New Insights into Viral Pathogenesis, Host Immune Responses and Immunotherapies

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunological Responses and Immune Defense Mechanisms".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 October 2024 | Viewed by 3501

Special Issue Editors

Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Interests: viral pathogenesis; virus-host interaction; immunology; epigenetics; cell signaling

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Guest Editor
Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
Interests: HIV; SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19); viral-host interaction; anti-viral research; viral innate immunity

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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
Interests: mucosal immunity (female reproductive tracts and GI); host–virus interaction; HIV; herpesvirus; human papillomavirus; Zika virus; SARS-CoV-2
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viral diseases account for approximately 60% of all infectious diseases. In the landscape of viral diseases, a profound understanding of the intricate interplay between viral pathogens and the host cellular machinery is a cornerstone of the progress of basic, preclinical and clinical studies. Viral pathogenesis, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying viral invasion, replication, and dissemination within the host, is paramount for deciphering disease progression and transmission dynamics. Concurrently, comprehending the orchestration of host antiviral immune responses, encompassing innate and adaptive immunity, unveils the multifaceted defense mechanisms against viral infection. Harnessing the power of the immune system, antiviral immunotherapies has emerged as a frontier of unparalleled significance, from the conventional application of monoclonal antibodies and interferons to the innovative immune checkpoint blockade, which modulate immune responses to control viral spread, offering alternatives for drug-resistant viruses.

The significance of this special issue of Pathogens lies in potential breakthroughs against all types of viral threats including emerging viruses, like coronaviruses, and persistent challenges such as HIV and herpesviruses. We aim to focus on the new insights into the molecular mechanisms of viral replication, pathogenesis, antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as effective immune strategies for prevention, treatment, and control of viral diseases.

Dr. Dawei Zhou
Dr. Taiwei Li
Dr. Theresa Chang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • virus-host interaction
  • viral replication
  • viral pathogenesis
  • host immune responses
  • antiviral immunotherapies

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 557 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Infection on Humoral and Cellular Immunity in a Cohort of Patients with Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Pilot Study
by Giulia Anna Maria Luigia Costanzo, Giuseppina Sanna, Francesco Pes, Carla Maria Deiana, Andrea Giovanni Ledda, Andrea Perra, Vanessa Palmas, Valeria Manca, Michela Miglianti, Ferdinando Coghe, Aldo Manzin, Stefano Del Giacco, Luchino Chessa and Davide Firinu
Pathogens 2024, 13(6), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13060506 - 14 Jun 2024
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Abstract
Immunization against COVID-19 is needed in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). However, data on long-term immunity kinetics remain scarce. This study aimed to compare the humoral and cellular response to COVID-19 in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) compared to healthy controls. [...] Read more.
Immunization against COVID-19 is needed in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). However, data on long-term immunity kinetics remain scarce. This study aimed to compare the humoral and cellular response to COVID-19 in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) compared to healthy controls. We compared the humoral and cellular response to SARS-Cov-2 elicited by vaccination and/or infection in a prospective cohort of 20 IMID patients compared with a group of 21 healthcare workers (HCWs). We assessed immunity before and after the third and fourth dose of BNT162b2 or after COVID-19 infection using quantitative IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibody (anti-S-IgG), neutralization assay, and specific interferon-gamma (IFN-g) release assay (IGRA). The responses were compared with those of healthy controls. The two groups were similar in age and total exposure, becoming infected for the first time, mainly after the third dose. Neutralizing antibodies and IGRA were negative in 9.5% of IMID patients but not in any HCWs. No significant difference was found between neutralization titers to BA.1 in the IMID and the HCW groups. The study highlights the SARS-CoV-2 immunological responses in healthy controls and IMID patients, suggesting that the combined stimuli of vaccination and infection in IMID patients could promote a more profound immunological response. Full article
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22 pages, 3751 KiB  
Article
Immune Responses in Oral Papillomavirus Clearance in the MmuPV1 Mouse Model
by Sarah A. Brendle, Jingwei J. Li, Vonn Walter, Todd D. Schell, Michael Kozak, Karla K. Balogh, Song Lu, Neil D. Christensen, Yusheng Zhu, Karam El-Bayoumy and Jiafen Hu
Pathogens 2023, 12(12), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121452 - 14 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2250
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced oropharyngeal cancer now exceeds HPV-induced cervical cancer, with a noticeable sex bias. Although it is well established that women have a more proficient immune system, it remains unclear whether immune control of oral papillomavirus infections differs between sexes. In the [...] Read more.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced oropharyngeal cancer now exceeds HPV-induced cervical cancer, with a noticeable sex bias. Although it is well established that women have a more proficient immune system, it remains unclear whether immune control of oral papillomavirus infections differs between sexes. In the current study, we use genetically modified mice to target CCR2 and Stat1 pathways, with the aim of investigating the role of both innate and adaptive immune responses in clearing oral papillomavirus, using our established papillomavirus (MmuPV1) infection model. Persistent oral MmuPV1 infection was detected in Rag1ko mice with T and B cell deficiencies. Meanwhile, other tested mice were susceptible to MmuPV1 infections but were able to clear the virus. We found sex differences in key myeloid cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in the infected tongues of wild type and Stat1ko mice but these differences were not observed in CCR2ko mice. Intriguingly, we also observed a sex difference in anti-MmuPV1 E4 antibody levels, especially for two IgG isotypes: IgG2b and IgG3. However, we found comparable numbers of interferon-gamma-producing CD8 T cells stimulated by E6 and E7 in both sexes. These findings suggest that males and females may use different components of innate and adaptive immune responses to control papillomavirus infections in the MmuPV1 mouse model. The observed sex difference in immune responses, especially in myeloid cells including dendritic cell (DC) subsets, may have potential diagnostic and prognostic values for HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. Full article
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