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A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 36638

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Geza Bujdoso

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Research Center for Fruit Growing, Institute for Horticultural Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Park tca 2., 1223 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: walnuts; phenology; breeding; evaluation of varieties; genetics; orchard systems; growing technologies; rootstock
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Hrotkó Károly

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Institute of Horticultural Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Villányi Str. 29-43, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: rootstocks of fruit trees; cherry orchard system; propagation of woody plants
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Dr. Miljan Cvetkovic

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Faculty of Agriculture, University of Banja Luka, University City, Bulevar Vojvode Petra Bojovića 1°, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Interests: training systems; orchard management; cultivars
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Klara Cseke

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Forest Research Institute, University of Sopron, Várkerület 30/A, 9600 Sárvár, Hungary
Interests: DNA fingerprinting; tree genetics; plant breeding; forest genetics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mindful breeding activity, especially in the case of woody plant species, takes a long time and might be highly expensive. Fruit production is very important; there is a fruit industry in every country, therefore the interest in lot of related research topics is shared all over the world. All participants working in the fruit sector need good varieties derived from different breeding programs to successfully increase their growing year on year. To support their activity, trials focusing on the genetic backgrounds, rootstock–scion combinations and interactions, effects on the cumulative yields, fruit/nut quality, tolerance/resistance to the diseases and pests must be performed.

This Special Issue invites breeders, climatologists, biologists, chemists, and scientists studying the evaluation of the novel bred genotypes, in situ and ex situ candidates from schools of thought, which are necessary for successful growing, to publish their original research papers, perspectives, opinions, reviews, modelling approaches and methods about their genetic and phenotypical studies, the effects of the environment and canopy on the yield, fruit/nut quality, chemical compounds, as well as adaptation strategies of the edible fruit species.

Dr. Geza Bujdoso
Prof. Dr. Karoly Hrotko
Dr. Miljan Cvetkovic
Dr. Klara Cseke
Guest Editors

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Keywords

fruits
rootstocks
phenology
resistance/tolerance to diseases/pest
fruit/nut quality
chemical compounds
adaptation

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 9512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration and Comparison of the Behavior of Some Indigenous and International Varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) Grown in Climatic Conditions of Herzegovina: The Influence of Variety and Vintage on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Grapes

by Tatjana Jovanović-Cvetković, Milica Sredojević, Maja Natić, Rada Grbić, Milica Fotirić Akšić, Sezai Ercisli and Miljan Cvetković

Plants 2023, 12(4), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040695 - 4 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

Viticulture is of great economic importance in the southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, thanks to favorable climatic conditions and a long-standing tradition of growing vines. The assortment is dominated by international varieties, as well as some autochthonous and domesticated varieties. The subject of the research is the analysis of the quality of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Vranac, and Blatina varieties at two localities in Herzegovina during the period 2020–2021. The paper examined the most important economic and technological characteristics, grape quality, and berry phenolic profile. A particularly pronounced variation of the tested characteristics during the research period was observed in the Merlot and Blatina varieties, while the Cabernet Sauvignon and Vranac varieties showed a slightly higher stability of the tested characteristics. Poorer grape quality during the research period was registered with the Blatina variety, which can be considered a varietal characteristic to some extent. The analyzed grape varieties were rich in polyphenols, and the impact of grape variety on the berry phenolic profiles was confirmed. The most abundant polyphenols in the analyzed grape samples were quercetin 3-O-glucoside and catechin gallate, followed by kaempferol 3-O-glucoside. The highest values of polyphenols were found mainly in the samples originating from Trebinje. Indigenous Balkan grape varieties (Vranac and Blatina) stood out with particularly high contents of some phenolics. Research has shown that climatic conditions have a significant influence on the most important characteristics of grapes, which are conditioned by genotypic specificities. The conditions for growing vines in the conditions of Herzegovina enable high quality in the production of grapes, especially the Cabernet Sauvignon and Vranac varieties. The autochthonous variety Blatina shows significant variations in grape quality during the test period, which was confirmed by the results of a larger number of studies in the previous period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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12 pages, 985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Berries of Some Sea Buckthorn Genotypes by Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Content of the Seed

by Mónika Máté, Granit Selimaj, Gergely Simon, Lilla Szalóki-Dorkó and Gitta Ficzek

