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11 pages, 1851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Initial Studies of the Response of Rubber Tree Seedlings Treated with Saprobic Fungi from the Semiarid Region of Northeast Brazil to Anthracnose

by Marcela Pagoti Bergamini Lopes, Marcela Eloi Gomes, Gustavo da Silva Celin, Heloísa Noemi Bello, Rodney Lucio Pinheiro Henrique, Izabela Ponso Magalhães, Louyne Varini Santos, Leandro Tropaldi, Sergio F. Pascholate, Edson Luiz Furtado and Ana Carolina Firmino

Plants 2022, 11(19), 2477; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192477 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1279

Abstract

Anthracnose, caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, is present in the main areas where rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are planted. Thus, considering that biological agents can be an alternative for disease control, the present study aimed to carry out initial [...] Read more.

Anthracnose, caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, is present in the main areas where rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are planted. Thus, considering that biological agents can be an alternative for disease control, the present study aimed to carry out initial studies to investigate the response of rubber tree seedlings inoculated with Colletotrichum and treated with saprobes fungi from the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil (Curvularia eragrostidis, Memnoniella levispora, Myrothecium roridum and Phialomyces macrosporus). Seedlings of the rubber tree clone RRIM600 were sprayed with biocontrol agents as preventive and curative treatments seven days before and after C. tamarilloi inoculation, respectively. Assessments included plant response to disease expression based on the percentage of symptomatic area on treated leaves, percentage of graft death, and percentage of apical death in seedlings 30 days after inoculation with C. tamarilloi. In addition, the enzymes peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) had their activity quantified by their association with plant resistance to pathogens. The fungus C. eragrostidis had the best result in controlling anthracnose when applied as a preventive treatment, showing 10% less disease than the untreated plant. The same was observed for the fungus P. macrosporus when used in the curative form. These fungi also reduced the graft death. In these cases, PAL activity was higher and may be linked to the induction of resistance against the pathogen. The peroxidase activity was not expressive for treatments with saprobic fungi in the periods studied. Therefore, among the tested fungi, C. eragrostidis and P. macrosporus are promising for the control of anthracnose, deserving further studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Colletotrichum Species and Plants Ⅱ)

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16 pages, 3741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Colletotrichum Isolates from Strawberry and Other Hosts with Reference to Cross-Inoculation Potential

by Gunjan Sharma, Marcel Maymon, Vineet Meshram and Stanley Freeman

Plants 2022, 11(18), 2373; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182373 - 11 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2229

Abstract

Colletotrichum is an important phytopathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose disease in diverse agronomically important tropical food crops. Accurate pathogen identification is critical for early diagnosis and efficient management of anthracnose. ITS is not a reliable marker for this fungal genus due to its [...] Read more.

Colletotrichum is an important phytopathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose disease in diverse agronomically important tropical food crops. Accurate pathogen identification is critical for early diagnosis and efficient management of anthracnose. ITS is not a reliable marker for this fungal genus due to its failure to phylogenetically resolve cryptic species. In this study, 36 Colletotrichum isolates belonging to the Acutatum, Boninense and Gloeosporioides species complexes were characterized using multigene phylogenetic analyses, morphology and pathogenicity assays. Additionally, the cross-inoculation potential of a representative subset of isolates was evaluated revealing that cross-infection potential is possible among the isolates belonging to the same species complex. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Colletotrichum Species and Plants Ⅱ)

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26 pages, 5034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effects of Infection with the Hemibiotrophic Fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum on Common Bean

by Juan C. Alvarez-Diaz, Richard Laugé, Etienne Delannoy, Stéphanie Huguet, Christine Paysant-Le Roux, Ariane Gratias and Valérie Geffroy

Plants 2022, 11(15), 1995; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11151995 - 31 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2041

Abstract

Bean anthracnose caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most important diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the world. In the present study, the whole transcriptome of common bean infected with C. lindemuthianum during compatible and [...] Read more.

