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Nutrients
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Diet, Circadian Syndrome and Health Outcomes
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Diet, Circadian Syndrome and Health Outcomes

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 August 2024) | Viewed by 6825

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Zumin Shi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Interests: dietary pattern; micronutrients; epidemiology; anemia; obesity; diabetes; biostatistics and cardiovascular disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Obesity and metabolic diseases are major health problems, particularly prevalent in industrialized societies where shift work, jet lag, and/or social obligations disrupt circadian rhythms. Human eating patterns follow endogenous rhythms. Human food intake occurs during the active phase, so energy storage is renewed. Instead, the emptying of energy stores and fasting times correspond to periods of inactivity, including sleep. When the rhythm of eating behavior changes, such as through shift work or the continuous provision of highly palatable food, strong feedback is sent to the peripheral molecular clock. Different degrees of phase shift will lead to dysregulation of metabolic processes. In addition, when there is a mismatch between the endogenous rhythms of physiology and environmental inputs, such as eating during inactive phases, the body's ability to maintain homeostasis is impaired, affecting human health.

The concept of circadian syndrome (CircS) was first proposed by Zimmet et al. in 2019 (PMID: 31081577). It adds short sleep and depression to the classical metabolic syndrome (MetS) conditions.  CircS has been shown to be a better predictor for cardiovascular disease than metabolic syndrome in the USA and Chinese population. An increasing number of studies show that CircS predicts other health outcomes better than MetS.

In this Special Issue, we aim to present the latest results and comments on the relationship of diet, circadian syndrome and health outcomes. 

Dr. Zumin Shi
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • metabolic syndrome
  • shift work
  • rhythms
  • food intake
  • circadian syndrome

