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Metals
Special Issues
Design and Development of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
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Design and Development of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Structural Integrity of Metals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 5650

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Saeed Sadeghpour

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
Interests: alloy design; physical metallurgy; mechanical properties; phase transformations; deformation mechanisms; microstructure characterization; advanced high-strength steels; titanium alloys; stainless steels; nanostructured materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, or microalloyed steels, are designed to provide specific desirable combinations of properties such as strength, toughness, formability, weldability, and atmospheric corrosion resistance and are typically 20% to 30% lighter than carbon steel at the same strength levels. Developing modern HSLA steels through microalloying and thermomechanical processes has allowed the use of HSLA steels for many applications including oil and gas pipelines, storage tanks, offshore structures, and automotive components. The levels of mechanical properties can be radically improved through careful design of the alloy and the production process for which a comprehensive understanding of microstructure evolution during material processing is essential. In addition, there is an increasing demand for simulation and validated models to predict the final microstructure and to better understand the details of phase transformations.

This Special Issue titled “Design and Development of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels” aims to collect original research articles that focus on recent progress and new developments in the relationships between the process, microstructure, and properties of HSLA steels. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) alloy design, production and manufacturing, heat treatment, thermomechanical processing, forming, welding, modelling and simulation, and microstructural characterization. Review papers that present the current state of the art are also welcome. I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Saeed Sadeghpour
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels
  • microalloyed steels
  • mechanical properties
  • alloy design
  • microstructure
  • thermomechanical processing
  • phase transformation
  • formability
  • weldability

