Nutrients

Editorial

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4 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1000 Days of Life

by Yalin Zhou and Yajun Xu

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112554 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2374

Abstract

The first 1000 days of life are a critical window period for rapid growth and development during which individuals are more sensitive to the stimulation of environmental factors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

Research

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16 pages, 5247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flavor Wheel Construction and Sensory Profile Description of Human Milk

by Mingguang Yu, Chengdong Zheng, Qinggang Xie, Yuan Tang, Ying Wang, Baosong Wang, Huanlu Song, Yalin Zhou, Yajun Xu and Rongqiang Yang

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5387; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245387 - 19 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6067

Abstract

To explore the flavor characteristics of human milk, we constructed a three-tiered human milk flavor wheel based on 53 sensory descriptors belonging to different sensory categories. Fifteen sensory descriptors were selected using M-value and multivariate statistical methods, and the corresponding references were set [...] Read more.

To explore the flavor characteristics of human milk, we constructed a three-tiered human milk flavor wheel based on 53 sensory descriptors belonging to different sensory categories. Fifteen sensory descriptors were selected using M-value and multivariate statistical methods, and the corresponding references were set up to realize qualitative and quantitative sensory evaluation of the human milk samples. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the sensory evaluation, the performance of the sensory panelists was also tested. The sensory profile analysis indicated that the established sensory descriptors could properly reflect the general sensory properties of the human milk and could also be used to distinguish different samples. Further investigation exposed that the fat content might be an important factor that influence the sensory properties of human milk. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the flavor wheel of human milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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18 pages, 3039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantity and Source of Protein during Complementary Feeding and Infant Growth: Evidence from a Population Facing Double Burden of Malnutrition

by Kulnipa Kittisakmontri, Julie Lanigan, Jonathan C. K. Wells, Suphara Manowong, Sujitra Kaewarree and Mary Fewtrell

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3948; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193948 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2866

Abstract

Background: While high protein intake during infancy may increase obesity risk, low qualities and quantities of protein contribute to undernutrition. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the amount and source of protein on infant growth during complementary feeding (CF) in a [...] Read more.

Background: While high protein intake during infancy may increase obesity risk, low qualities and quantities of protein contribute to undernutrition. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the amount and source of protein on infant growth during complementary feeding (CF) in a country where under- and overnutrition co-exist as the so-called the double burden of malnutrition. Methods: A multicenter, prospective cohort was conducted. Healthy term infants were enrolled with dietary and anthropometric assessments at 6, 9 and 12 months (M). Blood samples were collected at 12M for IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and insulin analyses. Results: A total of 145 infants were enrolled (49.7% female). Animal source foods (ASFs) were the main protein source and showed a positive, dose–response relationship with weight-for-age, weight-for-length and BMI z-scores after adjusting for potential confounders. However, dairy protein had a greater impact on those parameters than non-dairy ASFs, while plant-based protein had no effect. These findings were supported by higher levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and insulin following a higher intake of dairy protein. None of the protein sources were associated with linear growth. Conclusions: This study showed the distinctive impact of different protein sources during CF on infant growth. A high intake of dairy protein, mainly from infant formula, had a greater impact on weight gain and growth-related hormones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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12 pages, 1071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Minimum Acceptable Diet among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Nepal: A Multilevel Analysis of Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019

by Suman Sapkota, Bipin Thapa, Amrita Gyawali and Yifei Hu

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3669; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173669 - 5 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3160

Abstract

Background: Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), developed by the WHO and UNICEF, is a binary indicator of infant and young child feeding practice that assesses the quality and sufficiency of a child’s diet between the ages of 6 and 23 months. Identifying factors associated [...] Read more.