Bean anthracnose caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the most important diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the world. In the present study, the whole transcriptome of common bean infected with C. lindemuthianum during compatible and incompatible interactions was characterized at 48 and 72 hpi, corresponding to the biotrophy phase of the infection cycle. Our results highlight the prominent role of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes from the PR10/Bet vI family as well as a complex interplay of different plant hormone pathways including Ethylene, Salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid pathways. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis reveals that infected common bean seedlings responded by down-regulation of photosynthesis, ubiquitination-mediated proteolysis and cell wall modifications. In infected common bean, SA biosynthesis seems to be based on the PAL pathway instead of the ICS pathway, contrarily to what is described in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, ~30 NLR were up-regulated in both contexts. Overall, our results suggest that the difference between the compatible and incompatible reaction is more a question of timing and strength, than a massive difference in differentially expressed genes between these two contexts. Finally, we used RT-qPCR to validate the expression patterns of several genes, and the results showed an excellent agreement with deep sequencing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Colletotrichum Species and Plants Ⅱ)

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13 pages, 18064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Colletotrichum Colonization and Reproduction in Different Rubber Tree Clones

by Ana Carolina Firmino, Izabela Ponso Magalhães, Marcela Eloi Gomes, Ivan Herman Fischer, Erivaldo José Scaloppi Junior and Edson Luiz Furtado

Plants 2022, 11(7), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070905 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

Anthracnose, caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, is present in the major rubber tree crop areas in Brazil, especially in São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, and northern states. This disease can affect different tissues of [...] Read more.

Anthracnose, caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, is present in the major rubber tree crop areas in Brazil, especially in São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, and northern states. This disease can affect different tissues of the rubber tree, leading to production losses. Thus, a better understanding of the pathosystem Colletotrichum x rubber tree can provide evidence to subsequent epidemiological research and phytosanitary management studies of this disease in the field. The present study aimed to investigate C.tamarilloi colonization and reproduction steps in resistant clones (IAC 502, IAC 507, RRIM 937) and in one susceptible clone (RRIM 600) of the rubber tree, verifying the influence of temperature up to 48 h after inoculation of the fungus, under 24 h wetness. Samples were analyzed under a light, a UV and a scanning electron microscope. Data indicated that the fungus had a delay in its development in resistant clones and, although colonization was expressive 48 h after inoculation, the new spore formation rate in the analyzed samples was lower in resistant clones. For RRIM 600, rapid colonization and intensive sporulation could be observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Colletotrichum Species and Plants Ⅱ)

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8 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A qPCR Assay for the Fast Detection and Quantification of Colletotrichum lupini

by Tim Kamber, Nachelli Malpica-López, Monika M. Messmer, Thomas Oberhänsli, Christine Arncken, Joris A. Alkemade and Pierre Hohmann

Plants 2021, 10(8), 1548; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081548 - 28 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3088

Abstract

White lupin (Lupinus albus) represents an important legume crop in Europe and other parts of the world due to its high protein content and potential for low-input agriculture. However, most cultivars are susceptible to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lupini, a seed- [...] Read more.

White lupin (Lupinus albus) represents an important legume crop in Europe and other parts of the world due to its high protein content and potential for low-input agriculture. However, most cultivars are susceptible to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lupini, a seed- and air-borne fungal pathogen that causes severe yield losses. The aim of this work was to develop a C. lupini-specific quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR assay that allows for quick and reliable detection and quantification of the pathogen in infected seed and plant material. Quantification of C. lupini DNA in dry seeds allowed us to distinguish infected and certified (non-infected) seed batches with DNA loads corresponding to the disease score index and yield of the mother plants. Additionally, C. lupini DNA could be detected in infected lupin shoots and close to the infection site, thereby allowing us to study the disease cycle of this hemibiotrophic pathogen. This qPCR assay provides a useful diagnostic tool to determine anthracnose infection levels of white lupin seeds and will facilitate the use of seed health assessments as a strategy to reduce the primary infection source and spread of this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Colletotrichum Species and Plants Ⅱ)

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Review

Jump to: Research

20 pages, 1335 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Management of Post-Harvest Anthracnose: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives

by Alice Ciofini, Francesca Negrini, Riccardo Baroncelli and Elena Baraldi

Plants 2022, 11(14), 1856; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141856 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4484

Abstract

Anthracnose is a severe disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. on several crop species. Fungal infections can occur both in the field and at the post-harvest stage causing severe lesions on fruits and economic losses. Physical treatments and synthetic fungicides have traditionally been the [...] Read more.