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 7789 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of SCM435 Steel
by Jilin Chen, Guanghong Feng, Yaxu Zheng, Peng Lin, Lijun Wang and Yongchao Li
Metals 2024, 14(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14020140 - 24 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1719
Abstract
The microstructural evolution of SCM435 cold heading steel at different cooling rates was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, TEM, XRD, and electron backscatter diffraction. The results show that the cooling rate has a significant effect on the microstructure of the experimental [...] Read more.
The microstructural evolution of SCM435 cold heading steel at different cooling rates was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, TEM, XRD, and electron backscatter diffraction. The results show that the cooling rate has a significant effect on the microstructure of the experimental steel. With an acceleration in the cooling, the microstructure of the steel gradually changed from ferrite and pearlite to ferrite, pearlite, and granular bainite; finally, the pearlite disappeared, and the microstructure changed to acicular ferrite, bainite, and martensite. With an increase in the cooling rate, the morphology of the carbide underwent an evolution from sheet carbide to short-rod carbide, granular carbide, and ultimately thin-strip carbide. With the acceleration in cooling, the proportion of large-angle grain boundaries gradually decreased, and the area of small-angle grain boundaries gradually increased. When the cooling rate was 0.1 °C/s, the proportion of large-angle grain boundaries was as high as 52.8%, and the dislocation density was only 1.91 × 1012 cm−2. When the cooling rate was 2.0 °C/s, the proportion of large-angle grain boundaries was only 27.1%, and the dislocation density increased to 5.38 × 1012 cm−2. With the increase in the cooling rate, the depth of the decarbonization layer and the thickness of the scale oxide gradually decreased, the proportion of the FeO phase in the scale phase gradually decreased, and the proportion of the Fe3O4 phase and Fe2O3 phase gradually increased. The tensile strength increased monotonously with the increase in cooling rate, whereas the elongation and area reduction first decreased, then increased, and then decreased. When the cooling rate was 1.0 m/s, the short rod and granular bainite in the material structure endowed the SCM435 steel with excellent strength and toughness matching, and the tensile strength and elongation of the steel reached 895 MPa and 24%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels)
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12 pages, 11884 KiB  
Article
Warm Deformation at the (α + γ) Dual-Phase Region to Fabricate 2 GPa Ultrafine-Grained TRIP Steels
by Jinxuan Zhao, Hai Wang, Konrad Koenigsmann, Xianzhe Ran, Peng Zhang, Shuyuan Zhang, Yi Li, Huan Liu, Hui Liu, Ling Ren, Hui Yao and Ke Yang
Metals 2023, 13(12), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13121997 - 12 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 949
Abstract
Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels have a range of applications in the vehicle engineering field. Developing TRIP steels with improved mechanical properties would not only allow for lightweight designs, but would also improve the safety of the materials in service. In this study, we [...] Read more.
Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels have a range of applications in the vehicle engineering field. Developing TRIP steels with improved mechanical properties would not only allow for lightweight designs, but would also improve the safety of the materials in service. In this study, we report novel 0.4C-(3, 5, 7)Mn-1.2Mo-0.8V TRIP steels; these steels were melted and then warm-deformed at the (α + γ) dual-phase region to fabricate ultrafine-grained microstructures with average grain sizes of 200–500 nm. Results show that the tensile strengths of the steels range between 1.9 and 2.1 GPa, and their elongations range between 7% and 8.5%. The microstructural thermostability of the steels gradually decreases with an increase in the manganese content. Compared with conventional TRIP steels fabricated using the cold-rolling and annealing method, the warm-deformed TRIP steels presented here can prevent cracks forming during the fabrication process. More importantly, these steels have significantly lower dislocation densities, thus improving their ductility. The present research results provide new ideas for the design of future ultrahigh-strength TRIP steels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels)
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24 pages, 9967 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Prediction of Plane Strain Bendability in Advanced High-Strength Steels
by Kenneth Cheong, Jacqueline Noder, Amir Zhumagulov and Clifford Butcher
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1711; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101711 - 7 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1364
Abstract
The rapid development of new classes of automotive steels such as the 3rd generation of advanced high-strength steels has created the need for the efficient characterization of their mechanical properties in loading scenarios other than uniaxial tension. The VDA 238-100 tight radius bend [...] Read more.
The rapid development of new classes of automotive steels such as the 3rd generation of advanced high-strength steels has created the need for the efficient characterization of their mechanical properties in loading scenarios other than uniaxial tension. The VDA 238-100 tight radius bend test has gained widespread acceptance in recent years for characterizing performance in plane strain bending, but there is uncertainty surrounding the use of the bend angle and its interrelation with the test parameters. The objective of the present study is to investigate the intertwined effects of the sheet thickness, bend radius, and tensile properties upon the bendability of seven advanced high-strength steels in different thicknesses for a total of 83 conditions. Practical correlations are developed to predict the bend angle and plane strain fracture strain as functions of the bending conditions and tensile mechanical properties. An extensive dataset comprising 26 additional advanced high-strength steel test cases was compiled from the literature to evaluate the proposed correlation for the plane strain fracture strain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels)
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13 pages, 5549 KiB  
Article
The Study of Hardness Evolution during the Tempering Process of 38MnB5Nb Ultra-High-Strength Hot Stamping Steel: Experimental Analysis and Constitutive Models
by Ping Luo, Xianjun Li, Wenliang Zhang, Zhunli Tan, Minghao Zhang, Kaize Wang, Pengdi Hou, Junjie Liu and Xiao Liang
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1642; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101642 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1198
Abstract
To elucidate the hardness evolution behaviors for 38MnB5Nb ultra-high-strength hot stamping steel, a series of tempering processes with varying tempering temperatures and times were carried out with a dilatometer. Meanwhile, the hardness of each sample was measured after dilatometer experiments. The results indicated [...] Read more.
To elucidate the hardness evolution behaviors for 38MnB5Nb ultra-high-strength hot stamping steel, a series of tempering processes with varying tempering temperatures and times were carried out with a dilatometer. Meanwhile, the hardness of each sample was measured after dilatometer experiments. The results indicated that the tempering process parameters (including the tempering temperature and time) play an important role in the hardness of the studied steel. The hardness of 38MnB5Nb ultra-high-strength hot stamping steel at the quenched state is about 580 Hv, while it is 240 Hv for the quasi-annealed state. As the tempering time extends, the hardness is decreased sharply at the initial stage; then, the hardness is decreased in a quasi-linear trend with a slight slope; finally, the hardness almost keeps a constant value, which depends on the tempering temperature. In addition, the tempering process has a big effect on the mechanical properties of 38MnB5Nb ultra-high-strength hot stamping steel by increasing the product of the strength and elongation by about 40%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels)
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