Background: Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), developed by the WHO and UNICEF, is a binary indicator of infant and young child feeding practice that assesses the quality and sufficiency of a child’s diet between the ages of 6 and 23 months. Identifying factors associated with MAD among children can inform policymakers to improve children’s nutritional status. Methods: We extracted data of 1930 children aged 6–23 months from the Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019. Multilevel analysis was performed to identify factors associated with MAD. Results: Only 30.1% of the children received MAD. Children aged 13–18 months [aOR (Adjusted odds ratio): 2.37, 95% CI (95% Confidence Interval): 1.77, 3.17] and 19–23 months (aOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.95, 3.47) were more likely to receive MAD than children aged 6–12 months. Early breastfed children (aOR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.72), those currently breastfeeding (aOR: 4.13, 95% CI: 2.21, 7.69) and children without siblings aged under five (aOR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.73) were more likely to receive MAD. Younger maternal age (aOR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–1.0), higher level of mother’s education (aOR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.0–1.08) and more media exposure among mothers (aOR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.21) were positive predictors of MAD. Relatively disadvantaged ethnicity/caste (aOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.94), rural residence (aOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.00) and residing in Madhesh province (aOR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.37, 1.0) were also significant predictors of MAD. Conclusions: Children aged 6–12 months, without appropriate breastfeeding, having under-five years siblings, with older mother or mother without media exposure or low education, from relatively disadvantaged ethnicity/caste, from urban areas and residing in Madhesh Province were less likely to receive MAD. Our findings can inform infant and young child feeding policies and practices in Nepal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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12 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Progressive Metabolic Abnormalities Associated with the Development of Neonatal Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

by Chengyin Ye, Jinghua Wu, Jonathan D. Reiss, Tiffany J. Sinclair, David K. Stevenson, Gary M. Shaw, Donald H. Chace, Reese H. Clark, Lawrence S. Prince, Xuefeng Bruce Ling and Karl G. Sylvester

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3547; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173547 - 28 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2117

Abstract

Objective: To assess the longitudinal metabolic patterns during the evolution of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development. Methods: A case-control dataset of preterm infants (<32-week gestation) was obtained from a multicenter database, including 355 BPD cases and 395 controls. A total of 72 amino acid [...] Read more.

Objective: To assess the longitudinal metabolic patterns during the evolution of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development. Methods: A case-control dataset of preterm infants (<32-week gestation) was obtained from a multicenter database, including 355 BPD cases and 395 controls. A total of 72 amino acid (AA) and acylcarnitine (AC) variables, along with infants’ calorie intake and growth outcomes, were measured on day of life 1, 7, 28, and 42. Logistic regression, clustering methods, and random forest statistical modeling were utilized to identify metabolic variables significantly associated with BPD development and to investigate their longitudinal patterns that are associated with BPD development. Results: A panel of 27 metabolic variables were observed to be longitudinally associated with BPD development. The involved metabolites increased from 1 predominant different AC by day 7 to 19 associated AA and AC compounds by day 28 and 16 metabolic features by day 42. Citrulline, alanine, glutamate, tyrosine, propionylcarnitine, free carnitine, acetylcarnitine, hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, and most median-chain ACs (C₅:C₁₀) were the most associated metabolites down-regulated in BPD babies over the early days of life, whereas phenylalanine, methionine, and hydroxypalmitoylcarnitine were observed to be up-regulated in BPD babies. Most calorie intake and growth outcomes revealed similar longitudinal patterns between BPD cases and controls over the first 6 weeks of life, after gestational adjustment. When combining with birth weight, the derived metabolic-based discriminative model observed some differences between those with and without BPD development, with c-statistics of 0.869 and 0.841 at day 7 and 28 of life on the test data. Conclusions: The metabolic panel we describe identified some metabolic differences in the blood associated with BPD pathogenesis. Further work is needed to determine whether these compounds could facilitate the monitoring and/or investigation of early-life metabolic status in the lung and other tissues for the prevention and management of BPD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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14 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Timing of Breastfeeding Initiation Mediates the Association between Delivery Mode, Source of Breastfeeding Education, and Postpartum Depression Symptoms

by Xinran Shen, Shunna Lin, Hui Li, Nubiya Amaerjiang, Wen Shu, Menglong Li, Huidi Xiao, Sofia Segura-Pérez, Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, Xin Fan and Yifei Hu

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2959; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142959 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

