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Metals
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Passivity and Localized Corrosion of Metallic Materials
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Passivity and Localized Corrosion of Metallic Materials

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion and Protection".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 4070

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Davood Nakhaie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Interests: corrosion; localized corrosion; passivity; modeling; microstructure/corrosion behavior of metals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Several metals, such as Fe, Ni, and Al, are inherently reactive. These metals and their alloys are extensively used in industry because of the formation of a protective oxide/hydroxide film, known as passivity, which considerably affects the kinetics of the corrosion process. However, passive films are not perfect, and under certain conditions, tend to break down, resulting in localized corrosion. Pitting, crevice and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are the main forms of localized corrosion, which directly or indirectly cause corrosion failures of many industrial assets.

Passivity and localized corrosion, pitting corrosion in particular, of additively manufactured (AM) alloys have gained considerable attention in recent years. Yet, there are still several less explored aspects of localized corrosion of AM alloys, mainly due to their unique microstructure compared to wrought alloys.

Furthermore, in recent years, the simulation of passive behavior and localized corrosion has gained special attention, with numerical methods and phase-field modeling as the leading topics in this area. In addition, attempts have been made to utilize artificial intelligence in the prediction and mitigation of localized corrosion.

This Special Issue aims to give an updated outlook on passivity and localized corrosion of different metals and alloys, with a special interest in the passivity and pitting corrosion of additive manufactured alloys, microstructure/pitting corrosion relationship, analytical methods and theoretical mechanisms of localized corrosion, multiscale modeling for localized corrosion prediction, failure analysis, and corrosion inhibitors.

We believe you could make an excellent contribution based on your expertise and research interests in this field. Original research articles, reviews, and critical analyses of case studies are accepted. Manuscripts are welcome from both academic research teams and authors from industrial companies involved in the field.

We look forward to hearing from you.

Dr. Davood Nakhaie
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • passivity
  • pitting corrosion
  • crevice corrosion
  • stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
  • simulation and modeling
  • addictively manufactured alloys
  • failure analysis

Published Papers (5 papers)

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10 pages, 5943 KiB  
Communication
Atomic-Scale Insights into Flow-Accelerated Corrosion of Carbon Steel
by Do-Haeng Hur, Jeoh Han and Young-Kook Lee
Metals 2024, 14(4), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040445 - 11 Apr 2024
Viewed by 440
Abstract
The role of flow velocity on the formation and dissolution of oxides on SA106Gr.B carbon steel was investigated at both microscopic and atomic scales. In static water, a compact oxide layer with highly faceted magnetite particles was formed. Atomic-scale transmission electron microscopy images [...] Read more.
The role of flow velocity on the formation and dissolution of oxides on SA106Gr.B carbon steel was investigated at both microscopic and atomic scales. In static water, a compact oxide layer with highly faceted magnetite particles was formed. Atomic-scale transmission electron microscopy images of such a layer revealed highly ordered and parallel lattice fringes, indicating that the oxide had very high crystallinity and minimal lattice defects. In contrast, turbulent water prompted the creation of a porous oxide layer consisting of amorphous magnetite particles. Here, numerous mismatched lattice fringes were observed, indicating a prevalence of point defects within the oxide structure. These differences in oxide properties are attributed to hydrodynamic shear stress induced by turbulent flow. These findings provide atomic-level insights into how carbon steel corrosion accelerates in fast-flowing water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passivity and Localized Corrosion of Metallic Materials)
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14 pages, 5746 KiB  
Article
Integrity Assessment of Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Duplex UNS S32205 and Austenitic UNS S31653 Stainless Steel Reinforcements
by Ulises Martin and David M. Bastidas
Metals 2023, 13(12), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13121932 - 24 Nov 2023
Viewed by 802
Abstract
Herein, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of duplex (UNS S32205) and austenitic (UNS S31653) stainless steel (SS) reinforcements was evaluated using integrity assessment criteria. Mechanical properties were analyzed and compared by different SCC susceptibility factors. The integrity assessment was conducted applying Cosenza, [...] Read more.
Herein, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of duplex (UNS S32205) and austenitic (UNS S31653) stainless steel (SS) reinforcements was evaluated using integrity assessment criteria. Mechanical properties were analyzed and compared by different SCC susceptibility factors. The integrity assessment was conducted applying Cosenza, Creazza, and Ortega ductility criteria, following three different standards (ACI 318-19, ASTM A615, and FIB). A conventional carbon steel (UNS G10080) reinforcement was also evaluated for comparative purposes, whose high residual stress value (>280 MPa) promoted a high corrosion growth rate. Duplex UNS S32205 SS grade showed a significant decrease in elongation, leading to failure after ductility assessment at high chloride concentrations. Fractographic analysis of both SS grades, duplex and austenitic, revealed less than 40% brittle areas at 8 wt.% Cl−, while UNS G10080 had over 85% at 4 wt.% Cl−. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passivity and Localized Corrosion of Metallic Materials)
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16 pages, 9364 KiB  
Article
A Study of Crevice Corrosion Susceptibility of Zn-Al Alloys in a High-pH Environment
by Mohammed I. Abdulsalam
Metals 2023, 13(10), 1698; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101698 - 6 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 838
Abstract
This paper aims to clarify the effect of polymer coating damage of dual polymer–zinc coating used to protect rebar reinforcement from corrosion. The coating damage can result in crevices between the two materials. At these crevices, corrosion–passivation plays an important role in the [...] Read more.
This paper aims to clarify the effect of polymer coating damage of dual polymer–zinc coating used to protect rebar reinforcement from corrosion. The coating damage can result in crevices between the two materials. At these crevices, corrosion–passivation plays an important role in the integrity of the intended coating and the protectiveness of the steel base metal. An experimental design was developed to replicate a crevice of Zn-2%Al alloy. This alloy is commonly used for the dual coating protection of rebars. Experiments in this investigation were performed to test several crevice sizes and conditions to assess the state of crevice corrosion. Prepared electrodes were submerged in a 1 M NaOH solution and connected to a data logger to monitor the potential. A special reference electrode was prepared using activated titanium, against which the potential was measured. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization were carried out to assess the corrosion rate of the different specimens. The results suggest that, in the absence of a crevice, corrosion occurred on bare specimens. However, whenever a crevice was present, a shift in potential and corrosion rate values indicated that the specimen shifted from an active corrosion regime to a passive one. This shift (gain) in potential was measured as approximately 0.9 V, resulting in a shift in the electrode potential to −0.6 V (SCE). The analysis showed that the solution inside the crevice shifted toward lower pH values, with pH = 12 suggested as the level that supports more passivity inside the crevice according to the Pourbaix diagram. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passivity and Localized Corrosion of Metallic Materials)
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12 pages, 9438 KiB  
Article
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ultrafine-Grained Ti-2Fe-0.1B Alloying after Equal Channel Angular Pressing
by Shuai Huang, Yutong Jin, Yu Wang, Yuecheng Dong, Hui Chang and Igor V. Alexandrov
Metals 2023, 13(7), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071316 - 24 Jul 2023
Viewed by 889
Abstract
In the present study, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of ultrafine-grained (UFG) Ti-2Fe-0.1B prepared by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated by a slow strain rate test (SSRT) with in-site electrochemical equipment. In comparison with the atmosphere, results indicated that the mechanical [...] Read more.
In the present study, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of ultrafine-grained (UFG) Ti-2Fe-0.1B prepared by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated by a slow strain rate test (SSRT) with in-site electrochemical equipment. In comparison with the atmosphere, results indicated that the mechanical properties of Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy degraded in the simulated sea water, and the SCC sensitivity of UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy is much lower than the initial coarse-grained (CG) state. The enhanced SCC resistance of UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy could be attributed to the mechanical and corrosive aspects simultaneously. First of all, the strength of UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy is much higher than the CG state, but the elongation to failure of UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy decreased more than 1.8 times. The UFG sample suffered crack initiation until failure with a relative short time and low plastic deformation, which weakened the effect of corrosion during SSRT. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the thickness of the passivation film of the UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy is thicker and that the component of the passivation film possesses a higher proportion of TiO2 in the same etched depth, which is beneficial to the corrosion resistance. Furthermore, according to the in-site electrochemical experiment curves, it is believed that the passivation film has a higher repair ability after cracking during SSRT for the UFG Ti-2Fe-0.1B alloy due to the decrease in grain size and the increase in dislocation density. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passivity and Localized Corrosion of Metallic Materials)
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Other

