, three designs of hip implants were constructed by using SolidWorks and nTopology software version 2.31. Point loads were applied at the x, y and z-axis to imitate the stance phase condition. The forces represented were x = 320 N, y = −170 N, and z = −2850 N. The materials that were used in this study were titanium alloys. All of the designs were then simulated by using Marc Mentat software version 2020 (MSC Software Corporation, Munich, Germany) via a finite element method. Analysis of the study on topology optimisation demonstrated that the Voronoi lattice structure yielded the lowest von Mises stress and displacement values, at 313.96 MPa and 1.50 mm, respectively, with titanium alloys as the materials. The results also indicate that porous hip implants have the potential to be implemented for hip implant replacement, whereby the mechanical integrity is still preserved. This result will not only help orthopaedic surgeons to justify the design choices, but could also provide new insights for future studies in biomechanics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material, Design and Biological Studies of Bones & Implants)

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