Nutrients

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3 pages, 182 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Circadian Clock and Nutrition

by Marian H. Lewandowski

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2183; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092183 - 4 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2081

Abstract

Rhythmicity is a fundamental characteristic of every living organism [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Clock and Nutrition)

Research

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12 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Differences in the Relationship between Chronotype and Eating Behaviour: A Focus on Binge Eating and Food Addiction

by Ramona De Amicis, Letizia Galasso, Riccardo Cavallaro, Sara Paola Mambrini, Lucia Castelli, Angela Montaruli, Eliana Roveda, Fabio Esposito, Alessandro Leone, Andrea Foppiani, Alberto Battezzati and Simona Bertoli

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4580; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214580 - 28 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3245

Abstract

Background: Men are more likely than women to have subthreshold overeating disorders. Lifestyle plays a role as a determinant, while chronotype is an emerging factor. Chronotype explains the natural preferences of wakefulness and activity throughout the day: evening chronotypes (E-Types), those most productive [...] Read more.

Background: Men are more likely than women to have subthreshold overeating disorders. Lifestyle plays a role as a determinant, while chronotype is an emerging factor. Chronotype explains the natural preferences of wakefulness and activity throughout the day: evening chronotypes (E-Types), those most productive in the evening, have been linked with unhealthy dietary patterns and a higher propensity to substance addiction than morning types (M-Types). Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study on 750 overweight or obese adults (70% females, 48 ± 10 years, BMI 31.7 ± 5.8 kg/m²). The Binge-Eating Scale, the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0), the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), and the MEDAS questionnaire were used to assess binge eating, food addiction, chronotype, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, respectively. Results: No differences in BES binge-eating and FA food-addiction scores occurred between chronotypes, but we found significant interactions between sex × rMEQ score. While women showed the same prevalence for binge eating and food addiction across all chronotypes, binge eating and food addiction risk increased with reducing rMEQ score in men, indicating that being male and E-Type increases the risk association of binge eating and/or food addiction prevalence. Conclusions: chronotype is associated with binge eating and food addiction in men, emphasizing the link between chronobiology and sex differences as determinants in appetite and eating behaviour dysregulation and in overweight and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Clock and Nutrition)

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10 pages, 898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal and Regional Differences in Eating Times in a Representative Sample of the Brazilian Population

by Jefferson Souza Santos, Debra Jean Skene, Cibele Aparecida Crispim and Claudia Roberta de Castro Moreno

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 4019; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15184019 - 16 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1855

Abstract

Human food intake and its timing are a complex behavior that can be influenced by a variety of factors, some of which may vary from season to season or from region to region. In this study, our aim was to investigate the seasonal [...] Read more.

Human food intake and its timing are a complex behavior that can be influenced by a variety of factors, some of which may vary from season to season or from region to region. In this study, our aim was to investigate the seasonal variation in food intake times, with a particular focus on how these may vary across different regions of a country. We conducted an analysis of data from 20,622 adults from the National Household Budget Survey (POF-IBGE), encompassing complete food diaries collected from individuals residing in Brazil, and thereby ensuring representation across different latitudes. Each participant’s daily food intake was reported for two non-consecutive days at different times in the same week using food diaries. An ANOVA revealed a later food intake time in the evening in high-latitude regions compared to low-latitude regions. The Sidak post-hoc test showed a significant interaction effect between region and season, demonstrating a pattern of early First Intake Time and Eating Midpoint in the Northeast region during spring/summer. Additionally, we observed an independent effect of the region, as early food intake times were found in low-latitude regions. These findings offer a basis for discussing food intake times among individuals living in different regions located on distinct latitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Clock and Nutrition)

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11 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Fast Do “Owls” and “Larks” Eat?

by Ludovica Verde, Annamaria Docimo, Giovanni Chirico, Silvia Savastano, Annamaria Colao, Luigi Barrea and Giovanna Muscogiuri

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061437 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2038

Abstract

Chronotype is a reflection of an individual’s preference for sleeping, eating and activity times over a 24 h period. Based on these circadian preferences, three chronotype categories have been identified: morning (MC) (lark), intermediate (IC) and evening (EC) (owl). [...] Read more.

