Nutrients

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12 pages, 2887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Changes to the Microbiome, Blood Lipid Profiles and IL-6 in Female and Male Swedish Patients in Response to Bariatric Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

by Olena Prykhodko, Stephen Burleigh, Magnus Campanello, Britt-Marie Iresjö, Thomas Zilling, Åsa Ljungh, Ulrika Smedh and Frida Fåk Hållenius

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040498 - 9 Feb 2024

Viewed by 869

Abstract

Lipid metabolism dysregulation is a critical factor contributing to obesity. To counteract obesity-associated disorders, bariatric surgery is implemented as a very effective method. However, surgery such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is irreversible, resulting in life-long changes to the digestive tract. The aim [...] Read more.

Lipid metabolism dysregulation is a critical factor contributing to obesity. To counteract obesity-associated disorders, bariatric surgery is implemented as a very effective method. However, surgery such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is irreversible, resulting in life-long changes to the digestive tract. The aim of the present study was to elucidate changes in the fecal microbiota before and after RYGB in relation to blood lipid profiles and proinflammatory IL-6. Here, we studied the long-term effects, up to six years after the RYGB procedure, on 15 patients’ gut microbiomes and their post-surgery well-being, emphasizing the biological sex of the patients. The results showed improved health among the patients after surgery, which coincided with weight loss and improved lipid metabolism. Health changes were associated with decreased inflammation and significant alterations in the gut microbiome after surgery that differed between females and males. The Actinobacteriota phylum decreased in females and increased in males. Overall increases in the genera Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Gemella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella_A, and decreases in Bacteroides_H, Anaerostipes, Lachnoclostridium_B, Hydrogeniiclostridium, Lawsonibacter, Paludicola, and Rothia were observed. In conclusion, our findings indicate that there were long-term changes in the gut microbiota after RYGB, and shifts in the microbial taxa appeared to differ depending on sex, which should be investigated further in a larger cohort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Dietary Lipids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota)

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17 pages, 2515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Docosahexaenoic Acid Alleviates Trimethylamine-N-oxide-mediated Impairment of Neovascularization in Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells

by Jia-Ning Syu, Hung-Yu Lin, Tun Yu Huang, Der-Yen Lee, En-Pei Isabel Chiang and Feng-Yao Tang

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092190 - 4 May 2023

Viewed by 1545

Abstract

Background: Human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPCs), originating from hemangioblasts in bone marrow (BM), migrate into the blood circulation, differentiate into endothelial cells, and could act as an alternative tool for tissue regeneration. In addition, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), one of the gut microbiota [...] Read more.

Background: Human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPCs), originating from hemangioblasts in bone marrow (BM), migrate into the blood circulation, differentiate into endothelial cells, and could act as an alternative tool for tissue regeneration. In addition, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), one of the gut microbiota metabolites, has been identified as an atherosclerosis risk factor. However, the deleterious effects of TMAO on the neovascularization of hEPCs have not been studied yet. Results: Our results demonstrated that TMAO dose-dependently impaired human stem cell factor (SCF)-mediated neovascularization in hEPCs. The action of TMAO was through the inactivation of Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, and an upregulation of microRNA (miR)-221. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could effectively inhibit the cellular miR-221 level and induce the phosphorylation level of Akt/eNOS, MAPK/ERK signaling molecules, and neovascularization in hEPCs. DHA enhanced cellular amounts of reduced form glutathione (GSH) through an increased expression of the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) protein. Conclusions: TMAO could significantly inhibit SCF-mediated neovascularization, in part in association with an upregulation of miR-221 level, inactivation of Akt/eNOS and MAPK/ERK cascades, suppression of γ-GCS protein, and decreased levels of GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio. Furthermore, the DHA could alleviate the detrimental effects of TMAO and induce neovasculogenesis through suppression of miR-221 level, activation of Akt/eNOS and MAPK/ERK signaling cascades, increased expression of γ-GCS protein, and increment of cellular GSH level and GSH/GSSG ratio in hEPCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Dietary Lipids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota)

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22 pages, 1460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Dietary Arachidonic Acid on Gut Microbiota Composition and Gut–Brain Axis in Male BALB/C Mice

by Katleen Pinchaud, Zeeshan Hafeez, Sandrine Auger, Jean-Marc Chatel, Sead Chadi, Philippe Langella, Justine Paoli, Annie Dary-Mourot, Katy Maguin-Gaté and Jean Luc Olivier

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5338; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245338 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2503

Abstract

Although arachidonic acid (ARA) is the precursor of the majority of eicosanoids, its influence as a food component on health is not well known. Therefore, we investigated its impact on the gut microbiota and gut–brain axis. Groups of male BALB/c mice were fed [...] Read more.