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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12 pages, 951 KiB  
Article
Association between Serum Vitamin D Status and Circadian Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Ahmed Arabi, Dima Nasrallah, Sara Mohsen, Lana Abugharbieh, Dana Al-Hashimi, Shaikha AlMass, Shahd Albasti, Saeed A. Al-Ajmi, Muhammad Naseem Khan and Susu M. Zughaier
Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2111; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132111 - 2 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1926
Abstract
Background: Circadian Syndrome (CircS) encompasses cardiometabolic risk factors and comorbidities, indicating an elevated susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and each of the following: CircS, metabolic syndrome (MetS), [...] Read more.
Background: Circadian Syndrome (CircS) encompasses cardiometabolic risk factors and comorbidities, indicating an elevated susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and each of the following: CircS, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and the individual components of CircS. Data from 14,907 adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007 and 2018 were utilized. CircS was defined based on MetS components, alongside depression, short sleep, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Results: Our results indicated that low vitamin D levels exhibited meaningful associations with CircS, with vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy demonstrating 2.21-fold (95% CI 1.78–2.74, p < 0.001) and 1.33-fold (95% CI 1.14–1.54, p < 0.001) increases in CircS odds, respectively. The association between vitamin D deficiency and CircS was stronger than that with MetS. Additionally, a dose-response gradient in odds of CircS components, particularly with short sleep duration, was noted as serum vitamin D levels decreased. Conclusions: our findings highlight a significant association between low serum vitamin D levels and CircS and its components, particularly with short sleep. This suggests a potentially pivotal role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of Circadian syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Circadian Syndrome and Health Outcomes)
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13 pages, 250 KiB  
Article
Association of Nightly Fasting, Meal Frequency, and Skipping Meals with Metabolic Syndrome among Kuwaiti Adults
by Fatema Alkhulaifi, Suad Al-Hooti, Sameer Al-Zenki, Husam Alomirah, Qian Xiao, Wenyaw Chan, Fuqing Wu and Charles Darkoh
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070984 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1306
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that meal timing and frequency are associated with cardiometabolic health by influencing circadian rhythms. However, the evidence is inconsistent and limited, especially in non-Western cultures. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the association between temporal habits of dietary intake, such [...] Read more.
Mounting evidence suggests that meal timing and frequency are associated with cardiometabolic health by influencing circadian rhythms. However, the evidence is inconsistent and limited, especially in non-Western cultures. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the association between temporal habits of dietary intake, such as nightly fasting duration and meal frequency, and metabolic syndrome among Kuwaiti adults. A 24-hour recall was used to assess temporal habits of dietary intake. Meal frequency was defined as the number of daily eating episodes. The study included a total of 757 adults aged 20 years and older. The participants’ mean age was 37.8 ± 12.3 years. After adjusting for all confounders, higher meal frequency was found to be associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults (OR, 0.43; 95%CI, 0.19–0.96) and a lower prevalence of elevated triglycerides in men only (OR, 0.23; 95%CI, 0.09–0.60). No association was found between nightly fasting and metabolic syndrome, but a longer fasting duration was associated with a lower prevalence of elevated triglycerides (OR, 0.19; 95%CI, 0.06–0.63). The findings suggest that having frequent meals and longer durations of nightly fasting may help decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome and elevated triglycerides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Circadian Syndrome and Health Outcomes)
12 pages, 935 KiB  
Article
Circadian Syndrome Is Associated with Dietary Patterns among Middle-Older Americans: The Health and Retirement Study
by Abeer Ali Aljahdali and Zumin Shi
Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060760 - 7 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1461
Abstract
Population aging is a global demographic characteristic of the 21st century, and healthy eating is a core component of healthy aging. However, limited evidence is available among older adults for associations between diet quality and circadian syndrome (CircS). Thus, this study examined associations [...] Read more.
Population aging is a global demographic characteristic of the 21st century, and healthy eating is a core component of healthy aging. However, limited evidence is available among older adults for associations between diet quality and circadian syndrome (CircS). Thus, this study examined associations between dietary patterns and CircS among a representative sample of middle-older adults in the US. The sample comprised middle-older adults enrolled in the 2016 core wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and one of its sub-studies, the 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study (HCNS). A food frequency questionnaire was used to quantify habitual food intake and identify dietary patterns using a factor analysis. CircS was defined based on the existence of ≥4 components of metabolic syndrome and indicators of sleep disorders and depression. A total of 4253 middle-older adults with a mean age (SD) of 65.4 (10.0) years were included in the study. The prevalence of CircS was 35.9%. Comparing extreme quartiles of the “Prudent Pattern”, the odds ratio (95% CI) for CircS was 0.72 (0.55–0.94), and it was 1.47 (1.10–1.95) for the “Western Pattern”. The “Western Pattern” was positively associated while the “Prudent Pattern” was inversely associated with the odds of CircS among middle-older adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Circadian Syndrome and Health Outcomes)
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16 pages, 813 KiB  
Systematic Review
Daily Duration of Eating for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Jill Townley, Kate Northstone, Elanor C. Hinton, Julian Hamilton-Shield, Aidan Searle and Sam Leary
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070993 - 28 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1497
Abstract
Time-limited eating is a dietary intervention whereby eating is limited to a specific window of time during the day. The usual eating windows of adults, and how these can be manipulated for dietary interventions, is well documented. However, there is a paucity of [...] Read more.
Time-limited eating is a dietary intervention whereby eating is limited to a specific window of time during the day. The usual eating windows of adults, and how these can be manipulated for dietary interventions, is well documented. However, there is a paucity of data on eating windows of young people, the manipulation of which may be a useful intervention for reducing obesity. This paper reviewed the existing literature on the eating windows of children and adolescents, aged 5–18 years, plus clock times of first and last intakes and variations by subgroup. Two databases (Medline and Embase) were searched for eligible papers published between February 2013 and February 2023, with forward searching of the citation network of included studies on Web of Science. Articles were screened, and data extracted, in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Ten studies were included, with both observational and experimental designs. Narrative synthesis showed large variations in eating windows with average values ranging from 9.7 h to 16.4 h. Meta-analysis, of five studies, showed a pooled mean daily eating window of 11.3 h (95% CI 11.0, 11.7). Large variations in eating windows exist across different study populations; however, the pooled data suggest that it may be possible to design time-limited eating interventions in paediatric populations aimed at reducing eating windows. Further high-quality research, investigating eating windows and subsequent associations with health outcomes, is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Circadian Syndrome and Health Outcomes)
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