Background: Emergency cesarean section (EMCS) and breastfeeding difficulties increase the risk of postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms. Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) may not only alleviate PPD symptoms but also facilitate subsequent breastfeeding success. EMCS is a risk factor for not practicing EIBF. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Background: Emergency cesarean section (EMCS) and breastfeeding difficulties increase the risk of postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms. Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) may not only alleviate PPD symptoms but also facilitate subsequent breastfeeding success. EMCS is a risk factor for not practicing EIBF. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between EMCS, EIBF, and PPD symptoms. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in three areas of China. At baseline, a total of 965 mothers completed electronic questionnaires within 72 h postpartum. Women were screened for PPD symptoms using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of PPD symptoms. Mediation analysis was used to determine if EIBF mediated the relationship between delivery mode or breastfeeding education source and PPD symptoms. Results: The prevalence of EIBF was 40.6%; 14% of 965 mothers experienced EMCS, and 20.4% had PPD symptoms. The risk factors for developing PPD symptoms were excessive gestational weight gain (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.55, confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.03–2.33, p = 0.037) and EMCS (aOR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.30–3.25, p = 0.002). The protective factors for developing PPD symptoms were monthly household income over CNY 10000 (aOR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.47–0.97, p = 0.034), EIBF (aOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.34–0.72, p < 0.001), and prenatal breastfeeding education from nurses (aOR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.29–0.73, p = 0.001). EIBF indirectly affected PPD symptoms in patients who had undergone EMCS (percentage mediated [PM] = 16.69, 95% CI: 7.85–25.25, p < 0.001). The source of breastfeeding education through EIBF also affected PPD symptoms (PM = 17.29, 95% CI: 3.80–30.78, p = 0.012). Conclusion: The association between EMCS on PPD symptoms was mediated by EIBF. By providing breastfeeding education, nurses could also help alleviate PPD symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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10 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Milk Metabolomics Are Related to Maternal Adiposity, Infant Growth Rate and Allergies: The Chinese Human Milk Project

by Wei Zhang, Kaifeng Li, Chengdong Zheng, Han Sun, Jiancun Pan, Yuanyuan Li, Ying Liu, Wenqing Wang, Mengnan Ju, Yajun Xu and Shilong Jiang

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2097; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102097 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2371

Abstract

The metabolomic profiles of Chinese human milk have been poorly documented. The objective of the study was to explore associations between human milk metabotypes, maternal adiposity, infant growth patterns, and risk of allergies. Two hundred mother–infant dyads from seven cities were randomly selected [...] Read more.

The metabolomic profiles of Chinese human milk have been poorly documented. The objective of the study was to explore associations between human milk metabotypes, maternal adiposity, infant growth patterns, and risk of allergies. Two hundred mother–infant dyads from seven cities were randomly selected from the Chinese Human Milk Project (CHMP). Untargeted human milk metabolomic profiles were determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Two human milk metabotypes were identified using principal component analysis. Principal component (PC) 1 was characterized by high linoleic acid metabolites with low purine nucleosides and metabolites of glutamate and glutathione metabolism. PC 2 was characterized by high glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins content. Higher PC1 scores were associated with slower infant growth rate and higher ambient temperature (p < 0.05). Higher PC 2 scores were related to higher maternal BMI and increased risk of infant allergies (p < 0.05). Future work is needed to understand the biologic mechanisms of these human milk metabotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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8 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Maternal Longitudinal Hemoglobin with Small for Gestational Age during Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Shangzhi Xu, Weiming Wang, Qian Li, Li Huang, Xi Chen, Xu Zhang, Xiaoyi Wang, Weizhen Han, Xingwen Hu, Xuefeng Yang, Liping Hao, Guoping Xiong and Nianhong Yang

Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071403 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1884

Abstract

Background: Few studies have investigated the association of maternal longitudinal hemoglobin (Hb) with small for gestational age during pregnancy. The current study examined the associations of maternal Hb concentrations and Hb changes throughout the middle and late stages of pregnancy with small for [...] Read more.

Background: Few studies have investigated the association of maternal longitudinal hemoglobin (Hb) with small for gestational age during pregnancy. The current study examined the associations of maternal Hb concentrations and Hb changes throughout the middle and late stages of pregnancy with small for gestational age (SGA) in a large prospective cohort study. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, which enrolled pregnant women at 8–16 weeks of gestation and followed up regularly. Maternal Hb concentrations were measured at the middle (14–27 weeks) and late (28–42 weeks) stages of pregnancy, and the Hb change from the middle to late stage of pregnancy was assessed. The Log-Poisson regression model was used to identify the association of maternal Hb with SGA, including the implications of Hb during specific pregnancy periods and Hb change across the middle to late stages of pregnancy. Of the total 3233 singleton live births, 208 (6.4%) were SGA. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with Hb 110–119 g/L, Hb ≥ 130 g/L at late pregnancy was significantly associated with a higher risk of SGA (adjusted RR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.49, 3.13). When Hb changes from the middle to late stages of pregnancy were classified by tertiles, the greatest change in the Hb group (<−6.0 g/L) was significantly associated with a lower risk of SGA (adjusted RR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.85) compared with the intermediate group (−6.0~1.9 g/L). In conclusion, for women at low risk of iron deficiency, both higher Hb concentrations in late pregnancy and less Hb reduction during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of SGA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