Although arachidonic acid (ARA) is the precursor of the majority of eicosanoids, its influence as a food component on health is not well known. Therefore, we investigated its impact on the gut microbiota and gut–brain axis. Groups of male BALB/c mice were fed either a standard diet containing 5% lipids (Std-ARA) or 15%-lipid diets without ARA (HL-ARA) or with 1% ARA (HL + ARA) for 9 weeks. Fatty acid profiles of all three diets were the same. The HL-ARA diet favored the growth of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum contrary to the HL + ARA diet that favored the pro-inflammatory Escherichia–Shigella genus in fecal microbiota. Dietary ARA intake induced 4- and 15-fold colic overexpression of the pro-inflammatory markers IL-1β and CD40, respectively, without affecting those of TNFα and adiponectin. In the brain, dietary ARA intake led to moderate overexpression of GFAP in the hippocampus and cortex. Both the hyperlipidic diets reduced IL-6 and IL-12 in the brain. For the first time, it was shown that dietary ARA altered the gut microbiota, led to low-grade colic inflammation, and induced astrogliosis in the brain. Further work is necessary to determine the involved mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Dietary Lipids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota)

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10 pages, 1091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Inflammatory Factors in Mediating the Effect of Lipids on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Two-Step, Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study

by Junhong Chen, Hao Zhou, Hengwei Jin and Kai Liu

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4434; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204434 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4833

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis: 20–80% of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) have been observed to have dyslipidemia. Nevertheless, the probable mechanism of dyslipidemia’s effect on NAFLD remains unclear. Mendelian randomization (MR) was utilized to investigate the relationship between lipids, inflammatory factors, and NAFLD; and also, to [...] Read more.

Aims/hypothesis: 20–80% of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) have been observed to have dyslipidemia. Nevertheless, the probable mechanism of dyslipidemia’s effect on NAFLD remains unclear. Mendelian randomization (MR) was utilized to investigate the relationship between lipids, inflammatory factors, and NAFLD; and also, to determine the proportion mediated by interleukin-17(IL-17) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) for the effect between lipids and NAFLD. Methods: Summary statistics of traits were obtained from the latest and largest genome-wide association study (GWAS). The UK Biobank provided a summary of lipid statistics, which comprised up to 500,000 participants of European descent. And NAFLD GWAS summary statistics were obtained from the FinnGen Biobank which included a total sample size of 218,792 participants of European ancestry. In order to gain an overall picture of how lipids affect NAFLD, MR with two samples was carried out. Multivariable MR determined lipids direct effects on NAFLD after adjusting for inflammatory factors, namely IL-1β, interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-16(IL-16), IL-17, and interleukin-18(IL-18); those lipids comprise HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), and apolipoprotein B (ApoB). For the purpose of determining the MR impact, an inverse variance weighted (IVW) meta-analysis of each Wald Ratio was carried out, while other methods were also performed for sensitivity analysis. Results: We discovered a positive association between genetically predicted TGs levels and a 45.5% elevated risk of NAFLD, while genetically predicted IL-1β [(IVW: OR 1.315 (1.060–1.630), p = 0.012) and IL-17 [(IVW: OR 1.468 (1.035–2.082), p = 0.032] were positively associated with 31.5% and 46.8% increased risk of NAFLD, respectively. Moreover, TG was positively associated with 10.5% increased risk of IL-1β and 17.3% increased risk of IL-17. The proportion mediated by IL-17 and IL-1β respectively and both was 2.6%, 3.1%, 14.1%. Conclusion: Genetically predicted TGs, IL-1β, and IL-17 were positively associated with increased risk of NAFLD, with evidence that IL-1β and IL-17 mediated TGs effect upon NAFLD risk. It indicated that early diet management, weight management, lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory treatment should be carried out for patients with hyperlipidemia to prevent the NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Dietary Lipids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota)

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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 1308 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lipids, Gut Microbiota, and the Complex Relationship with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review

by Daiane Oliveira Simão, Vitoria Silva Vieira, Jéssica Abdo Gonçalves Tosatti and Karina Braga Gomes

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4661; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214661 - 3 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3936