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3412; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243412 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2194

Abstract

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is consumed mainly in its processed form. Therefore, the investigation of the physicochemical properties of its berries is a current task in the aspect of food processing. The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical parameters (soluble solid content, total titratable acidity, sugar/acid ratio), color characteristics (L*, a*, b*) and fatty acid profile of five varieties (‘Askola’, ‘Clara’, ‘Habego’, ‘Leikora’, ‘Mara’) and one Hungarian candidate, R-01, to establish a basis for experiments on the processability of the whole berries (e.g., drying). The weight of the berry of ‘Leikora’ (0.64 g) was significantly higher than the other investigated fruits. The differences between the values of soluble solid content (6.3–10.84 °Brix) and titratable acid (1.4–3.7%) content of berries were significant. ‘Mara’ had the highest sugar/acid ratio. Regarding the fatty acid profile, the amount of unsaturated fatty acids was measured between 72.6–83.4%, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, which were between 32.3–58.1%. The seeds of the tested samples contained high concentrations of linoleic acid (17.0–33.2%) and linolenic acid (15.3–24.9%), mainly in the case of the ‘Mara’, ‘Clara’ and ‘Askola’ varieties. Candidate R-01 could be used as a raw material for functional foods due to its significant content of palmitoleic acid and a favourable omega-6/omega-3 ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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15 pages, 861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Bioactive Components in New Resistant Hungarian Tomato Hybrids

by Barbara Schmidt-Szantner, Mária Berki, Éva Lengyel-Kónya, Péter Milotay, Ágnes Molnár-Mondovics, Hussein G. Daood and Rita Tömösközi-Farkas

Plants 2022, 11(23), 3408; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233408 - 6 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of genetic impact on the content of some characteristic secondary metabolites in tomato fruits. The study was conducted to screen 14 different tomato genotypes for antioxidant capacity and quality attributes (polyphenols, tocopherols, carotenoids, vitamin C) to select the genetic lines with high biological value, multiple disease resistance, and high yield capacity for further usage in crop improvement programs. Significant differences were found among the different hybrids and cultivation seasons for the phytochemical content of the fruits. The varieties developed by breeding to increase their resistance were found to differ significantly. During a 3-year cultivation experiment, the level of lycopene in freshly harvested fruits ranged between 10.38 and 63.23 mg.kg⁻¹ fwt for outdoor-cultivated Naik114 and Naik352, respectively. As for β-carotene, its content varied between 0.49 mg.kg⁻¹ for Unorosso and 11.66 mg.kg⁻¹ for Cherrola F1. The highest level of vitamin C (702.59 mg.kg⁻¹) was recorded for Cherrola F1, while the lowest level (1.36.86 mg.kg⁻¹) was determined in fruits of Unorosso. Neither polyphenol nor vitamin C showed positive correlation with antioxidant activity. In the three cultivation seasons, the highest concentration of polyphenols (579.19–804.12 mg.kg⁻¹ fwt) was determined in fruits of outdoor-cultivated Cherolla F1 variety. The α- and γ-tocopherol content varied between 2.56 and 18.99 mg.kg⁻¹, and 0.28 and 9.35 mg.kg⁻¹, respectively, in fresh tomato fruit. Among the newly bred resistant varieties, the ZKI114 variety was proved to have outstanding features concerning the amounts of the bioactive components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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12 pages, 1665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sugar, Invertase Enzyme Activities and Invertase Gene Expression in Different Developmental Stages of Strawberry Fruits

by Hayat Topcu, Ipek Degirmenci, Duygu Ayvaz Sonmez, Aibibula Paizila, Harun Karci, Salih Kafkas, Ebru Kafkas, Sezai Ercisli and Aishah Alatawi

Plants 2022, 11(4), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040509 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7267