14 pages, 2096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mild Choline Deficiency and MTHFD1 Synthetase Deficiency Interact to Increase Incidence of Developmental Delays and Defects in Mice

by Karen E. Christensen, Olga V. Malysheva, Stephanie Carlin, Fernando Matias, Amanda J. MacFarlane, René L. Jacobs, Marie A. Caudill and Rima Rozen

Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010127 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2347

Abstract

Folate and choline are interconnected metabolically. The MTHFD1 R653Q SNP is a risk factor for birth defects and there are concerns that choline deficiency may interact with this SNP and exacerbate health risks. 80–90% of women do not meet the Adequate Intake (AI) [...] Read more.

Folate and choline are interconnected metabolically. The MTHFD1 R653Q SNP is a risk factor for birth defects and there are concerns that choline deficiency may interact with this SNP and exacerbate health risks. 80–90% of women do not meet the Adequate Intake (AI) for choline. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of choline deficiency on maternal one-carbon metabolism and reproductive outcomes in the MTHFD1-synthetase deficient mouse (Mthfd1S), a model for MTHFD1 R653Q. Mthfd1S^+/+ and Mthfd1S^+/− females were fed control (CD) or choline-deficient diets (ChDD; 1/3 the amount of choline) before mating and during pregnancy. Embryos were evaluated for delays and defects at 10.5 days gestation. Choline metabolites were measured in the maternal liver, and total folate measured in maternal plasma and liver. ChDD significantly decreased choline, betaine, phosphocholine, and dimethylglycine in maternal liver (p < 0.05, ANOVA), and altered phosphatidylcholine metabolism. Maternal and embryonic genotype, and diet-genotype interactions had significant effects on defect incidence. Mild choline deficiency and Mthfd1S^+/− genotype alter maternal one-carbon metabolism and increase incidence of developmental defects. Further study is required to determine if low choline intakes contribute to developmental defects in humans, particularly in 653QQ women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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20 pages, 4425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum and Amniotic Fluid Metabolic Profile Changes in Response to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the Association with Maternal–Fetal Outcomes

by Yalin Zhou, Runlong Zhao, Ying Lyu, Hanxu Shi, Wanyun Ye, Yuwei Tan, Rui Li and Yajun Xu

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3644; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103644 - 18 Oct 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4163

Abstract

This study was designed to identify serum and amniotic fluid (AF) metabolic profile changes in response to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and explore the association with maternal–fetal outcomes. We established the GDM rat models by combining a high-fat diet (HFD) with an injection [...] Read more.

This study was designed to identify serum and amniotic fluid (AF) metabolic profile changes in response to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and explore the association with maternal–fetal outcomes. We established the GDM rat models by combining a high-fat diet (HFD) with an injection of low-dose streptozotocin (STZ), detected the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of pregnant rats in the second and third trimester, and collected AF and fetal rats by cesarean section on gestational day 19 (GD19), as well as measuring the weight and crown–rump length (CRL) of fetal rats. We applied liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the untargeted metabolomics analyses of serum and AF samples and then explored their correlation with maternal–fetal outcomes via the co-occurrence network. The results showed that 91 and 68 metabolites were upregulated and 125 and 78 metabolites were downregulated in serum and AF samples exposed to GDM, respectively. In maternal serum, the obvious alterations emerged in lipids and lipid-like molecules, while there were great changes in carbohydrate and carbohydrate conjugates, followed by amino acids, peptides, and analogs in amniotic fluid. The altered pathways both in serum and AF samples were amino acid, lipid, nucleotide, and vitamin metabolism pathways. In response to GDM, changes in the steroid hormone metabolic pathway occurred in serum, and an altered carbohydrate metabolism pathway was found in AF samples. Among differential metabolites in two kinds of samples, there were 34 common biochemicals shared by serum and AF samples, and a mutual significant association existed. These shared differential metabolites were implicated in several metabolism pathways, including choline, tryptophan, histidine, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and among them, N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, 5’-methylthioadenosine, and kynurenic acid were significantly associated with both maternal FPG and fetal growth. In conclusion, serum and AF metabolic profiles were remarkably altered in response to GDM. N1-Methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, 5’-methylthioadenosine, and kynurenic acid have the potential to be taken as biomarkers for maternal–fetal health status of GDM. The common and inter-related differential metabolites both in the serum and AF implied the feasibility of predicting fetal health outcomes via detecting the metabolites in maternal serum exposed to GDM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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Review

