Nutrients

18 pages, 610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiomics Analysis of a Micronutrient-Rich Dietary Pattern and the Aging Genotype 9p21 on the Plasma Proteome of Young Adults

by Sara Mahdavi, Katie Rosychuk, David J. A. Jenkins, Andrew J. Percy, Christoph H. Borchers and Ahmed El-Sohemy

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081398 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Diet is one of the most significant modifiable lifestyle factors influencing human health, contributing to both morbidity and mortality. Genetic variations in the pleiotropic 9p21 risk locus further shape premature aging, disease susceptibility, and have been strongly linked to cardiovascular disease [...] Read more.

Background: Diet is one of the most significant modifiable lifestyle factors influencing human health, contributing to both morbidity and mortality. Genetic variations in the pleiotropic 9p21 risk locus further shape premature aging, disease susceptibility, and have been strongly linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic disorders, certain cancers, and neurodegenerative conditions. However, given that this region was discovered based on Genome-Wide Association Studies, the mechanisms by which 9p21 exerts its effects remain poorly understood and its interactions with diet and biomarkers are insufficiently explored. Methods: This study investigated the association between the rs2383206 SNP in 9p21, dietary patterns, and plasma proteomic biomarkers in a multi-ethnic cohort of 1280 young adults from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study. Participants’ dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were categorized using principal component analysis. Plasma proteomics analyses quantified 54 abundant proteins involved in the cardiometabolic and inflammatory pathways. Genotyping identified individuals who were homozygous for the 9p21 risk allele (GG), known to confer the highest susceptibility risk to premature aging and multiple chronic diseases. Results: A significant interaction was observed between the 9p21 genotype and adherence to a micronutrient-rich Prudent dietary pattern for eight plasma proteins (α₁ Antichymotrypsin, Complement C4 β chain, Complement C4 γ chain, Complement C9, Fibrinogen α chain, Hemopexin, and Serum amyloid P-component). However, only Complement C4-γ showed a pattern consistent with the risks associated with the 9p21 genotype and adherence to a Prudent diet. Individuals with the high-risk GG genotype had significantly higher concentrations of Complement C4-γ, but only among those with a low adherence to a Prudent diet. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Prudent dietary patterns rich in micronutrients may counteract genetic-mediated proinflammatory susceptibility by modulating key proteomic biomarkers in young adults, highlighting the potential for tailored dietary interventions to mitigate disease risk. This study also introduces a novel framework for post hoc micronutrient resolution within dietary pattern analysis, offering a new lens to interpret nutrient synergies in gene–diet interaction research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Visceral Fat Accumulation and Risk of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity: The Roles of Accelerated Biological Aging

by Tianyu Zhu, Yixing Tian, Jinqi Wang, Zhiyuan Wu, Wenhan Xie, Haotian Liu, Xia Li, Lixin Tao and Xiuhua Guo

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081397 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the association between visceral fat accumulation and the risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) and the potential roles of accelerated biological aging in this relationship. Methods: Using data from the UK Biobank, a nationwide cohort study was conducted using the available [...] Read more.

Objectives: To investigate the association between visceral fat accumulation and the risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) and the potential roles of accelerated biological aging in this relationship. Methods: Using data from the UK Biobank, a nationwide cohort study was conducted using the available baseline body roundness index (BRI) measurement. Biological aging was assessed using the Klemera–Doubal method for biological age and the phenotypic age algorithms. The association between the BRI and CMM was estimated using the Cox proportional hazards regression model, while the roles of biological aging were examined through interaction and mediation analyses. Results: During a median follow-up of 14.52 years, 6156 cases of CMM were identified. A significant association was observed between the BRI and CMM. The hazard ratio (HR) for CMM was 3.72 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.35–4.13) for individuals in the highest quartile compared with those in the lowest quartile of the BRI. More importantly, the BRI (AUC, 0.701; 95% CI, 0.694–0.707) demonstrated superior predictive performance relative to body mass index (AUC, 0.657; 95% CI, 0.650–0.664). Furthermore, the BRI exhibited additive interactions with accelerated biological aging on the risk of CMM, and accelerated biological aging partially mediated the association between the BRI and CMM. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence for the application of the BRI as a novel and readily accessible screening tool associated with CMM, suggesting that the effective management of visceral fat and biological aging deceleration may hold promise for reducing CMM risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 3439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Changes in Antibodies and Proteome in Breast Milk of Mothers Infected with Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron: A Longitudinal Study

by Yaqiong Guo, Cheng Li, Minjie Tan, Yuexiao Chen, Shuai Zhu, Cheng Zhi and Jing Zhu

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1396; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081396 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Breast milk confers essential passive immunity to infants, particularly during viral pandemics. This study investigates dynamic changes in SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and proteome in the breast milk of mothers infected with either the wild-type or Omicron variants, addressing gaps in longitudinal dynamics and [...] Read more.

Background: Breast milk confers essential passive immunity to infants, particularly during viral pandemics. This study investigates dynamic changes in SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and proteome in the breast milk of mothers infected with either the wild-type or Omicron variants, addressing gaps in longitudinal dynamics and conserved or variant-specific immune responses. Methods: A prospective cohort of 22 lactating mothers infected with Omicron variant (December 2022–January 2023) was analyzed alongside a published dataset of wild-type-infected mothers (January–May 2020). Breast milk samples were collected at eight time points (1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days post-infection) from the Omicron cohort for ELISA quantification of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA, IgG, and IgM. Proteomic analysis was conducted for both cohorts. Results: Macronutrient composition remained stable throughout the post-infection period. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG demonstrated biphasic kinetics, rapidly rising by day 14 (IgA: 0.03 to 0.13 ng/mL; IgG: 0.91 to 37.00 ng/mL) and plateauing through day 42. In contrast, IgM levels remained unchanged. Proteomic profiling identified 135 proteins associated with IgA/IgG dynamics, including variant-specific and conserved proteins. Conclusions: Breast milk maintains nutritional integrity while mounting robust immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings underscore breastfeeding as a safe and protective practice during COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Lifestyles for Maternal–Infant Health)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

31 pages, 1870 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancing Bone Health with Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Innovative Strategies

by Khandoker Hoque, Zayana Ali, Asma Maliha, Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti, Chiara Cugno, Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman and Md Mizanur Rahman

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081395 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a bioactive compound known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and metabolic effects, with growing interest in its role in supporting bone health. Preclinical studies, particularly those involving the t10c12 isomer, have shown that CLA can enhance bone mineral density [...] Read more.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a bioactive compound known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and metabolic effects, with growing interest in its role in supporting bone health. Preclinical studies, particularly those involving the t10c12 isomer, have shown that CLA can enhance bone mineral density (BMD) by enhancing bone formation and reducing bone resorption, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent to improve bone health. However, clinical trials have yielded inconsistent results, underscoring the difficulty in translating animal model successes to human applications. A major challenge is CLA’s low water solubility, poor absorption, and limited bioavailability, which restrict its therapeutic effectiveness. To address these issues, nanoparticle-based delivery systems have been proposed to improve its solubility, stability, and resistance to oxidative damage, thereby enhancing its bioactivity. Recent studies also suggest that electrical stimulation can stimulate bone regeneration by promoting bone cell proliferation, differentiation, and adherence to scaffolds. This review explores the combined use of CLA supplementation and electrical stimulation as a novel approach to improving bone health, particularly in osteoporosis management. By integrating CLA’s biological effects with the regenerative potential of electrical stimulation, this multimodal strategy offers a promising method for enhancing bone restoration, with significant implications for clinical applications in bone health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Health Benefits of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds in Functional Foods and Beverages)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overweight, Obesity, and Depression in Multimorbid Older Adults: Prevalence, Diagnostic Agreement, and Associated Factors in Primary Care—Results from a Multicenter Observational Study

by Daniel Christopher Bludau, Alexander Pabst, Franziska Bleck, Siegfried Weyerer, Wolfgang Maier, Jochen Gensichen, Karola Mergenthal, Horst Bickel, Angela Fuchs, Ingmar Schäfer, Hans-Helmut König, Birgitt Wiese, Gerhard Schön, Karl Wegscheider, Martin Scherer, Steffi G. Riedel-Heller and Margrit Löbner