Abstract

The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) and has been the focused fruit species of which an increasing number of molecular and genetic research has been conducted in recent years. The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between sucrose metabolism, invertase enzyme activity and gene expression in four different fruit development periods (red, pink, green and white) of two commercially important strawberry varieties ‘Rubygem’ and ‘Fortuna’. The metabolite profiles (glucose, fructose, sucrose and total sugar content) of two varieties were discovered to be extremely similar. The highest amount of total sugar was found in red fruits, while the lowest was obtained from green fruits. Invertase represents one of the key enzymes in sucrose metabolism. The lowest invertase activity was obtained from the green fruits in ‘Rubygem’ and ‘Fortuna’ during four developmental periods. In these varieties, the amount of sucrose was found to be close to glucose and fructose and the lowest amount was detected in green period, while invertase activity was relatively high during red and pink periods and invertase gene expression was determined at high levels in both primers (St-4 and St-6) in the green period. The results of the study indicated that sugar content and invertase activity were positively correlated while enzyme activity and gene expression were negatively correlated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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16 pages, 2585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Interaction Effects of the Different Pollenizers on the Blatina Variety (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cluster and Seed Characteristics

by Tatjana Jovanović-Cvetković, Vide Šutalo, Muhammed Kupe, Sezai Ercisli, Aleksandar Životić and Boris Pašalić

Plants 2022, 11(3), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030420 - 3 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2263

Abstract

Indigenous grape varieties represent a significant potential for viticultural diversification. Due to fertilization problems, certain varieties from this group require suitable pollenizers for successful fertilization and in order to achieve high-quality grapes. The study was conducted during the years 2016 and 2017 in the vineyard in Herzegovina (southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina). The aim of this research is to define a suitable pollenizer for the ‘Blatina’ variety, which has a functionally female flower. Manual pollination was performed with five different pollenizers during the flowering period by applying pollen to the ‘Blatina’ variety inflorescence during the full bloom stage in the early morning hours. Pollinated inflorescences were isolated, marked, and monitored until the end of the vegetation, while open-pollinated clusters were the control group. The most important characteristics of grape clusters and seeds were analyzed. The best results during the research were obtained by open pollination. The significant effect of the pollenizers was registered in parameters: cluster mass, mass of grape berries in the cluster, number of grape berries per cluster, and average seed mass. Varieties ‘Žilavka’ and ‘Vranac’ had better characteristics compared to other pollenizer varieties. The results show that the Blatina variety production with a greater number of pollenizers ensures stable yields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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14 pages, 3793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viability of Embryo Sacs and Fruit Set in Different Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Cultivars Grown under Norwegian Climatic Conditions

by Radosav Cerović, Milica Fotirić Akšić, Milena Đorđević and Mekjell Meland

Plants 2022, 11(2), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020219 - 14 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2435

Abstract

Compatibility and synchrony between specialized tissues of the pistil, female gametophytes and male gametophytes, are necessary for successful pollination, fertilization, and fruit set in angiosperms. The aim of the present work was to study the development and viability of embryo sacs, as well as fertilization success, in relation to the fruit set of the cultivars ‘Mallard’, ‘Edda’, ‘Jubileum’, and ‘Reeves’, under specific Norwegian climatic conditions. Emasculated, unpollinated, and open-pollinated flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering, and on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th days after flowering, from all four plum cultivars over two years (2018/2019). Ovaries were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, stained, and observed under a light microscope. Results showed the existence of synchronization between successive phases in the development of the embryo sac and individual phases of flowering. All plum cultivars had higher percentages of viable embryo sacs, fertilized embryo sacs, and fruit set in 2018 than in 2019. These differences may be related to the very low temperatures during the post-full-flowering period in 2019, and to the low adaptation of some studied cultivars to unfavorable conditions. In our study, the cultivar ‘Jubileum’ showed the highest percentage of viable embryo sacs, fertilized embryo sacs, and fruit set compared to other cultivars, i.e., the best low-temperature adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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16 pages, 4942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multivariate Analysis Approaches for Dimension and Shape Discrimination of Vitis vinifera Varieties

by Muhammed Kupe, Bahadır Sayinci, Bünyamin Demir, Sezai Ercisli, Kürşat Alp Aslan, Muhammet Ali Gundesli, Mojmir Baron and Jiri Sochor