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15 pages, 2173 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Association of Formula Protein Content and Growth in Early Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Qiqi Ren, Kaifeng Li, Han Sun, Chengdong Zheng, Yalin Zhou, Ying Lyu, Wanyun Ye, Hanxu Shi, Wei Zhang, Yajun Xu and Shilong Jiang

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2255; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112255 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2443

Abstract

This systematic review aimed to examine differences in growth outcomes between breastfed infants and infants fed with formula with different protein/energy ratios during the first six months of life. We conducted a systematic review in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Springer databases. [...] Read more.

This systematic review aimed to examine differences in growth outcomes between breastfed infants and infants fed with formula with different protein/energy ratios during the first six months of life. We conducted a systematic review in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Springer databases. Twenty clinical trials qualified for inclusion. We extracted data about the growth outcomes of infants who were exclusive breastfed or exclusively infant formula fed in the first six months and used a meta-analysis to pool the finding data. We categorized study formulas into four groups according to their protein content: <1.8, 1.8–2.0, 2.1–2.2, and >2.2 g/100 kcal. In the first month of life, growth was not different between formula- and breastfed infants. During 2–3 months of life, growth was faster in infants who consumed formulas with protein contents higher than 2.0 g/100 kcal. After 3 months, formula-fed infants grew faster than breastfed infants. Our meta-analysis indicated that the growth outcomes of infants fed with infant formula with a relatively low protein/energy ratios, compared with that a relatively high protein/energy ratio, were close to those of breastfed infants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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10 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant-Based Formulas and Liquid Feedings for Infants and Toddlers

by Yvan Vandenplas, Nele De Mulder, Elisabeth De Greef and Koen Huysentruyt

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 4026; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114026 - 11 Nov 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4847

Abstract

Exclusive breastfeeding is the recommended feeding for all infants. Recent research has focused on the importance of balanced feeding during the first 1000 days, starting at conception with a balanced diet of the pregnant woman, up to the age of two years. The [...] Read more.

Exclusive breastfeeding is the recommended feeding for all infants. Recent research has focused on the importance of balanced feeding during the first 1000 days, starting at conception with a balanced diet of the pregnant woman, up to the age of two years. The following step, a balanced diet after the age of two years is a challenge, as the dietary intake becomes more diversified. The role of young-child formula in this process is debated. This paper discusses the use of planted-based drinks, since they are a valuable and progressively more popular alternative for cow’s milk, if nutritionally adapted to the requirements of toddlers. Plant-based drinks are per definition lactose free. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

13 pages, 1538 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dynamic Changes in Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Yalin Zhou, Han Sun, Kaifeng Li, Chengdong Zheng, Mengnan Ju, Ying Lyu, Runlong Zhao, Wenqing Wang, Wei Zhang, Yajun Xu and Shilong Jiang

Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 2912; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092912 - 24 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3538

Abstract

The aim of this systematic review was to summarize concentrations of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in the Chinese population. We searched articles originally published in both Chinese and English. When compiling data, lactation was categorized into five stages. We found that 6′-sialyllactose, lacto- [...] Read more.

The aim of this systematic review was to summarize concentrations of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in the Chinese population. We searched articles originally published in both Chinese and English. When compiling data, lactation was categorized into five stages. We found that 6′-sialyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, and lacto-N-neotetraose decreased over lactation. Conversely, 3′-fucosyllactose increased over lactation. Our study represents the first systematic review to summarize HMO concentrations in Chinese population. Our findings not only provide data on HMO profiles in Chinese population but suggest future directions in the study of the metabolism of HMOs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in the First 1,000 Days of Life)

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