Chronotype is a reflection of an individual’s preference for sleeping, eating and activity times over a 24 h period. Based on these circadian preferences, three chronotype categories have been identified: morning (MC) (lark), intermediate (IC) and evening (EC) (owl). Chronotype categories have been reported to influence dietary habits; subjects with EC are more prone to follow unhealthy diets. In order to better characterize the eating habits of subjects with obesity belonging to three different chronotype categories, we investigated eating speed during the three main meals in a population of subjects with overweight/obesity. For this purpose, we included 81 subjects with overweight/obesity (aged 46.38 ± 16.62 years; BMI 31.48 ± 7.30 kg/m²) in a cross-sectional, observational study. Anthropometric parameters and lifestyle habits were studied. Chronotype score was assessed using the Morningness–Eveningness questionnaire (based on their scores, subjects were categorized as MC, IC or EC). To investigate the duration of main meals, a dietary interview by a qualified nutritionist was conducted. Subjects with MC spend significantly more time on lunch than subjects with EC (p = 0.017) and significantly more time on dinner than subjects with IC (p = 0.041). Furthermore, the chronotype score correlated positively with the minutes spent at lunch (p = 0.001) and dinner (p = 0.055, trend toward statistical significance). EC had a fast eating speed and this, in addition to better characterizing the eating habits of this chronotype category, could also contribute to the risk of developing obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Clock and Nutrition)

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10 pages, 1041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Type 2 Diabetes: Also a “Clock Matter”?

by Annamaria Docimo, Ludovica Verde, Luigi Barrea, Claudia Vetrani, Pasqualina Memoli, Giacomo Accardo, Caterina Colella, Gabriella Nosso, Marcello Orio, Andrea Renzullo, Silvia Savastano, Annamaria Colao and Giovanna Muscogiuri

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061427 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1829

Abstract

Background: We investigated whether chronotype is associated with glycemic control, antidiabetic treatment, and risk of developing complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: The diabetologists filled out an online questionnaire on the Google Form platform to collect the following parameters of [...] Read more.

Background: We investigated whether chronotype is associated with glycemic control, antidiabetic treatment, and risk of developing complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: The diabetologists filled out an online questionnaire on the Google Form platform to collect the following parameters of subjects with T2DM: body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), diabetes history, antidiabetic treatment, diabetic complications, and chronotype categories. Results: We enrolled 106 subjects with T2DM (M/F: 58/48; age: 63.3 ± 10.4 years; BMI: 28.8 ± 4.9 kg/m²). Thirty-five point eight% of the subjects showed a morning chronotype (MC), 47.2% an intermediate chronotype (IC), and 17% an evening chronotype (EC). EC subjects reported significantly higher HbA1c (p < 0.001) and FPG (p = 0.004) values, and higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications (CVC) (p = 0.028) and of subjects taking basal (p < 0.001) and rapid insulin (p = 0.01) compared to MC subjects. EC subjects reported significantly higher HbA1c (p < 0.001) and FPG (p = 0.015) than IC subjects. An inverse association was found between chronotype score, HbA1c (r = −0.459; p < 0.001), and FPG (r = −0.269; p = 0.05), remaining significant also after adjustment for BMI, age, and disease duration. Conclusions: EC is associated with higher prevalence of CVC and poorer glycemic control independently of BMI and disease duration in subjects with T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Clock and Nutrition)

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18 pages, 2865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Fat-Diet-Evoked Disruption of the Rat Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Clock Can Be Prevented by Restricted Nighttime Feeding

by Anna Magdalena Sanetra, Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec, Lukasz Chrobok, Jagoda Stanislawa Jeczmien-Lazur, Emilia Gawron, Jasmin Daniela Klich, Kamil Pradel and Marian Henryk Lewandowski

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5034; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235034 - 26 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2630

Abstract

Obesity is a growing health problem for modern society; therefore, it has become extremely important to study not only its negative implications but also its developmental mechanism. Its links to disrupted circadian rhythmicity are indisputable but are still not well studied on the [...] Read more.

Obesity is a growing health problem for modern society; therefore, it has become extremely important to study not only its negative implications but also its developmental mechanism. Its links to disrupted circadian rhythmicity are indisputable but are still not well studied on the cellular level. Circadian food intake and metabolism are controlled by a set of brain structures referred to as the food-entrainable oscillator, among which the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) seems to be especially heavily affected by diet-induced obesity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a short-term high-fat diet (HFD) on the physiology of the male rat DMH, with special attention to its day/night changes. Using immunofluorescence and electrophysiology we found that both cFos immunoreactivity and electrical activity rhythms become disrupted after as few as 4 weeks of HFD consumption, so before the onset of excessive weight gain. This indicates that the DMH impairment is a possible factor in obesity development. The DMH cellular activity under an HFD became increased during the non-active daytime, which coincides with a disrupted rhythm in food intake. In order to explore the relationship between them, a separate group of rats underwent time-restricted feeding with access to food only during the nighttime. Such an approach completely abolished the disruptive effects of the HFD on the DMH clock, confirming its dependence on the feeding schedule of the animal. The presented data highlight the importance of a temporally regulated feeding pattern on the physiology of the hypothalamic center for food intake and metabolism regulation, and propose time-restricted feeding as a possible prevention of the circadian dysregulation observed under an HFD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Clock and Nutrition)

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12 pages, 11677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Time-Restricted Feeding on Adaptation to a 6-Hour Delay Phase Shift or a 12-Hour Phase Shift in Mice

by Baoyin Ren, Yingzhi Huang, Jiayang Zhang, Jiazhi Li, Zhaiyi Liu, Youfei Guan, Lihong Chen and Guangrui Yang

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3025; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153025 - 23 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2171

Abstract

Nowadays, more and more people are suffering from circadian disruption. However, there is no well-accepted treatment. Recently, time-restricted feeding (TRF) was proposed as a potential non-drug intervention to alleviate jet lag in mice, especially in mice treated with a 6-h advanced phase shift. [...] Read more.