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081394 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity and depression, in conjunction with multimorbidity, are interconnected conditions increasingly managed in general practitioner (GP) settings, yet these associations remain insufficiently studied in older patients. This study investigates the prevalence of depression across different body mass index (BMI) classes and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity and depression, in conjunction with multimorbidity, are interconnected conditions increasingly managed in general practitioner (GP) settings, yet these associations remain insufficiently studied in older patients. This study investigates the prevalence of depression across different body mass index (BMI) classes and includes age and gender differences in multimorbid older patients, offering a novel perspective on subgroup-specific patterns. Further the agreement between GP depression diagnoses and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is studied and patient-specific factors that may affect the agreement are explored, aiming to improve future diagnostics for vulnerable subgroups. Methods: Data were provided by the baseline assessment of the MultiCare Study, a prospective multicenter observational cohort of multimorbid patients aged 65+ years recruited from 158 GP practices across eight study centers in Germany. Data from 2568 study participants were analyzed based on GP-coded International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnoses, structured GP questionnaires, and patient questionnaires. Assessments included data on the BMI and depression (15 item version of the GDS). Agreement between GP diagnoses of depression and GDS assessment was measured using Cohen’s kappa. Four logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of patient-specific factors on the agreement of depression diagnosis (match or mismatch). Results: GPs diagnosed depression in 17.3% of cases, compared to the detection of depressive symptoms in 12.4% of the patients by GDS (cut-off ≥ 6 points). The highest prevalence rates were observed in patients with obesity class III (25.0% by GP; 21.7% by GDS). Women were significantly more likely to receive a depression diagnosis by a GP across most BMI classes (except obesity classes II and III). The detection of depressive symptoms by GDS was significantly more prevalent in older multimorbid obese patients (≥75 years), except for patients with obesity class III. The overall agreement between GP diagnosis and GDS assessment was weak (κ = 0.156, p < 0.001). The highest agreement was found for people with obesity class III (κ = 0.256, p < 0.05). Factors associated with a True Positive depression diagnosis (match by both GDS and GP) were female gender (odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, p < 0.05), widowhood (OR = 2.43, p < 0.01), limited daily living skills (OR = 3.14, p < 0.001), and a higher level of education (OR = 2.48, p < 0.01). A significantly lower likelihood of a False Negative depression diagnosis was found for patients with obesity class III. Conclusions: This study highlights the significant prevalence of depression among multimorbid older adults across different BMI classes, particularly in those with obesity class III. The weak diagnostic agreement between GP diagnosis and GDS assessment suggests a need for improved diagnostic practices in primary care. Implementing standardized screening tools and fostering collaboration with mental health specialists could enhance the identification and management of depression in this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Mental Health Disorders)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Gut Microbial Metabolite HYA Ameliorates Adipocyte Hypertrophy by Activating AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

by Rino Matsushita, Kaori Sato, Kunitoshi Uchida, Yukiko Imi, Reina Amano, Nanaho Kasahara, Yuki Kitao, Yuki Oishi, Honoka Kawaai, Chiaki Tomimoto, Yusei Hosokawa, Shigenobu Kishino, Jun Ogawa and Tetsuya Hosooka

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081393 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Metabolites produced by gut microbiota play an important role in the crosstalk between the gut and other organs. Although HYA (10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid), a linoleic acid metabolite produced by lactic acid bacteria represented by Lactobacillus, has been shown to exert [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Metabolites produced by gut microbiota play an important role in the crosstalk between the gut and other organs. Although HYA (10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid), a linoleic acid metabolite produced by lactic acid bacteria represented by Lactobacillus, has been shown to exert physiological effects such as metabolic improvement and anti-inflammation in the host, its direct action on adipose tissue and the mechanism remains unknown. Methods: The effect of HYA administration on adipocyte size in mice fed a high-fat diet was examined. In 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes treated with HYA, the amount of intracellular lipid droplets was evaluated by Oil red O staining, gene expression by real-time qPCR, phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by immunoblotting, and intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration with calcium imaging. Results: Administration of HYA, but not linoleic acid, to obese mice fed a high-fat diet significantly reduced adipocyte size. To investigate whether the inhibition of adipocyte hypertrophy by HYA has a direct effect on adipocytes, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with HYA, which significantly decreased the amount of intracellular lipid droplets in these cells. Gene expression analysis by real-time PCR showed decreased expression of genes related to lipogenesis such as FAS and ACC1, and increased expression of CPT1A, which is involved in fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, HYA was found to activate AMPK in adipocytes by increasing intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration. Conclusions: HYA suppresses adipocyte hypertrophy by activating AMPK in adipocytes. HYA may be a potential therapeutic for obesity and related metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Butyrate Reduction in Blood Pressure Is Associated with Other Vegetables, Whole Fruit, Total Grains, and Sodium Intake

by Lauren San Diego, Taylor Hogue, Jarrad Hampton-Marcell, Ian M. Carroll, Troy Purdom, Heather Colleran and Marc D. Cook

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081392 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: African Americans (AA) are disproportionally affected by hypertension (HTN). Gut microbiome metabolites (e.g., butyrate) may mediate the relationship between the microbiome and blood pressure (BP). Previous research reports a consistent indirect relationship between gut butyrate, a product of gut microbial nutrient fermentation, [...] Read more.

Background: African Americans (AA) are disproportionally affected by hypertension (HTN). Gut microbiome metabolites (e.g., butyrate) may mediate the relationship between the microbiome and blood pressure (BP). Previous research reports a consistent indirect relationship between gut butyrate, a product of gut microbial nutrient fermentation, and BP. Thus, this study assessed the relationship between individual diet intake on BP changes after a butyrate treatment. Methods: AA aged 30–50 with HTN underwent treatment with a blinded placebo (5 mmol) and butyrate enema (80 mmol) with a one-week washout period. Ambulatory BP monitors collected measures up to 24 h post-enema. The Nutrition Data System for Research was used to assess diet and Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) scores from diet records. Paired t-tests and Kendall’s correlation tests determined group differences and relationships between variables (p < 0.05). Results: Positive correlations were found between other vegetables and 24 h diastolic BP (r = 0.64), daytime diastolic BP (r = 0.68), and MAP (r = 0.72). Positive correlations were also found between 24 h systolic BP and HEI-2015 greens and beans sub-scores (r = 0.64) and 24 h DBP and total vegetables (r = 0.64). Negative correlations were found between nighttime arterial stiffness and total grain intake (r = −0.71). Conclusion: These data suggest diet impacts BP measures in response to acutely increasing gut butyrate. These results provide preliminary evidence linking food groups, not individual nutrients, with BP outcomes and gut butyrate availability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

13 pages, 854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Weight Loss Success After Gastric Sleeve Surgery: A Machine Learning-Based Approach

by Mónica Casas Domínguez, Isabel Herrena Montano, Juan José López Gómez, Beatriz Ramos Bachiller, Daniel Antonio de Luis Román and Isabel de la Torre Díez