Plants 2021, 10(8), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081528 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2494

Abstract

In this study, berry dimensions and shape traits, which are important for the design of the grape processing system and the classification of 10 different grape varieties grown in same ecological conditions (‘Ata Sarısı’, ‘Barış’, ‘Dımışkı’, ‘Hatun Parmağı’, ‘Helvani’, ‘Horoz Karası’, ‘Hönüsü’, ‘İtalia’, ‘Mevlana Sarısı’, and ‘Red Globe’) were determined; differences between the varieties were identified with the use of discriminant analysis. The largest grape varieties were identified as ‘Ata Sarısı’ and ‘Red Globe’. The ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Helvani’ varieties had geometrically sphere-like shape. The ‘Barış’ variety had the lowest size averages. According to elliptic Fourier analysis, the primary source of shape variation was ellipse and sphere-looking varieties. However, shape variation was seen due to the existence of a small number of drop-like varieties. According to discriminant analysis, shape differences of the varieties were defined by two discriminant functions. Based on these discriminant functions, the greatest classification performance was achieved for ‘Mevlana Sarısı’ and ‘Dımışkı’. In scatter plots, three shape definitions (sphere, ellipse, and drop) were made for grape varieties. Cluster analysis revealed 4 sub-groups. The first sub-group included the ‘Mevlana Sarısı’ variety; the second sub-group included the ‘Hönüsü’, ‘Hatun Parmağı’, ‘Dımışkı’, and ‘Horoz Karası’ varieties; the third sub-group included the ‘Ata Sarısı’ variety; the fourth sub-group included the ‘Barış’, ‘Helvani’, ‘İtalia’, and ‘Red Globe’ varieties. The variety in the first group had a geometrically ellipse-like shape, the largest length, and the smallest width. The size data were the smallest for the second sub-group. The third sub-group, with the ellipse-like shape, had the large size data. The grape varieties the closest to the sphere were classified in the fourth group, and these varieties had the large sizes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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17 pages, 4068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Characteristics of Grapevine Cultivars and Closed Contour Analysis with Elliptic Fourier Descriptors

by Muhammed Kupe, Bahadır Sayıncı, Bunyamin Demir, Sezai Ercisli, Mojmir Baron and Jiri Sochor

Plants 2021, 10(7), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071350 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4269

Abstract

Morphology is the most visible and distinct character of plant organs and is accepted as one of the most important tools for plant biologists, plant breeders and growers. A number of methods based on plant morphology are applied to discriminate in particular close cultivars. In this study, image processing analysis was used on 20 grape cultivars (“Amasya beyazı“, “Antep karası“, “Bahçeli karası”, “Çavuş“, “Cevşen“, “Crimson“, “Dimrit“, “Erenköy beyazı“, “Hafızali“, “Karaşabi“, “Kırmızı“, “İzabella (Isabella) “, “Morşabi“, “Müşgüle“, “Nuniya“, “Royal“, “Sultani çekirdeksiz (Sultanina)“, “Yalova incisi“, “Yerli beyazv“, “Yuvarlak çekirdeksiz“) to classify them. According to image processing analysis, the longest and the greatest projected area values were observed in “Antep karası“ cultivar. The “Sultani çekirdeksiz“ cultivar had the least geometric mean diameter. The greatest sphericity ratios were observed in “Yerli beyaz“, “Erenköy beyazı“ and “Amasya beyazı“ cultivars. According to principal component analysis, dimensional attributes were identified as the most significant source of variation discriminant grape cultivars from each other. Morphological differences between the cultivars were explained by sphericity and elongation variables. According to elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) results, grape morphology largely looks like ellipse and sphere. However, there are some cultivars that look similar to a water drop. The cultivars with similar morphology were identified by a pair-wise comparison test conducted with the use of linear discriminant analysis, and they were presented in a scatter plot. According to cluster analysis, present grape cultivars were classified into seven sub-groups, which indicated great diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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12 pages, 2266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is “Esterhazy II”, an Old Walnut Variety in the Hungarian Gene Bank, the Original Genotype?