Abstract

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a multifactorial, progressive, and chronic neurodegenerative disorder associated with the aging process. Memory deficits, cognitive impairment, and motor dysfunction are characteristics of AD. It is estimated that, by 2050, 131.5 million people will have AD. There is evidence that [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a multifactorial, progressive, and chronic neurodegenerative disorder associated with the aging process. Memory deficits, cognitive impairment, and motor dysfunction are characteristics of AD. It is estimated that, by 2050, 131.5 million people will have AD. There is evidence that the gastrointestinal microbiome and diet may contribute to the development of AD or act preventively. Communication between the brain and the intestine occurs through immune cells in the mucosa and endocrine cells, or via the vagus nerve. Aging promotes intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory pathogenic bacteria and a reduction in anti-inflammatory response-mediating bacteria, thus contributing to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage, ultimately leading to cognitive decline. Therefore, the microbiota–gut–brain axis has a significant impact on neurodegenerative disorders. Lipids may play a preventive or contributory role in the development of AD. High consumption of saturated and trans fats can increase cortisol release and lead to other chronic diseases associated with AD. Conversely, low levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Unlike other studies, this review aims to describe, in an integrative way, the interaction between the gastrointestinal microbiome, lipids, and AD, providing valuable insights into how the relationship between these factors affects disease progression, contributing to prevention and treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Dietary Lipids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota)

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18 pages, 2499 KiB

Open AccessReview

Roles of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Yoonhwa Shin, Sunhee Han, Juhui Kwon, Songhyun Ju, Tae Gyu Choi, Insug Kang and Sung Soo Kim

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4466; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204466 - 21 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3164

Abstract

The gut microbiome is a diverse bacterial community in the human gastrointestinal tract that plays important roles in a variety of biological processes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced through fermentation of dietary fiber. Certain microbes in the gut are responsible for producing [...] Read more.

The gut microbiome is a diverse bacterial community in the human gastrointestinal tract that plays important roles in a variety of biological processes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced through fermentation of dietary fiber. Certain microbes in the gut are responsible for producing SCFAs such as acetate, propionate and butyrate. An imbalance in gut microbiome diversity can lead to metabolic disorders and inflammation-related diseases. Changes in SCFA levels and associated microbiota were observed in IBD, suggesting an association between SCFAs and disease. The gut microbiota and SCFAs affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with IBD. Gut microbes and SCFAs are closely related to IBD, and it is important to study them further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Dietary Lipids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota)

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18 pages, 1321 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of Natural Oils to Improve Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Yaxi Zhou, Diandian Wang, Hao Duan, Shiqi Zhou, Jinhong Guo and Wenjie Yan

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2606; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112606 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3855

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder that includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), the exact cause of which is still unknown. Numerous studies have confirmed that diet is one of the major environmental factors associated with IBD, [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder that includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), the exact cause of which is still unknown. Numerous studies have confirmed that diet is one of the major environmental factors associated with IBD, as it can regulate the gut microbiota and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Since the consumption of oil is essential in the diet, improving IBD through oil has potential. In this article, we first briefly reviewed the current treatment methods for IBD and introduce the role of natural oils in improving inflammatory diseases. We then focused on the recent discovery of the role of natural oils in the prevention and treatment of IBD and summarized their main mechanisms of action. The results showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of oils derived from different plants and animals has been validated in various experimental animal models. These oils are capable of improving the intestinal homeostasis in IBD animal models through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of the gut microbiota, protection of the intestinal barrier, reduction in colonic inflammation, improvement in oxidative stress levels in the intestine, and regulation of immune homeostasis. Therefore, dietary or topical use of natural oils may have potential therapeutic effects on IBD. However, currently, only a few clinical trials support the aforementioned conclusions. This review emphasized the positive effects of natural oils on IBD and encouraged more clinical trials to provide more reliable evidence on the improvement of human IBD by natural oils as functional substances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Dietary Lipids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota)

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22 pages, 446 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Supplements—A Narrative Review

by Stefan Zivkovic, Gorica Maric, Natasa Cvetinovic, Danijela Lepojevic-Stefanovic and Bojana Bozic Cvijan

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061517 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3373

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Since the establishment of the “lipid hypothesis”, according to which, cholesterol level is directly correlated to the risk of CVD, many different lipid-lowering agents have been introduced in clinical practice. A majority of [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Since the establishment of the “lipid hypothesis”, according to which, cholesterol level is directly correlated to the risk of CVD, many different lipid-lowering agents have been introduced in clinical practice. A majority of these drugs, in addition to their lipid-lowering properties, may also exhibit some anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. This hypothesis was based on the observation that a decrease in lipid levels occurs along with a decrease in inflammation. Insufficient reduction in the inflammation during treatment with lipid-lowering drugs could be one of the explanations for treatment failure and recurrent CVD events. Thus, the aim of this narrative review was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of currently available lipid-lowering medications including statins, ezetimibe, bile acid sequestrants (BAS), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, fibrates, omega-3 fatty acids, and niacin, as well as dietary supplements and novel drugs used in modern times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Dietary Lipids on Inflammation and Gut Microbiota)

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