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081391 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a global health issue, and in this context, bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment for severe cases. However, postoperative outcomes vary widely among individuals, driving the development of tools to predict body weight loss success. The main objective [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a global health issue, and in this context, bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment for severe cases. However, postoperative outcomes vary widely among individuals, driving the development of tools to predict body weight loss success. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate predictive variables for successful weight loss one year after Sleeve bariatric surgery, defining success as a weight loss exceeding 30%. Methods: A dataset of 94 cases was included in this study. Data were collected between 2013 and 2018 from the Nutrition Section of the Endocrinology and Nutrition Department in the Eastern Area of Valladolid, Spain. Machine learning algorithms applied included Random Forest, Multilayer Perceptron, XGBoost, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Results: The SVM model demonstrated the best performance, attaining an accuracy of 88% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.76 with a 95% CI between 0.5238 and 0.9658. The main predictive variables identified were potassium (K), folic acid, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), height, transferrin, weight, body mass index (BMI), triglyceride (Tg), Beck Depression Test score, and insulin levels. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of machine learning models, particularly Support Vector Machines (SVMs), in predicting successful weight loss after Sleeve bariatric surgery. The key predictive variables identified include biochemical markers, anthropometric measures, and psychological factors, emphasizing the multifactorial nature of postoperative weight loss outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Nutrition and Non-Communicable Chronic Related Diseases of Obesity for Patients and Health Professionals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Value and Health Implications of Meat from Monogastric Animals Exposed to Heat Stress

by José A. M. Prates

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081390 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Heat stress (HS), driven by rising global temperatures, significantly impairs the nutritional composition and sensory quality of meat from monogastric animals, particularly swine and poultry. HS induces physiological disturbances, including reduced feed intake, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption, which together reduce muscle protein [...] Read more.

Heat stress (HS), driven by rising global temperatures, significantly impairs the nutritional composition and sensory quality of meat from monogastric animals, particularly swine and poultry. HS induces physiological disturbances, including reduced feed intake, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption, which together reduce muscle protein content by 10–15% and essential amino acid levels (e.g., lysine, methionine, threonine) by 15–25%. Lipid profiles are also altered, with up to 30% reductions in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially omega-3s, and an increased saturated fat content. Additionally, HS reduces the retention of vitamins E, A, D, and C by 20–50% and critical minerals such as selenium, zinc, and iron, compromising antioxidant capacity, immune function, and oxygen transport. These changes diminish meat tenderness, juiciness, flavour, and colour stability, leading to reduced consumer appeal and dietary quality. The consumption of heat-stressed meat may elevate risks for cardiovascular disease, oxidative stress, and micronutrient deficiencies. Mitigation strategies, including dietary antioxidant and osmolyte supplementation, genetic selection for thermotolerance, and optimised feeding practices, can reduce oxidative damage by up to 40% and improve nutrient retention. This review synthesises the current evidence on HS-induced meat quality deterioration and explores nutritional and management strategies to protect animal productivity and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health—3rd Edition)

15 pages, 4414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Nutritional Intervention in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: A Phase II Prospective Study

by Fangjie Liu, Qiaoting Luo, Yu Xi, Pengxin Zhang, Yingjia Wu, Suping Guo, Yaoling Dong, Daquan Wang, Qingping Wu, Hui Liu, Yuming Rong and Bo Qiu

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081389 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Aims: This phase II study aimed to evaluate the impact of early nutritional intervention on the nutritional status and survival of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LANSCLC) patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Methods: LANSCLC patients treated with CCRT were enrolled in [...] Read more.

Aims: This phase II study aimed to evaluate the impact of early nutritional intervention on the nutritional status and survival of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LANSCLC) patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Methods: LANSCLC patients treated with CCRT were enrolled in the study group and received early nutritional intervention, including individualized nutrition counseling and oral nutritional supplements, from the initiation of CCRT to 2 weeks after its completion. The primary endpoint was the incidence of weight loss ≥5% during the CCRT. For comparison with the study group, a matched control group was retrieved from previous trials by the 1:1 propensity score matching method. Results: Sixty-seven patients were enrolled in the study group with a median follow-up of 52.4 months. Compared with the control group, the study group exhibited a lower incidence of weight loss ≥5% (p = 0.032), higher body mass index (p = 0.034) and prealbumin levels (p = 0.014) at the end of CCRT, as well as lower patient-generated subjective global assessments scores at the end of CCRT (p < 0.001) and 6 months after CCRT (p = 0.007). The study group also had a lower incidence of grade 2+ radiation pneumonitis (p = 0.023) and longer progression-free survival (13.5 vs. 11.3 months, p = 0.032). Patients who responded well to oral nutritional supplements had a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio at baseline (p = 0.036). Conclusions: Early nutritional intervention in LANSCLC patients undergoing CCRT improved nutritional status and reduced radiation pneumonitis. Gut microbiota was associated with the response to oral nutritional supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Nutrition and Oncologic Outcomes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Dietary Habits and Stress Responses Exerted by Different Gut Microbiota

by Kouji Satoh, Makoto Hazama, Mari Maeda-Yamamoto and Jun Nishihira

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081388 - 20 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: A number of studies have reported on the improvement in physical and psychological diseases through diet; however, the findings for these ameliorative effects have differed. Such differences may be due to the varying metabolism of the nutrient content in food among subjects. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: A number of studies have reported on the improvement in physical and psychological diseases through diet; however, the findings for these ameliorative effects have differed. Such differences may be due to the varying metabolism of the nutrient content in food among subjects. It has been reported that differences in the enterotypes of gut microbiota are associated with metabolic differences, and enterotypes vary between countries and regions. This study investigated whether differences in gut microbiota affect the relationship between dietary habits and stress responses. Methods: We administered a questionnaire to 810 subjects who participated in the “Sukoyaka Health Survey” regarding their dietary habits and stress reactions. We also performed an analysis of the gut microbiota from fecal samples. Results: The gut microbiota was grouped into four clusters based on the abundance of genus strains. The relationship between dietary habits and stress responses revealed two patterns of eating: one where more frequent intakes were associated with a lower stress response, and another with a higher stress response. We investigated the relationship between dietary habits and stress responses for each gut microbiota cluster. The results showed that the relationship between dietary habits and stress responses differed for each cluster. Conclusions: Our analysis showed that dietary habits affect stress responses, but the relationship varies depending on the gut microbiota. This finding suggests that one of the factors for the difference in the ameliorative efficacy of physical and psychological diseases through diet is the difference in the abundance ratio of the gut microbiota (enterotype). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interruptins Extracted from Cyclosorus terminans Protect Gut Pathologies Induced by High-Fat Diet in Rats

by Chanisa Thonusin, Kanokphong Suparan, Chanon Kunasol, Nopphakhun Lungruammit, Wichwara Nawara, Busarin Arunsak, Sasiwan Kerdphoo, Aphisek Kongkaew, Sujinda Songtrai, Hiranya Pintana, Chayodom Maneechote, Wasana Pratchayasakul, Sireewan Kaewsuwan, Nipon Chattipakorn and Siriporn C. Chattipakorn