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20 pages, 2477 KiB  
Protocol
Semi-Quantitative Categorization Method for the Corrosion Behavior of Metals Based on Immersion Test
by Francisco Malaret
Metals 2024, 14(4), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040409 - 29 Mar 2024
Viewed by 629
Abstract
Corrosion processes are complex in nature and their studies have become an interdisciplinary research field, combining fundamental sciences and engineering. As the quantification of corrosion processes is affected by many variables, standard guidelines to study such phenomena had been developed, such as ASME [...] Read more.
Corrosion processes are complex in nature and their studies have become an interdisciplinary research field, combining fundamental sciences and engineering. As the quantification of corrosion processes is affected by many variables, standard guidelines to study such phenomena had been developed, such as ASME and ISO, and are broadly used in industry and academics. They describe methods to perform immersion test experiments and to quantify the corrosion rates of metals exposed to corrosive environments, but do not provide any guidelines for post-exposure analysis of the as-obtained corroded samples, which might provide useful information to understand the underlying physicochemical mechanisms of corrosion. This knowledge is useful for selecting optimal construction materials and developing corrosion prevention strategies. In this work, a semi-quantitative categorization method of the corrosion behavior of metals exposed to a corrosive medium based on their mass loss and aspect is presented. For each category, the mathematical aspects of gravimetric measurements of mass change rate and the analytical techniques that can be used for the characterization of materials are discussed. The following method does not intend to replace industrial standards, but to expand them in order to maximize the amount of information that can be extracted from immersion tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passivity and Localized Corrosion of Metallic Materials)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Optimization of Synergize Inhibitor Phosphate – Nitrite to Decrease Rate of Corrosion in Stainless Steel 304
Authors: Fachrul Nurcholis 1; Alif Alam Fahmi2
Affiliation: 1 Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur, Surabaya, Indonesia 2 Universitas WR.Soepratman, Surabaya
Abstract: Corrosion is a process of degradation of a metal as a result of the electrochemical reaction of metal with its surroundings. The corrosion process that occurs in metals must be controlled because it can cause losses in many industrial processes, such as: factory shutdowns and decreased plant’s equipment efficiency. The use of inhibitor is generally employed in industrial, in order to get better result of corrosion rate declining. One of the types of corrosion inhibitors are phosphate and ni-trite. The best synergize inhibitor (phosphate – nitrite) concentration for Stainless Steel 304 corro-sion protection is 50 ppm : 800 ppm that can decrease corrosion rate up to 99.54%.

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