Nowadays, more and more people are suffering from circadian disruption. However, there is no well-accepted treatment. Recently, time-restricted feeding (TRF) was proposed as a potential non-drug intervention to alleviate jet lag in mice, especially in mice treated with a 6-h advanced phase shift. Here, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with a 6-h delay phase shift or a 12-h shift (day-night reversal) combined with 6- or 12-h TRF within the dark phase and found the beneficial effects of given TRF strategies in certain phase-shifting situations. Although behavioral fitness did not correlate well with health status, none of the TRF strategies we used deteriorated lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis. These findings improve our understanding of the benefits of TRF for adaptation to circadian disruption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Clock and Nutrition)

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Review

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19 pages, 1274 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Circadian Rhythm Disturbance on the Human Musculoskeletal System and the Importance of Nutritional Strategies

by Norsham Juliana, Liyana Azmi, Nadia Mohd Effendy, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Nur Nabilah Abu Bakar, Sahar Azmani, Noor Anisah Abu Yazit, Suhaini Kadiman and Srijit Das

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030734 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 10390

Abstract

The circadian system in the human body responds to daily environmental changes to optimise behaviour according to the biological clock and also influences various physiological processes. The suprachiasmatic nuclei are located in the anterior hypothalamus of the brain, and they synchronise to the [...] Read more.

The circadian system in the human body responds to daily environmental changes to optimise behaviour according to the biological clock and also influences various physiological processes. The suprachiasmatic nuclei are located in the anterior hypothalamus of the brain, and they synchronise to the 24 h light/dark cycle. Human physiological functions are highly dependent on the regulation of the internal circadian clock. Skeletal muscles comprise the largest collection of peripheral clocks in the human body. Both central and peripheral clocks regulate the interaction between the musculoskeletal system and energy metabolism. The skeletal muscle circadian clock plays a vital role in lipid and glucose metabolism. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is related to an alteration in the circadian rhythm. In the present review, we discuss the disturbance of the circadian rhythm and its resultant effect on the musculoskeletal system. We also discuss the nutritional strategies that are potentially effective in maintaining the system’s homeostasis. Active collaborations between nutritionists and physiologists in the field of chronobiological and chrononutrition will further clarify these interactions. This review may be necessary for successful interventions in reducing morbidity and mortality resulting from musculoskeletal disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Clock and Nutrition)

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16 pages, 1065 KiB

Open AccessReview

Christmas and New Year “Dietary Titbits” and Perspectives from Chronobiology

by Thomas C. Erren, Ursula Wild and Philip Lewis

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153177 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4132

Abstract

A historical Christmas card connecting two pioneers of modern chronobiology (Colin Pittendrigh and Jürgen Aschoff) brings together key evolutionary facets of the field at Christmas time. The importance of the field to physiology and medicine is conveyed by the Nobel Prize award in [...] Read more.

A historical Christmas card connecting two pioneers of modern chronobiology (Colin Pittendrigh and Jürgen Aschoff) brings together key evolutionary facets of the field at Christmas time. The importance of the field to physiology and medicine is conveyed by the Nobel Prize award in 2017 for discoveries of how body clocks facilitate the temporal organization of physiology across days and nights. Temporal organization can have relevance for dietary Christmas excesses and dietary New Year resolutions. Herein, we examine how diet around Christmas and New Year has been targeted in human health research and we examine published opinion on dietary practice concerning Christmas and New Year using a systematized literature review approach. Thereafter, via a selective literature synthesis regarding time-restricted eating, we explore the chronobiological notion that “when” we eat and drink may make differences in terms of whether we experience weight gain and adverse health effects during and after the festive days. Overall, current Christmas eating is typically detrimental to health in terms of “how much” we consume of “what”. Regarding New Year’s goal-setting, chronobiology-based advice could be considered insofar as “when” we eat may be a healthier and more sustainable nutritional habit alternative. While we need further studies in humans, individual and public health may benefit during and after Christmas by adhering to plausible principles of chrononutrition. That detrimental nutritional excesses over Christmas may encourage individuals to tackle their eating habits should not be left untapped. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Clock and Nutrition)

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