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081387 - 20 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The fern “Cyclosorus terminans” (C. terminans) or “Maiden Fern” contains interruptin A and interruptin B. This plant could attenuate obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver in rats fed a high-fat/calorie diet. However, the benefits of C. terminans to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The fern “Cyclosorus terminans” (C. terminans) or “Maiden Fern” contains interruptin A and interruptin B. This plant could attenuate obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver in rats fed a high-fat/calorie diet. However, the benefits of C. terminans to the gut remain unknown. We investigated the protective effect of C. terminans extract against gut dysfunction in rats exposed to a high-fat/calorie diet. Methods: Male Wistar rats were assigned to receive either (1) a normal diet treated with vehicle, (2) a high-fat/calorie diet treated with vehicle, (3) a high-fat/calorie diet treated with 100 mg per kg per day (mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹) of C. terminans extract, or (4) a high-fat/calorie diet treated with 200 mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ of C. terminans extract. The rats were euthanized after 12 weeks of treatment to enable feces and colon tissue collection. Results: Both 100 and 200 mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ of C. terminans extract reduced body weight (−10.49%; p = 0.030 and −10.54%; p = 0.037, respectively) and ameliorated gut inflammation, gut barrier disruption, changes in short-chain fatty acid levels, and gut dysbiosis caused by high-fat/calorie diet. Conclusions: C. terminans extract attenuated an increase in body weight and exerted prophylactic effects against gut pathologies induced by high-fat/calorie diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Study of Growth Factors in Colostrum: How Delivery Mode and Maternal Health Impact IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and TGF-β Levels in Polish Women

by Paweł Paśko, Jadwiga Kryczyk-Kozioł, Paweł Zagrodzki, Ewelina Prochownik, Martyna Ziomek, Ryszard Lauterbach, Hubert Huras, Magdalena Staśkiewicz and Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081386 - 20 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Breast milk is the most important nutrition for newborns. Growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and nerve growth factor (NGF) are among its components that play pivotal roles in neonatal development, [...] Read more.

Background: Breast milk is the most important nutrition for newborns. Growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and nerve growth factor (NGF) are among its components that play pivotal roles in neonatal development, immune system priming, and gastrointestinal maturation. This study examined the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), maternal hypothyroidism, and method of delivery on the concentrations of these factors in colostrum collected at three distinct postpartum time points. Methods: A group of 39 women was included, 20 of whom gave birth vaginally, whereas caesarean section was performed in 19 patients. A total of 18 volunteers were diagnosed with GDM, and 17 suffered from hypothyroidism. Colostrum samples were collected from the volunteers in the first 3 days after birth under hospital conditions. Growth factors like IGF-1, EGF, NGF, and TGF-β were measured in the samples using commercial immunoenzymatic assays. Results: No significant differences were observed in the values of these parameters between the groups of women (with GDM or hypothyroidism and healthy, as well as giving birth naturally and by caesarean section). In addition, the growth factors exhibited good stability within the first few postpartum days (CVs for all studied parameters: in the range of 0.7–5.0%). Conclusions: The pregnancy disorders that were properly controlled and treated by specialists appeared not to affect the levels of the analyzed growth factors—just like the type of delivery and the day of colostrum collection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breastmilk for Healthy Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Vietnamese Students’ Acceptance of School Lunches Through Food Combination: A Cross-Over Study

by An Thanh Truong, Anh Thi Lan Pham, Thy Quynh Nguyen, Tan Duy Doan, Tuan Nhat Pham, Yen Thi Hai Hoang, Ryosuke Matsuoka and Shigeru Yamamoto

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081385 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 69

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vegetable leftovers constitute more than half of Vietnamese school lunch waste, partly due to limited ingredient variety, which may reduce meal acceptance. Methods: This cross-over study assessed the impact of diversifying vegetable options on intake and satisfaction among 40 students at a [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vegetable leftovers constitute more than half of Vietnamese school lunch waste, partly due to limited ingredient variety, which may reduce meal acceptance. Methods: This cross-over study assessed the impact of diversifying vegetable options on intake and satisfaction among 40 students at a suburban Vietnamese primary school. Five new menus were developed by redistributing a 100 g vegetable portion into smaller servings of multiple vegetable types, combining them creatively with protein-rich foods or rice while maintaining nutritional value and cost. Students alternated between current and new menus over four weeks. Sensory evaluations using a 5-point hedonic scale and food weighing were conducted daily. Results: Most students increased vegetable intake during the new menu period. Mean intake was significantly higher with new menus (81.5 g; 95%CI: 77.1–85.9) compared to current menus (71.1 g; 95%CI: 65.2–75.1) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that enhancing vegetable variety in combination can significantly improve intake and sensory characteristics without additional costs. This scalable strategy offers a practical solution for schools to foster healthier eating habits among students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of School Meals on Children and Adolescents)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Influence of Hemp Fiber Ingestion on Post-Exercise Gut Permeability: A Metabolomics-Based Analysis

by David C. Nieman, Camila A. Sakaguchi, James C. Williams, Wimal Pathmasiri, Blake R. Rushing, Susan McRitchie and Susan J. Sumner

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081384 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 39

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of 2-week ingestion of hemp fiber (high and low doses) versus placebo bars on gut permeability and plasma metabolite shifts during recovery from 2.25 h intensive cycling. Hemp hull powder is a rich source of two bioactive [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of 2-week ingestion of hemp fiber (high and low doses) versus placebo bars on gut permeability and plasma metabolite shifts during recovery from 2.25 h intensive cycling. Hemp hull powder is a rich source of two bioactive compounds, N-trans-caffeoyl tyramine (NCT) and N-trans-feruloyl tyramine (NFT), with potential gut health benefits. Methods: The study participants included 23 male and female cyclists. A three-arm randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design was used with two 2-week supplementation periods and 2-week washout periods. Supplement bars provided 20, 5, or 0 g/d of hemp hull powder. Participants engaged in an intensive 2.25 h cycling bout at the end of each of the three supplementation periods. Five blood samples were collected before and after supplementation (overnight fasted state), and at 0 h-, 1.5 h-, and 3 h-post-exercise. Five-hour urine samples were collected pre-supplementation and post-2.25 h cycling after ingesting a sugar solution containing 5 g of lactulose, 100 mg of ¹³C mannitol, and 1.9 g of mannitol in 450 mL of water. An increase in the post-exercise lactulose/¹³C mannitol ratio (L:¹³CM) was used as the primary indicator of altered gut permeability. Other outcome measures included muscle damage biomarkers (serum creatine kinase, myoglobin), serum cortisol, complete blood cell counts, and shifts in plasma metabolites using untargeted metabolomics. Results: No trial differences were found for L:¹³CM, cortisol, blood cell counts, and muscle damage biomarkers. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLSDA) showed distinct trial differences when comparing high- and low-dose hemp fiber compared to placebo supplementation (R2Y = 0.987 and 0.995, respectively). Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) scores identified several relevant metabolites, including 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (VIP = 1.9), serotonin (VIP = 1.5), 5-hydroxytryptophan (VIP = 1.4), and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (VIP = 1.4). Mummichog analysis showed significant effects of hemp fiber intake on multiple metabolic pathways, including alpha-linolenic acid, porphyrin, sphingolipid, arginine and proline, tryptophan, and primary bile acid metabolism. Conclusions: Hemp fiber intake during a 2-week supplementation period did not have a significant effect on post-exercise gut permeability in cyclists (2.25 h cycling bout) using urine sugar data. On the contrary, untargeted metabolomics showed that the combination of consuming nutrient-rich hemp fiber bars and exercising for 135 min increased levels of beneficial metabolites, including those derived from the gut in healthy cyclists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Nutrition: Current and Novel Insights—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unlocking the Power of the Mediterranean Diet: Two in One—Dual Benefits for Rheumatic and Thyroid Autoimmune Diseases

by Maria Cristina Barbalace, Rossella Talotta, Federica Rapisarda, Valeria D’Amico, Martina Laganà, Marco Malaguti, Alfredo Campennì, Salvatore Cannavò, Silvana Hrelia and Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081383 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 189

Abstract

In recent years, autoimmune diseases are becoming more and more prevalent worldwide, with this rapid rise being influenced by environmental factors linked to lifestyle changes in modern societies. In this context, the role of diet has been the topic of extensive research as [...] Read more.