by Geza Bujdoso, Benjamin Illes, Virag Varjas and Klara Cseke

Plants 2021, 10(5), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050854 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2382

Abstract

The old walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotype called “Esterhazy II” was well-known in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy before World War II, and it can still be found in the Austrian, German and Swiss backyard gardens today. Unfortunately, nowadays, vegetatively propagated progenies of the original “Esterhazy II” are not available anymore around the world because walnut grafting started later than this genotype had become well-known. Although various accessions with “Esterhazy II”-“blood“ are available, it is difficult to determine which one can be considered true or the most similar to the original one. In this paper, phenological and nut morphological characteristics of an “Esterhazy II” specimen planted in a Hungarian gene bank were compared to the varieties “Milotai 10” and “Chandler”. Examined characteristics were: budbreak, blossom time, type of dichogamy, ripening time, nut and kernel features. An additional SSR fingerprinting was used to identify identical genotypes and to demonstrate the relatedness of the analyzed “Esterhazy II” genotype to the other Hungarian walnut cultivars. It can be concluded that under the name “Esterhazy II”, several different genotypes can be observed. All the checked characteristics except budbreak fitted well with the previous descriptions. Our results confirmed that the examined “Esterhazy II” genotype shows high similarity to the “original“ “Esterhazy II” described in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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Review

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22 pages, 2753 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Ampelometry: Morphometric Characterization of the Grape (Vitis spp.) Leaf

by Péter Bodor-Pesti, Dóra Taranyi, Tamás Deák, Diána Ágnes Nyitrainé Sárdy and Zsuzsanna Varga

Plants 2023, 12(3), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030452 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3514

Abstract

Grape (Vitis spp.) is one of the most important horticultural crops, cultivated worldwide on more than 7.3 million hectares for various purposes such as winemaking, fresh fruit consumption, rootstock, and ornamental plants. Based on the inter- and intraspecific morphological variability, several descriptor lists, manuals and ampelographic studies are available for identification. Among the organs, leaves have the most traits, while the young shoot, bunch and berry are also important in the characterization of the genotypes. Vitis species and cultivars are described by leaf morphological characterization developed in many ways for the identification of genotypes, to clarify synonymies and distinct clones or evaluate the diversity of wild Vitis taxa. Morphometric—also known as ampelometric—evaluation has an extensive background in the literature. However, for some reasons, only a part of the literature is cited, despite its significant scientific value. In this paper, we summarize the efforts of metric characterization of the grapevine leaf with the introduction of the scientific objectives and reviewing the studies showing the innovations in phenotyping during the past 120 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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21 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integration of Innovative Technologies in the Agri-Food Sector: The Fundamentals and Practical Case of DNA-Based Traceability of Olives from Fruit to Oil

by Rayda Ben Ayed, Mohsen Hanana, Sezai Ercisli, Rohini Karunakaran, Ahmed Rebai and Fabienne Moreau

Plants 2022, 11(9), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091230 - 2 May 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4517

Abstract

Several socio-economic problems have been hidden by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Particularly, the agricultural and food industrial sectors have been harshly affected by this devastating disease. Moreover, with the worldwide population increase and the agricultural production technologies being inefficient or obsolete, there is a great need to find new and successful ways to fulfill the increasing food demand. A new era of agriculture and food industry is forthcoming, with revolutionary concepts, processes and technologies, referred to as Agri-food 4.0, which enables the next level of agri-food production and trade. In addition, consumers are becoming more and more aware about the origin, traceability, healthy and high-quality of agri-food products. The integration of new process of production and data management is a mandatory step to meet consumer and market requirements. DNA traceability may provide strong approach to certify and authenticate healthy food products, particularly for olive oil. With this approach, the origin and authenticity of products are confirmed by the means of unique nucleic acid sequences. Selected tools, methods and technologies involved in and contributing to the advance of the agri-food sector are presented and discussed in this paper. Moreover, the application of DNA traceability as an innovative approach to authenticate olive products is reported in this paper as an application and promising case of smart agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvements/Innovations Related to Fruit Varieties)

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