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Pathogens
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Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Control of Animal Influenza Viruses
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Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Control of Animal Influenza Viruses

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 3051

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Christina M. Leyson

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
1. Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Metro Manila, Philippines
2. Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA 30605, USA
Interests: respiratory viruses; influenza virus; virus evolution; next generation sequencing
Dr. Silvia Carnaccini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
Interests: veterinary pathology; pathogenesis; virology; influenza virus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Influenza viruses can be classified into four distinct virus species. Influenza B and C primarily infect humans, whereas influenza A and D viruses can affect non-human animal species. Among influenza viruses, influenza virus A has the broadest host range that includes many species of birds and mammals.

Due to their broad host range, influenza viruses have a significant impact on multiple fields, including agriculture, public health, and wildlife health. To prevent and mitigate the consequences of influenza virus infections, it is imperative to better elucidate their epidemiology and mechanisms of disease progression and to further develop novel strategies for control and treatment in different hosts.

It is our pleasure to announce the launch of this Pathogens Special Issue on the “Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Control of Animal Influenza Viruses”. Our focus will be on influenza viruses of non-human animal species, especially those of poultry, swine, and equine; as well as those of wild migratory birds and marine mammals. Approaches that will be considered include classical virology, vaccinology, genomic analysis, case reports, epidemiology, and ecology of animal influenza viruses. Multi-disciplinary research works are especially welcome. Both original research and review articles will be considered for publication.

We look forward to receiving your submissions and to hearing about your exciting research.

Dr. Christina M. Leyson
Dr. Silvia Carnaccini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • avian influenza
  • swine influenza
  • equine influenza
  • animal influenza
  • influenza epidemiology
  • pathogenesis
  • influenza vaccines
  • influenza phylogenetics