In recent years, autoimmune diseases are becoming more and more prevalent worldwide, with this rapid rise being influenced by environmental factors linked to lifestyle changes in modern societies. In this context, the role of diet has been the topic of extensive research as evidence has mounted that particular dietary patterns may contribute to or modulate autoimmunity. The present review specifically focuses on the Mediterranean diet (MD) as a whole dietary pattern, and on its peculiar components, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polyphenols and fiber. We explored their potential benefits in a spectrum of both systemic and organ-specific autoimmune disorders, including rheumatic diseases (like rheumatic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus), and thyroid diseases (like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), since they often occur in the same individuals. Here, we offer a comprehensive review about the influence of dietary factors on these autoimmune diseases and potential translation into therapeutic interventions, as an adjuvant therapeutic approach to improve autoimmunity-related outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Autoimmune Diseases)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Physical Activity and Adherence to Nutritional Recommendations in Individuals with Diabetes: Analysis of Self-Reported Data from the 2020 European Health Survey in Spain

by Carlos Llamas-Saez, Rodrigo Jiménez-García, Luyi Zeng-Zhang, José J. Zamorano-León, Natividad Cuadrado-Corrales, David Carabantes-Alarcón, Andrés Bodas-Pinedo, Ana López-de-Andrés, Ana Jimenez-Sierra and Noemí Serra-Paya

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081382 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 133

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study compares dietary and physical activity (PA) habits between Spanish adults with and without diabetes and analyzes the association between PA, sociodemographic variables, and adherence to nutritional recommendations among individuals with diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional case–control study was conducted using data [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study compares dietary and physical activity (PA) habits between Spanish adults with and without diabetes and analyzes the association between PA, sociodemographic variables, and adherence to nutritional recommendations among individuals with diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional case–control study was conducted using data from the 2020 European Health Survey for Spain (EESE). Diabetes and PA levels were self-reported. Each participant with diabetes was matched with a control without diabetes by age, gender, and region of residence. Food intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and adherence to nutritional guidelines was evaluated based on the recommendations of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition. The PA levels were classified as “sedentary/low” or “moderate/high”. Results: A total of 2053 matched pairs were analyzed. The participants with diabetes adhered to significantly more nutritional recommendations than those without diabetes (6.19 vs. 5.30; p < 0.001). However, 88.6% of the individuals with diabetes reported sedentary or low PA levels. Among those with diabetes, women showed better adherence to nutritional recommendations, while men reported higher PA levels. Moderate/high PA was associated with greater adherence to nutritional recommendations (OR 1.991; 95% CI: 1.201–3.146). Older age was also positively associated with adherence. Conclusions: Although individuals with diabetes demonstrated better adherence to nutritional recommendations than controls, most reported low PA levels. Higher PA levels, female gender, and older age were linked to greater adherence to nutritional recommendations among people with diabetes. However, the use of self-reported data made it impossible to judge whether the participants under- or over-reported their PA levels and diabetes status. Public health strategies should aim to promote both PA and healthy eating habits in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

14 pages, 431 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Critical Role of Vitamin D Supplementation for Skeletal and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Neonates

by Roberta Leonardi, Carmine Mattia, Nunzia Decembrino, Agata Polizzi, Martino Ruggieri and Pasqua Betta

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081381 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 123

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) is a multifactorial disorder resulting from disrupted transplacental mineral transfer and postnatal nutritional deficits, particularly affecting preterm neonates born before 32 weeks of gestation or weighing under 1500 g. Although substantial research has focused on skeletal [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) is a multifactorial disorder resulting from disrupted transplacental mineral transfer and postnatal nutritional deficits, particularly affecting preterm neonates born before 32 weeks of gestation or weighing under 1500 g. Although substantial research has focused on skeletal outcomes, few studies have explored the association between MBDP and neonatal neurological impairment. This narrative review is the first to integrate the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic methods, and preventive strategies for MBDP, while simultaneously investigating its potential impact on neurodevelopment. Methods: A narrative review of recent peer-reviewed studies, systematic reviews, and clinical trials was performed focusing on biochemical markers (alkaline phosphatase, FGF23, calcium, and phosphorus), emerging tools such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and the effects of early nutritional interventions on both skeletal and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants (n = seven included articles). Results: Early elevations in ALP, particularly when combined with low serum phosphorus and FGF23 levels, provide sensitive markers for identifying MBDP. Furthermore, insufficient vitamin D levels during gestation and in the neonatal period have been associated with increased risks of seizures, hypotonia, and developmental delays. Studies suggest that enhanced vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants (up to 800 IU/day) may improve mineral absorption and bone formation and confer neuroprotective benefits through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Conclusions: This is the first review on the neurological implications of biochemical actors of MBDP. As a result, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, including vitamin D supplementation, can improve bone and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Future prospective studies are required to standardize diagnostic criteria and optimize therapeutic regimens for enhanced long-term benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Opportunities for Food Supplements in Neurodegenerative Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Faecalibacterium duncaniae Mitigates Intestinal Barrier Damage in Mice Induced by High-Altitude Exposure by Increasing Levels of 2-Ketoglutaric Acid

by Xianduo Sun, Wenjing Li, Guangming Chen, Gaosheng Hu and Jingming Jia

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081380 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 53

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Exposure to high altitudes often results in gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to identify probiotic strains that can alleviate such disorders. Methods: We conducted a microbiome analysis to investigate the differences in gut microbiota among volunteers during the acute response and acclimatization [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Exposure to high altitudes often results in gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to identify probiotic strains that can alleviate such disorders. Methods: We conducted a microbiome analysis to investigate the differences in gut microbiota among volunteers during the acute response and acclimatization phases at high altitudes. Subsequently, we established a mouse model of intestinal barrier damage induced by high-altitude exposure to further investigate the roles of probiotic strains and 2-ketoglutaric acid. Additionally, we performed untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomic analyses to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results: The microbiome analysis revealed a significant increase in the abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii during the acclimatization phase. Faecalibacterium duncaniae (F. duncaniae) significantly mitigated damage to the intestinal barrier and the reduction of 2-ketoglutaric acid levels in the cecal contents induced by high-altitude exposure in mice. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining demonstrated that high-altitude exposure significantly decreased the expression of ZO-1 and occludin while increasing apoptosis in ileal tissues. In contrast, treatment with F. duncaniae alleviated the loss of ZO-1 and occludin, as well as the apoptosis induced by high-altitude exposure. Furthermore, 2-ketoglutaric acid also mitigated this damage, reducing the loss of occludin and apoptosis in mice. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that high-altitude exposure significantly affects the calcium signaling pathway; conversely, the administration of F. duncaniae significantly influenced the PPAR signaling pathway, mineral absorption, and the regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. Additionally, the expression of the FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos) was markedly reduced following the administration of F. duncaniae. Conclusions: F. duncaniae mitigates hypoxia-induced intestinal barrier damage by increasing levels of 2-ketoglutaric acid and shows promise as a probiotic, ultimately aiding travelers in adapting to high-altitude environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms and Biochemical Biomarkers on Response to Nutritional Iron Supplementation and Performance in a Professional Football Team: A Pilot Longitudinal Study

by David Varillas-Delgado

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081379 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 63

Abstract

Background: Iron deficiency is a prevalent issue among elite athletes, particularly in endurance-based sports like football, where optimal iron status is crucial for aerobic capacity and performance. Despite the well-documented role of iron in oxygen transport and energy metabolism, the interplay between genetic [...] Read more.