Anthracnose is a severe disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. on several crop species. Fungal infections can occur both in the field and at the post-harvest stage causing severe lesions on fruits and economic losses. Physical treatments and synthetic fungicides have traditionally been the preferred means to control anthracnose adverse effects; however, the urgent need to decrease the use of toxic chemicals led to the investigation of innovative and sustainable protection techniques. Evidence for the efficacy of biological agents and vegetal derivates has been reported; however, their introduction into actual crop protection strategies requires the solutions of several critical issues. Biotechnology-based approaches have also been explored, revealing the opportunity to develop innovative and safe methods for anthracnose management through genome editing and RNA interference technologies. Nevertheless, besides the number of advantages related to their use, e.g., the putative absence of adverse effects due to their high specificity, a number of aspects remain to be clarified to enable their introduction into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) protocols against Colletotrichum spp. disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Colletotrichum Species and Plants Ⅱ)

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20 pages, 3336 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Fungal Pathogenesis-Related Cell Wall Biogenesis, with Emphasis on the Maize Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola

by Alan de Oliveira Silva, Lala Aliyeva-Schnorr, Stefan G. R. Wirsel and Holger B. Deising

Plants 2022, 11(7), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070849 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3180

Abstract

The genus Colletotrichum harbors many plant pathogenic species, several of which cause significant yield losses in the field and post harvest. Typically, in order to infect their host plants, spores germinate, differentiate a pressurized infection cell, and display a hemibiotrophic lifestyle after plant [...] Read more.

The genus Colletotrichum harbors many plant pathogenic species, several of which cause significant yield losses in the field and post harvest. Typically, in order to infect their host plants, spores germinate, differentiate a pressurized infection cell, and display a hemibiotrophic lifestyle after plant invasion. Several factors required for virulence or pathogenicity have been identified in different Colletotrichum species, and adaptation of cell wall biogenesis to distinct stages of pathogenesis has been identified as a major pre-requisite for the establishment of a compatible parasitic fungus–plant interaction. Here, we highlight aspects of fungal cell wall biogenesis during plant infection, with emphasis on the maize leaf anthracnose and stalk rot fungus, Colletotrichum graminicola. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Colletotrichum Species and Plants Ⅱ)

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22 pages, 2668 KiB

Open AccessReview

Available Strategies for the Management of Andean Lupin Anthracnose

by César E. Falconí and Viviana Yánez-Mendizábal

Plants 2022, 11(5), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050654 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5321

Abstract

The lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is a legume domesticated and cultivated for more than 4000 years by the pre-Hispanic cultures of the Andean zone. Due to its good taste and protein content, the lupin seed contributes significantly to the food and nutritional [...] Read more.

The lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is a legume domesticated and cultivated for more than 4000 years by the pre-Hispanic cultures of the Andean zone. Due to its good taste and protein content, the lupin seed contributes significantly to the food and nutritional security of the Andean population. However, lupin is susceptible to diseases, and of these, anthracnose is the most devastating as it affects the whole crop, including leaves, stems, pods, and seeds. This review focuses on available strategies for management of lupin anthracnose from sowing to harvest. Seed disinfection is the primary anthracnose management strategy. Seed treatment with fungicides reduces transmission from seed to seedling, but it does not eradicate anthracnose. Attention is given to alternative strategies to limit this seed-borne pathogen as well as to enhance plant resistance and to promote plant growth. For anthracnose management in the field, integrated practices are discussed that encompass control of volunteer plants, lupin ontogenetic resistance, and rotation of biocontrol with chemical fungicides at susceptible phenological stages. This review covers some local experiences on various aspects of anthracnose management that could prove useful to other the groups focusing on the problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Colletotrichum Species and Plants Ⅱ)

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