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 1517 KiB  
Article
Molecular Characterization of Non-H5 and Non-H7 Avian Influenza Viruses from Non-Mallard Migratory Waterbirds of the North American Flyways, 2006–2011
by Shahan Azeem, John Baroch, Deepanker Tewari, Kristy L. Pabilonia, Mary Killian, Birgit Bradel-Tretheway, Dong Sun, Sara Ghorbani-Nezami and Kyoung-Jin Yoon
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040333 - 17 Apr 2024
Viewed by 479
Abstract
The surveillance of migratory waterbirds (MWs) for avian influenza virus (AIV) is indispensable for the early detection of a potential AIV incursion into poultry. Surveying AIV infections and virus subtypes in understudied MW species could elucidate their role in AIV ecology. Oropharyngeal–cloacal (OPC) [...] Read more.
The surveillance of migratory waterbirds (MWs) for avian influenza virus (AIV) is indispensable for the early detection of a potential AIV incursion into poultry. Surveying AIV infections and virus subtypes in understudied MW species could elucidate their role in AIV ecology. Oropharyngeal–cloacal (OPC) swabs were collected from non-mallard MWs between 2006 and 2011. OPC swabs (n = 1158) that molecularly tested positive for AIV (Cts ≤ 32) but tested negative for H5 and H7 subtypes were selected for virus isolation (VI). The selected samples evenly represented birds from all four North American flyways (Pacific, Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic). Eighty-seven low pathogenic AIV isolates, representing 31 sites in 17 states, were recovered from the samples. All isolates belonged to the North American lineage. The samples representing birds from the Central Flyway had the highest VI positive rate (57.5%) compared to those from the other flyways (10.3–17.2%), suggesting that future surveillance can focus on the Central Flyway. Of the isolates, 43.7%, 12.6%, and 10.3% were obtained from blue-winged teal, American wigeon, and American black duck species, respectively. Hatch-year MWs represented the majority of the isolates (70.1%). The most common H and N combinations were H3N8 (23.0%), H4N6 (18.4%), and H4N8 (18.4%). The HA gene between non-mallard and mallard MW isolates during the same time period shared 85.5–99.5% H3 identity and 89.3–99.7% H4 identity. Comparisons between MW (mallard and non-mallard) and poultry H3 and H4 isolates also revealed high similarity (79.0–99.0% and 88.7–98.4%), emphasizing the need for continued AIV surveillance in MWs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Control of Animal Influenza Viruses)
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20 pages, 2778 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Clinical Manifestation of HPAI H5Nx in Different Poultry Types in the Netherlands, 2014–2022
by Wendy J. Wolters, J. C. M. Vernooij, Thomas M. Spliethof, Jeanine Wiegel, Armin R. W. Elbers, Marcel A. H. Spierenburg, J. Arjan Stegeman and Francisca C. Velkers
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040280 - 26 Mar 2024
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Abstract
This study describes clinical manifestations of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, H5N8 and H5N6 outbreaks between 2014 and 2018 and 2020 and 2022 in the Netherlands for different poultry types and age groups. Adult duck (breeder) farms and juvenile chicken (broiler and [...] Read more.
This study describes clinical manifestations of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, H5N8 and H5N6 outbreaks between 2014 and 2018 and 2020 and 2022 in the Netherlands for different poultry types and age groups. Adult duck (breeder) farms and juvenile chicken (broiler and laying pullet) farms were not diagnosed before 2020. Outbreaks in ducks decreased in 2020–2022 vs. 2014–2018, but increased for meat-type poultry. Neurological, locomotor and reproductive tract signs were often observed in ducks, whereas laying- and meat-type poultry more often showed mucosal membrane and skin signs, including cyanosis and hemorrhagic conjunctiva. Juveniles (chickens and ducks) showed neurological and locomotor signs more often than adults. Diarrhea occurred more often in adult chickens and juvenile ducks. Mortality increased exponentially within four days before notification in chickens and ducks, with a more fluctuating trend in ducks and meat-type poultry than in layers. For ducks, a mortality ratio (MR) > 3, compared to the average mortality of the previous week, was reached less often than in chickens. A lower percentage of laying flocks with MR > 3 was found for 2020–2022 vs. 2014–2018, but without significant differences in clinical signs. This study provides a basis for improvements in mortality- and clinical-sign-based early warning criteria, especially for juvenile chickens and ducks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Control of Animal Influenza Viruses)
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13 pages, 2409 KiB  
Article
Differing Expression and Potential Immunological Role of C-Type Lectin Receptors of Two Different Chicken Breeds against Low Pathogenic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus
by Sungsu Youk, Dong-Hun Lee and Chang-Seon Song
Pathogens 2024, 13(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010095 - 22 Jan 2024
Viewed by 962
Abstract
Diverse immune responses in different chicken lines can result in varying clinical consequences following avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. We compared two widely used layer breeds, Lohmann Brown (LB) and Lohmann White (LW), to examine virus replication and immune responses against H9N2 AIV [...] Read more.
Diverse immune responses in different chicken lines can result in varying clinical consequences following avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. We compared two widely used layer breeds, Lohmann Brown (LB) and Lohmann White (LW), to examine virus replication and immune responses against H9N2 AIV infection. The transcription profile in the spleen of H9N2-infected chickens was compared using a microarray. Confirmatory real-time RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of C-type lectin, OASL, and MX1 genes. Additionally, to investigate the role of chicken lectin receptors in vitro, two C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) were expressed in DF-1 cells, and the early growth of the H9N2 virus was evaluated. The LB chickens shed a lower amount of virus from the cloaca compared with the LW chickens. Different expression levels of C-type lectin-like genes were observed in the transcription profile, with no significant differences in OASL or MX gene expression. Real-time RT-PCR indicated a sharp decrease in C-type lectin levels in the spleen of H9N2-infected LW chickens. In vitro studies demonstrated that cells overexpressing CLR exhibited lower virus replication, while silencing of homeostatic CLR had no effect on AIV replication. This study demonstrated distinct immune responses to H9N2 avian influenza in LB and LW chickens, particularly with differences in C-type lectin expression, potentially leading to lower virus shedding in LB chickens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Control of Animal Influenza Viruses)
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