Background: Iron deficiency is a prevalent issue among elite athletes, particularly in endurance-based sports like football, where optimal iron status is crucial for aerobic capacity and performance. Despite the well-documented role of iron in oxygen transport and energy metabolism, the interplay between genetic polymorphisms, biochemical markers, and iron supplementation remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and iron status in professional football players, assess the impact of iron supplementation on athletic performance, and develop a predictive model for iron supplementation based on genetic and biochemical profiles. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted over three seasons (2021–2024) with 48 male professional football players. Participants underwent genotyping for polymorphisms in ACE (rs4646994), ACTN3 (rs1815739), AMPD1 (rs17602729), CKM (rs8111989), HFE (rs1799945), and MLCK (rs2700352, rs28497577). Biochemical markers (ferritin, haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum iron) and performance metrics (GPS-derived data) were monitored. Iron supplementation (105 mg/day ferrous sulphate) was administered to players with ferritin <30 ng/mL. A Total Genotype Score (TGS) was calculated to evaluate genetic predisposition. Results: Players with “optimal” genotypes (ACE DD, ACTN3 CC, AMPD1 CC, HFE GC) required less iron supplementation (TGS = 51.25 vs. 41.32 a.u.; p = 0.013) and exhibited better performance metrics. Iron supplementation significantly improved haemoglobin and haematocrit in deficient players (p < 0.05). The TGS predicted supplementation need (AUC = 0.711; p = 0.023), with a threshold of 46.42 a.u. (OR = 5.23, 95% CI: 1.336–14.362; p = 0.017 for non-supplemented players). Furthermore, performance data revealed that iron-supplemented players had significantly lower competition time (1128.40 vs. 1972.84 min; p = 0.003), total distance covered (128,129.42 vs. 218,556.64 m; p = 0.005), and high-speed running in the 18–21 km/h (7.58 vs. 10.36 m/min; p = 0.007) and 21–24 km/h (4.43 vs. 6.13 m/min; p = 0.010) speed zones. They also started fewer matches (11.50 vs. 21.59; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Genetic profile combined with biochemical monitoring effectively predicts iron supplementation needs in athletes. Personalized nutrition strategies, guided by TGS, can optimize iron status and enhance performance in elite football players. This approach bridges a critical gap in sports science, offering a framework for precision nutrition in athletics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention and Ergogenic Aids in Sports Performance and Recovery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discretionary Food Consumption Patterns of Polish Schoolchildren in Relation to Anthropometric, Socio-Demographic, and Lifestyle Factors: Report from the Junior-Edu-Żywienie (JEŻ) Project

by Małgorzata Ewa Drywień, Jadwiga Hamulka, Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina, Jerzy Gębski, Małgorzata Kostecka and Krystyna Gutkowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081378 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 182

Abstract

Background: Discretionary foods are not necessary for a healthy diet and are too high in saturated fat and/or added sugars, added salt, or alcohol and are low in fiber. The aim of this study was to identify patterns of discretionary food (DF) consumption [...] Read more.

Background: Discretionary foods are not necessary for a healthy diet and are too high in saturated fat and/or added sugars, added salt, or alcohol and are low in fiber. The aim of this study was to identify patterns of discretionary food (DF) consumption in Polish adolescents in relation to anthropometric, socio-demographic, and lifestyle factors. It is important to learn about discretionary food consumption habits to identify health risks and plan strategies to reduce DF consumption. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 2849 primary school students aged 10–12 from Poland. Socio-demographic data, eating habits, lifestyle factors, and nutritional knowledge of children were assessed using questionnaires: KomPAN^® and SF-FFQ4PolishChildren^®. Body composition testing was performed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using a TANITA MC-780 S MA multi-frequency segmented analyzer. Results: Four dietary patterns were identified with different frequencies of discretionary food consumption: LowDF, MediumDF, HighDF, and HighSweet pattern. Children from the LowDF and MediumDF patterns had higher BMI and body fat content than children from the HighDF and HighSweets patterns (p < 0.0001). The majority of children (68.4%) were of normal weight, 22.3% were overweight or obese, and 9.4% were underweight. Children in the LowDF and MediumDF patterns had higher body fat (24% and 23.5%, respectively) than children in the HighDF and HighSweetDF patterns (22.4% and 22.4%, respectively). Most of the children showed adherence to the MediumDF pattern, and they were mainly boys (38 vs. 32.5%). Girls predominate in LowDF, HighDF, and HighSweets patterns (33.5, 18.4, and 15.5%, respectively). Children in the LowDF and MediumDF patterns tended to be more physically active in their leisure time (OR = 1.758 (CI:1.32 2.34) p < 0.0001; OR = 1.354 (CI:1.04; 1.76) p = 0.0227) and the opposite relationship was observed in the HighDF pattern (OR = 0.495 (CI:0.38; 0.65) p < 0.0001). Children in the HighSweets pattern had low adherence to high physical activity (OR = 0.666 (CI:0.48; 0.92) p = 0.0132), but high adherence to moderate (OR = 1.29 (CI:1.01; 1.65) p = 0.0443) and high (OR = 1.54 (CI:1.04; 2.38) p = 0.0428) nutrition knowledge. Conclusions: Consumption of discretionary foods by Polish adolescents is related to body composition, socio-demographic, and lifestyle factors. Given the global emphasis on improving the daily diet, it seems necessary to implement intervention programs in Poland that would, among other things, clarify recommendations for the consumption of discretionary foods, following the example of other countries that have already achieved results in this regard. From a public health perspective, interventions to increase nutritional knowledge and improve lifestyles should be implemented with both adolescents and their parents in coordination with the school. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Physical Activity, Lifestyle, and Nutritional Intake on Children’s Health)

11 pages, 590 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Carbon Footprint of Diets with Different Exclusions of Animal-Derived Products: Exploratory Polish Study

by Anna Choręziak and Piotr Rzymski

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1377; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081377 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 178

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Analyzing the carbon footprint of diets in various populations is important as it can help identify more sustainable food choices that reduce the overall impact of human activities on ongoing warming of the global climate. This pilot exploratory study analyzed the carbon [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Analyzing the carbon footprint of diets in various populations is important as it can help identify more sustainable food choices that reduce the overall impact of human activities on ongoing warming of the global climate. This pilot exploratory study analyzed the carbon footprint (measured in kg of CO₂ equivalent, eq.) using food diaries collected from Polish individuals with varying levels of animal-derived product exclusion in their diets. Methods: The study employed a food diary method, where participants from four dietary groups (vegan, vegetarian, fish-eater, and meat-eater) recorded all meals and beverages consumed over a 7-day period, including portion sizes and packaging details. These diaries were then analyzed to assess dietary adherence and calculate carbon footprints, utilizing standardized CO₂ equivalent emission data from publicly available databases. Results: The analysis revealed a decreasing trend in the carbon footprint corresponding to the degree of elimination of animal-derived products from the diet (R² = 0.96, p = 0.0217). The mean daily footprint in the vegan group was 1.38 kg CO₂ eq., which was significantly lower than in the vegetarian (2.45), fish-eater (2.72), and meat-eater groups (3.62). For each 1000 kcal, the meat-eater diet generated 39.7, 58.3, and 93.9% more CO₂ eq. than in the case of fish-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans, respectively. Over a week, a group of 10 vegans had a total carbon footprint lower than vegetarians, fish-eaters, and meat-eaters by 42.9, 52.2, and 61.8%, respectively. Hard and mozzarella cheese had the highest contribution to the carbon footprint in vegetarians, fish, and seafood in fish-eaters, and poultry, pork, and beef had the highest contribution in meat-eaters. Conclusions: Dietary carbon footprints vary considerably by dietary pattern, with lower consumption of animal-derived products associated with lower emissions. Additionally, identifying specific high-impact food items within each diet may inform strategies for reducing environmental impact across various eating patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Nutritional Care with Machine Learning: Identifying Sarcopenia Risk Through Body Composition Parameters in Cancer Patients—Insights from the NUTritional and Sarcopenia RIsk SCREENing Project (NUTRISCREEN)

by Giuseppe Porciello, Teresa Di Lauro, Assunta Luongo, Sergio Coluccia, Melania Prete, Ludovica Abbadessa, Elisabetta Coppola, Annabella Di Martino, Anna Licia Mozzillo, Emanuela Racca, Arianna Piccirillo, Vittoria Di Giacomo, Martina Fontana, Maria D’Amico, Elvira Palumbo, Sara Vitale, Davide D’Errico, Valeria Turrà, Ileana Parascandolo, Tiziana Stallone, Livia S. A. Augustin, Anna Crispo, Egidio Celentano and Sandro Pignata Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081376 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 98

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cancer and related treatments can impair body composition (BC), increasing the risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia, poor prognosis, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). To enhance BC parameter interpretation through Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), we developed a predictive model based on [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cancer and related treatments can impair body composition (BC), increasing the risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia, poor prognosis, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). To enhance BC parameter interpretation through Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), we developed a predictive model based on unsupervised approaches including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and k-means clustering for sarcopenia risk in cancer patients at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale” (Naples). Methods: Sarcopenia and malnutrition risks were assessed using the NRS-2002 and SARC-F questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and BIA. HRQoL was evaluated with the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. PCA and clustering analysis were performed to identify different BC profiles. Results: Data from 879 cancer patients (mean age: 63 ± 12.5 years) were collected: 117 patients (13%) and 128 (15%) were at risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia, respectively. PCA analysis identified three main components, and k-means determined three clusters, namely HMP (High Muscle Profile), MMP (Moderate Muscle Profile), and LMP (Low Muscle Profile). Patients in LMP were older, with a higher prevalence of comorbidities, malnutrition, and sarcopenia. In the multivariable analysis, age, lung cancer site, diabetes, and malnutrition risk were significantly associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia; among the clusters, patients in LMP had an increased risk of sarcopenia (+62%, p = 0.006). Conclusions: The NUTRISCREEN project, part of the ONCOCAMP study (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06270602), provides a personalized nutritional pathway for early screening of malnutrition and sarcopenia. Using an unsupervised approach, we provide distinct BC profiles and valuable insights into the factors associated with sarcopenia risk. This approach in clinical practice could help define risk categories, ensure the most appropriate nutritional strategies, and improve patient outcomes by providing data-driven care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Path Towards Personalized Smart Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SunGold Kiwifruit and Psychological Health (GoKiPH): A Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial

by Michael Billows, Naomi Kakoschke and Ian T. Zajac

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081375 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 195

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The consumption of SunGold kiwifruit, a fruit rich in vitamin C, has been associated with improved mood in healthy individuals with low vitamin C levels. However, no studies have examined this relationship in individuals with elevated mood disturbance. This study examined the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The consumption of SunGold kiwifruit, a fruit rich in vitamin C, has been associated with improved mood in healthy individuals with low vitamin C levels. However, no studies have examined this relationship in individuals with elevated mood disturbance. This study examined the potential for SunGold kiwifruit to improve psychological wellbeing in mood-disturbed adults. Methods: This study was a two-period, non-blinded crossover trial. Adults (n = 26) aged 18–60 years with mild to moderate mood disturbance were randomised with a two-week washout between periods. During each 4-week period, participants consumed either two SunGold kiwifruit daily or their usual diet. The primary outcome was mean change in total mood disturbance scores from the kiwifruit period compared to the diet-as-usual period. Secondary outcomes were blood plasma vitamin C concentration, wellbeing, vitality and gastrointestinal symptoms. Participants and researchers were unblinded to condition and intervention. Results: Scores for total mood disturbance (65.2%, p < 0.001), wellbeing (10.5%, p < 0.01) and vitality (17.3%, p = 0.001) significantly improved in the kiwifruit condition compared to the usual diet. Vitamin C (27.5%, p = 0.002) concentrations also improved and gastrointestinal symptom reduction was evident during kiwifruit consumption (16.2%, p = 0.003). There were no serious adverse events. SunGold kiwifruit consumption resulted in significant reductions in total mood disturbance scores and improvements in wellbeing, vitality and vitamin C concentrations. Gastrointestinal symptom severity also significantly reduced. Conclusions: Results provide preliminary evidence of the potential benefits of kiwifruit for reducing mood disturbance in adult populations. Further studies in diverse groups, including clinical populations, are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dark Chocolate Mitigates Premenstrual Performance Impairments and Muscle Soreness in Female CrossFit^® Athletes: Evidence from a Menstrual-Phase-Specific Trial

by Kousar Safari, Mohammad Hemmatinafar, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Maryam Koushkie Jahromi and Babak Imanian

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081374 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 130

Abstract

Background: Hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle can significantly impair physical performance, neuromuscular function, and cognitive processing in female athletes, particularly during the premenstrual phase. Emerging evidence suggests that dark chocolate (DC), rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, magnesium, and theobromine, may exert anti-inflammatory, analgesic, [...] Read more.

Background: Hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle can significantly impair physical performance, neuromuscular function, and cognitive processing in female athletes, particularly during the premenstrual phase. Emerging evidence suggests that dark chocolate (DC), rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, magnesium, and theobromine, may exert anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective effects. This study investigated the acute effects of 85% DC supplementation on cognitive and physical performance, as well as delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), in female CrossFit^® athletes across four distinct hormonal phases. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, fifteen trained eumenorrheic female CrossFit^® athletes completed three intervention conditions: dark chocolate (DC), placebo (PLA), and control (CON). Participants were evaluated during four distinct menstrual phases—menstrual, follicular, luteal, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS)—over three consecutive menstrual cycles. In each phase, participants consumed 30 g/day of either DC or PLA for three days, followed by performance testing on day four. Functional and cognitive performance were assessed via the CINDY WOD, handgrip strength (HGS), and Stroop tests (reaction time and correct answer percentage, CAP). DOMS was measured using a 100 mm visual analog scale at baseline and at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. Results: DC supplementation significantly improved functional performance (CINDY WOD) across all menstrual phases, with the greatest enhancement during PMS (p < 0.01). Reaction time significantly improved during PMS (p = 0.010 vs. control; p = 0.002 vs. placebo). Additionally, DOMS was notably reduced in the luteal phase at 12 h, 24 h, and 72 h post-exercise in the DC condition compared to the control and placebo (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in HGS across conditions or phases (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Short-term DC supplementation may selectively enhance high-intensity functional performance and cognitive accuracy in trained female athletes, particularly during hormonally sensitive phases such as PMS. Its anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory properties make DC a promising, non-pharmacological strategy to support female-centric recovery and performance in CrossFit^® and similar sports. Future research should explore chronic intake, mechanistic biomarkers, and individual variability across menstrual cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition on Non-infectious Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 1998 KiB

Open AccessReview

Curcumin: A Natural Warrior Against Inflammatory Liver Diseases

by Olga Obrzut, Aleksandra Gostyńska-Stawna, Karolina Kustrzyńska, Maciej Stawny and Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081373 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 365

Abstract

Curcumin (CUR), a bioactive compound found in turmeric, has garnered attention for its potential anti-inflammatory properties and impact on liver health. Numerous studies suggest that CUR may be crucial in mitigating liver inflammation. The compound’s anti-inflammatory effects are believed to be attributed to [...] Read more.

Curcumin (CUR), a bioactive compound found in turmeric, has garnered attention for its potential anti-inflammatory properties and impact on liver health. Numerous studies suggest that CUR may be crucial in mitigating liver inflammation. The compound’s anti-inflammatory effects are believed to be attributed to its ability to modulate various molecular pathways involved in the inflammatory response. Research indicates that CUR may suppress the activation of inflammatory cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver. Additionally, it has been observed to inhibit the activity of transcription factors that play a key role in inflammation. By targeting these molecular mechanisms, CUR may help alleviate the inflammatory burden on the liver. Moreover, CUR’s antioxidant properties are thought to contribute to its protective effects on the liver. Oxidative stress is closely linked to inflammation, and CUR’s ability to neutralize free radicals may further support its anti-inflammatory action. While the evidence is promising, it is essential to note that more research is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms through which CUR influences liver inflammation. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that CUR could be a potential therapeutic agent in managing liver inflammatory conditions. In this review, we explore the potential impact of CUR on inflammation, highlighting the key mechanisms involved, as reported in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Status and Nutritional Support in Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Prenatal Healthy and Unhealthy Plant-Based Diets with Behavioral Outcomes in Preschool Children

by Esther Cendra-Duarte, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Josefa Canals, Cristina Jardí and Victoria Arija

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081372 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 159

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dietary patterns rich in plant-based foods during pregnancy have been associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. However, not all components of these diets are healthy, and the impact of their quality on behavioral outcomes remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to examine [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dietary patterns rich in plant-based foods during pregnancy have been associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. However, not all components of these diets are healthy, and the impact of their quality on behavioral outcomes remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between healthy and unhealthy plant-based diets and offspring behavioral problems at the age of four. Methods: This research involved 201 mother–child pairs from the ECLIPSES study. Maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, from which the healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI) was calculated, emphasizing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes and nuts, along with the unhealthy plant-based diet index (uPDI), highlighting the intake of sugary drinks and refined grains. Children’s behavior was evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimated odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Greater adherence to the uPDI during pregnancy was associated with higher odds for externalizing problems, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems (OR = 1.08; 95%CI from 1.01 to 1.16) and oppositional defiant behavior (OR = 1.09; 95%CI from 1.00 to 1.19) in offspring, particularly girls. Higher adherence to the hPDI was not associated with children’s behavior. Conclusions: The consumption of unhealthy components of a plant-based dietary pattern during gestation has been associated with adverse behavioral outcomes in children at age four. These findings underscore the importance of discerning between the healthy and unhealthy components of plant-based diets when assessing their impact on child development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1375 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancing Adolescent Food Literacy Through Mediterranean Diet Principles: From Evidence to Practice

by Paula Silva

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081371 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 212

Abstract

Adolescent obesity and inadequate dietary habits remain pressing public health concerns in Portugal, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Food literacy has emerged as a critical framework for promoting healthier eating behaviors; however, school-based interventions are rarely culturally grounded or theoretically structured. This narrative [...] Read more.

Adolescent obesity and inadequate dietary habits remain pressing public health concerns in Portugal, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Food literacy has emerged as a critical framework for promoting healthier eating behaviors; however, school-based interventions are rarely culturally grounded or theoretically structured. This narrative review synthesizes the experiential strategies described in the literature to improve adolescent food literacy in school settings. It provides a conceptual foundation for and supports the design rationale of FOODWISELab: The Mediterranean Diet Experience—a school-based intervention aligned with Mediterranean diet principles and specifically tailored to the Portuguese educational context. Findings from the literature—emphasizing the value of school gardens, cooking classes, digital tools, and curricular integration—guided the development of FOODWISELab: The Mediterranean Diet Experience, a comprehensive intervention designed for implementation in public secondary schools in Portugal. The proposed protocol bridges the gap between research and practice by offering a structured, context-sensitive model built around four core pedagogical domains: planning, selecting, preparing, and eating. It integrates multiple components, including hands-on learning, family and community involvement, and robust evaluation strategy. FOODWISELab addresses the well-documented gap in adolescent food literacy by delivering a feasible, culturally relevant, and replicable intervention. The anchored Mediterranean dietary model aims to promote adolescent health, sustainability, and cultural heritage in both the urban and rural educational contexts. By presenting a detailed and actionable protocol, this review enhances the practical value of food literacy research and offers strategic guidance for future educational and public health initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Nutrition Literacy)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Poultry Consumption Increase the Risk of Mortality for Gastrointestinal Cancers? A Preliminary Competing Risk Analysis

by Caterina Bonfiglio, Rossella Tatoli, Rossella Donghia, Pasqua Letizia Pesole and Gianluigi Giannelli

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1370; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081370 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

Background: Poultry meat is currently among the most widely consumed meats in Italy and worldwide. Poultry is reasonably affordable and accessible, explaining the high global consumption rates. This population-based prospective cohort study investigated the association between meat consumption and gastrointestinal cancers (GCs) [...] Read more.

Background: Poultry meat is currently among the most widely consumed meats in Italy and worldwide. Poultry is reasonably affordable and accessible, explaining the high global consumption rates. This population-based prospective cohort study investigated the association between meat consumption and gastrointestinal cancers (GCs) and other causes of mortality in southern Italy. Methods: Data were collected from 4869 participants in the MICOL and NUTRIHEP cohorts. The EPIC questionnaire was used to elicit information on food and drink consumption. For analytical purposes, weekly meat consumption was grouped into four categories: total meat: <200 g, 201–300 g, 301–400 g, and >400 g red meat: <150 g, 150–250 g, 251–350 g, and >350 g; poultry: <100 g, 100–200 g, 201–300 g, and >300 g. Cox proportional hazard regression and competing risk models were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Analyzing weekly poultry consumption, it was observed that subjects consuming more than 300 g had a 27% higher risk of death from all causes [HR 1.27; 95% CI (1.00; 1.61)] than those consuming less than 100 g. In addition, for GCs, the SHR for weekly poultry consumption above 300 g was 2.27 [95% CI (1.23; 4.17)], a risk that for men increased to 2.61 [95% CI (1.31; 5.19)]. Conclusions: Our study showed that poultry consumption above 300 g/week is associated with a statistically significant increased mortality risk both from all causes and from GCs. The risk is higher for men than for women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health—3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Assessment of the Nutritional Status in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Matched-Pair Case–Control Study

by Małgorzata Godala, Ewelina Gaszyńska, Konrad Walczak and Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko

Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081369 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 140

Abstract

Methods used in daily clinical practice for the assessment of the nutritional status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often based on simple indices and may not be sufficient in the case of minor or early changes. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Methods used in daily clinical practice for the assessment of the nutritional status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often based on simple indices and may not be sufficient in the case of minor or early changes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional status in patients with IBD. Material and methods: The case–control study included 80 patients with IBD. The control group consisted of 80 healthy subjects matched based on age and gender. Body composition was measured using the electrical bioimpedance method. Results: Compared to the healthy women, the female patients with IBD had a significantly lower muscle mass (24.4 kg vs. 27.9 kg) and muscle strength (22.4 kg vs. 25.9 kg), as well as a lower MMI (7.8 kg/m² vs. 9.9 kg/m²). Based on these findings, sarcopenia was diagnosed in 37.5% of the female patients, significantly more often than in the control group. In the group of men, there were no significant differences between the healthy controls and patients in terms of body composition and the prevalence of underweight and sarcopenia. Conclusions: The patients with IBD were characterized by a poorer nutritional status than the healthy subjects, mainly in terms of fat-free body mass and muscle mass, and consequently a higher incidence of sarcopenia, especially in the female group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Assessment in Epidemiological Studies)

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 8 (April-2 2025) – 108 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI