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17 pages, 1815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Effective Cow Bone Based Biocomposite for the Sequestration of Organic Pollutant Parameter from Palm Oil Mill Effluent in a Fixed Bed Column Adsorption System

by Adeleke A. Oyekanmi, Mohammed B. Alshammari, Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, Marlia Mohd Hanafiah, Ashraf Y. Elnaggar, Akil Ahmad, Adeleke Teslim Oyediran, Mohd Arif Rosli, Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar, Nik Norsyahariati Nik Daud and Enas E. Hussein

Polymers 2022, 14(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010086 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3000

Abstract

The reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from palm oil mill effluent (POME) is very significant to ensure aquatic protection and the environment. Continuous adsorption of COD in a fixed bed column can be an effective treatment process for its reduction prior to [...] Read more.

The reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from palm oil mill effluent (POME) is very significant to ensure aquatic protection and the environment. Continuous adsorption of COD in a fixed bed column can be an effective treatment process for its reduction prior to discharge. Adsorption capacity of bone derived biocomposite synthesized from fresh cow bones, zeolite, and coconut shells for the reduction in the organic pollutant parameter was investigated in this study in a fixed bed column. The effect of influent flow rate (1.4, 2.0, and 2.6 mL/min) was determined at an influent pH 7. The optimum bed capacity on the fabricated composite of surface area of 251.9669 m²/g was obtained at 1.4 mL/min at breakthrough time of 5.15 h influent POME concentration. The experimental data were fitted to Thomas, Adams–Bohart, and Yoon–Nelson models fixed bed adsorption models. It was revealed that the results fitted well to the Adams Bohart model with a correlation coefficient of R² > 0.96 at different influent concentration. Adsorption rate constant was observed to increase at lower flow rate influent concentration, resulting in longer empty bed contact time (EBCT) for the mass transfer zone of the column to reach the outlet of the effluent concentration. In general, the overall kinetics of adsorption indicated that the reduction in COD from POME using a bone-biocomposite was effective at the initial stage of adsorption. The pore diffusion model better described the breakthrough characteristics for COD reduction with high correlation coefficient. Shorter breakthrough time compared to EBCT before regeneration indicated that the bone composite was suitable and effective for the reduction in COD from POME using fixed bed column adsorption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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22 pages, 4521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunomodulatory and Antiprotozoal Potential of Fabricated Sesamum radiatum Oil/Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Au Polymeric Bionanocomposite Film

by Nawal A. Alarfaj, Musarat Amina, Nawal M. Al Musayeib, Maha F. El-Tohamy and Gadah A. Al-Hamoud

Polymers 2021, 13(24), 4321; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13244321 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2193

Abstract

A unique morphological Sesamum radiatum oil/polyvinylpyrrolidone/gold polymeric bionanocomposite film was synthesized using the S. radiatum oil dispersed in a polymeric polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix and decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The chemical and physical characteristics as well as the thermal stability of the synthesized [...] Read more.

A unique morphological Sesamum radiatum oil/polyvinylpyrrolidone/gold polymeric bionanocomposite film was synthesized using the S. radiatum oil dispersed in a polymeric polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix and decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The chemical and physical characteristics as well as the thermal stability of the synthesized bionanocomposite film were investigated using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The microscopic analysis confirmed well dispersed AuNPs in the PVP- S. radiatum oil matrix with particle size of 100 nm. Immunomodulatory and antiprotozoal potentials of the suggested bionanocomposite film were evaluated for lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglia and against L. amazonensis, L. mexicana promastigotes and T. cruzi epimastigotes, respectively. The results exerted outstanding reduction of inflammatory cytokines’ (IL-6 and TNFα) secretions after pretreatment of bionanocomposite. The bionanocomposite exhibited large inhibitory effects on certain cell signaling components that are related to the activation of expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, AuNPs and bionanocomposite exhibited excellent growth inhibition of L. mexicana and L. amazonensis promastigotes with IC₅₀ (1.71 ± 1.49, 1.68 ± 0.75) and (1.12 ± 1.10, 1.42 ± 0.69), respectively. However, the nanomaterials showed moderate activity towards T. cruzi. All outcomes indicated promising immunomodulatory, antiprotozoal, and photocatalytic potentials for the synthesized S. radiatum oil/PVP/Au polymeric bionanocomposite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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18 pages, 13950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Process Optimization for Manufacturing PAN-Based Conductive Yarn with Carbon Nanomaterials through Wet Spinning

by Hyelim Kim, Hyeongmin Moon, Daeyoung Lim and Wonyoung Jeong

Polymers 2021, 13(20), 3544; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13203544 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2094

Abstract

This study aimed to manufacture PAN-based conductive yarn using a wet-spinning process. Two types of carbon nanomaterials, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF), were used alone or in a mixture. First, to derive the optimal composite solution condition for the wet [...] Read more.

This study aimed to manufacture PAN-based conductive yarn using a wet-spinning process. Two types of carbon nanomaterials, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF), were used alone or in a mixture. First, to derive the optimal composite solution condition for the wet spinning process, a composite solution was prepared with carbon nanomaterials of the same total mass weight (%) and three types of mechanical stirring were performed: mechanical stirring, ultra-sonication, and ball milling. A ball milling process was finally selected by analyzing the viscosity. Based on the above results, 8, 16, 24, and 32 wt% carbon nanomaterial/PAN composite solutions were prepared to produce wet spinning-based composite films before preparing a conductive yarn, and their physical and electrical properties were examined. By measuring the viscosity of the composite solution and the surface resistance of the composite film according to the type and content of carbon nanomaterials, a suitable range of viscosity was found from 10³ cP to 10⁵ cP, and the electrical percolation threshold was from 16 wt% carbon nanomaterial/PAN, which showed a surface resistance of 10⁶ Ω/sq or less. Wet spinning was possible with a PAN-based composite solution with a high content of carbon nanomaterials. The crystallinity, crystal orientation, tenacity, and thermal properties were improved when CNF was added up to 24 wt%. On the other hand, the properties deteriorated when CNTs were added alone due to aggregation. Mixing CNT and CNF resulted in poorer properties than with CNF alone, but superior properties to CNT alone. In particular, the electrical properties after incorporating 8 wt% CNT/16 wt% CNF into the PAN, 10⁶ Ω/cm was similar to the PAN-based conductive yarn containing 32 wt% CNF. Therefore, this yarn is expected to be applicable to various smart textiles and wearable devices because of its improved physical properties such as strength and conductivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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18 pages, 3497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Hybrid Cyrtostachys renda/Kenaf Fiber Reinforced with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT)-Phenolic Composites

by Tamil Moli Loganathan, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Mohammad Jawaid, Qumrul Ahsan, Jesuarockiam Naveen, Ain Umaira Md Shah, Abd. Rahim Abu Talib and Adi Azriff Basri

Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3448; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193448 - 8 Oct 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2469

Abstract

Adequate awareness of sustainable materials and eco-legislation have inspired researchers to identify alternative sustainable and green composites for synthetic fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the automotive and aircraft industries. This research focused on investigating the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of different hybrid Cyrtostachys [...] Read more.

Adequate awareness of sustainable materials and eco-legislation have inspired researchers to identify alternative sustainable and green composites for synthetic fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the automotive and aircraft industries. This research focused on investigating the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of different hybrid Cyrtostachys renda (CR)/kenaf fiber (K) (10C:0K, 7C:3K, 5C:5K, 3C:7K, 0C:10K) reinforced with 0.5 wt% MWCNT–phenolic composites. We incorporated 0.5 wt% of MWCNT into phenolic resin (powder) using a ball milling process for 25 h to achieve homogeneous distribution. The results revealed that CR fiber composites showed higher voids content (12.23%) than pure kenaf fiber composites (6.57%). CR fiber phenolic composite was more stable to the swelling tendency, resulting in the lowest percentage of swelling rate (4.11%) compared to kenaf composite (5.29%). The addition of kenaf fiber into CR composites had improved the tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The highest tensile and flexural properties were found for weight fraction of CR and kenaf fiber at 5C:5K (47.96 MPa) and 3C:7K (90.89 MPa) composites, respectively. In contrast, the highest impact properties were obtained for 0C:10K composites (9.56 kJ/m2). Based on the FE-SEM image, the CR fiber lumen was larger in comparison to kenaf fiber. The lumen of CR fiber was attributed to higher void and water absorption, lower mechanical properties compared to kenaf fiber. 5C:5K composite was selected as an optimal hybrid composite, based on the TOPSIS method. This hybrid composite can be used as an interior component (non-load-bearing structures) in the aviation and automotive sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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11 pages, 3437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silk-Cellulose Acetate Biocomposite Materials Regenerated from Ionic Liquid

by Ashley Rivera-Galletti, Christopher R. Gough, Farhan Kaleem, Michael Burch, Chris Ratcliffe, Ping Lu, David Salas-de la Cruz and Xiao Hu

Polymers 2021, 13(17), 2911; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172911 - 29 Aug 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4180

Abstract

The novel use of ionic liquid as a solvent for biodegradable and natural organic biomaterials has increasingly sparked interest in the biomedical field. As compared to more volatile traditional solvents that rapidly degrade the protein molecular weight, the capability of polysaccharides and proteins [...] Read more.

The novel use of ionic liquid as a solvent for biodegradable and natural organic biomaterials has increasingly sparked interest in the biomedical field. As compared to more volatile traditional solvents that rapidly degrade the protein molecular weight, the capability of polysaccharides and proteins to dissolve seamlessly in ionic liquid and form fine and tunable biomaterials after regeneration is the key interest of this study. Here, a blended system consisting of Bombyx Mori silk fibroin protein and a cellulose derivative, cellulose acetate (CA), in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) was regenerated and underwent characterization to understand the structure and physical properties of the films. The change in the morphology of the biocomposites (by scanning electron microscope, SEM) and their secondary structure analysis (by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR) showed that the samples underwent a wavering conformational change on a microscopic level, resulting in strong interactions and changes in their crystalline structures such as the CA crystalline and silk beta-pleated sheets once the different ratios were applied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrated that strong molecular interactions were generated between CA and silk chains, providing the blended films lower glass transitions than those of the pure silk or cellulose acetate. All films that were blended had higher thermal stability than the pure cellulose acetate sample but presented gradual changes amongst the changing of ratios, as demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This study provides the basis for the comprehension of the protein-polysaccharide composites for various biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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12 pages, 8086 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improved Ablative Properties of Nanodiamond-Reinforced Carbon Fiber–Epoxy Matrix Composites

by Umar Farooq, Muhammad Umair Ali, Shaik Javeed Hussain, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Amad Zafar, Usman Ghafoor and Tayyab Subhani

Polymers 2021, 13(13), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132035 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2093

Abstract

The influence of nanodiamonds (NDs) on the thermal and ablative performance of carbon-fiber-reinforced–epoxy matrix compositeswas explored. The ablative response of the composites with 0.2 wt% and 0.4 wt% NDs was studied through pre-and post-burning morphologies of the composite surfaces by evaluation of temperature [...] Read more.

The influence of nanodiamonds (NDs) on the thermal and ablative performance of carbon-fiber-reinforced–epoxy matrix compositeswas explored. The ablative response of the composites with 0.2 wt% and 0.4 wt% NDs was studied through pre-and post-burning morphologies of the composite surfaces by evaluation of temperature profiles, weight loss, and erosion rate. Composites containing 0.2 wt% NDs displayed a 10.5% rise in erosion resistance, whereas composites containing 0.4 wt% NDs exhibited a 12.6% enhancement in erosion resistance compared to neat carbon fiber–epoxy composites. A similar trend was witnessed in the thermal conductivity of composites. Incorporation of composites with 0.2 wt% and 0.4 wt% NDs brought about an increase of 37 wt% and 52 wt%, respectively. The current study is valuable for the employment of NDs in carbon fiber composite applications where improved erosion resistance is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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19 pages, 6692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties and Interfacial Bonding Enhancement of Oil Palm Bio-Ash Nanoparticles Biocomposites

by C. K. Abdullah, I. Ismail, M. R. Nurul Fazita, N. G. Olaiya, H. Nasution, A. A. Oyekanmi, Arif Nuryawan and Abdul Khalil H. P. S.

Polymers 2021, 13(10), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101615 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2298

Abstract

The effect of incorporating different loadings of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles from agriculture waste on the properties of phenol-formaldehyde resin was investigated in this study. The bio-ash filler was used to enhance the performance of phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. Phenol-formaldehyde resin filled with oil palm [...] Read more.

The effect of incorporating different loadings of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles from agriculture waste on the properties of phenol-formaldehyde resin was investigated in this study. The bio-ash filler was used to enhance the performance of phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. Phenol-formaldehyde resin filled with oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles was prepared via the in-situ polymerization process to produce nanocomposites. The transmission electron microscope and particle size analyzer result revealed that oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles had a spherical geometry of 90 nm. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction results confirmed the formation of crystalline structure in oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles and phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles enhanced the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles with 1% loading in phenol-formaldehyde resin enhanced the internal bonding strength of plywood composites. The scanning electron microscope image revealed that phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites morphology had better uniform distribution and dispersion with 1% oil palm bio-ash nanoparticle loading than other phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites produced. The nanocomposite has potential use in the development of particle and panel board for industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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18 pages, 7668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Enhancement in Thermomechanical Performance of Melt-Extruded PEEK Filaments by Graphene Incorporation

by Srinivasarao Yaragalla, Muhammad Zahid, Jaya Kumar Panda, Nikolaos Tsagarakis, Roberto Cingolani and Athanassia Athanassiou

Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091425 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2978

Abstract

A simple and scalable fabrication process of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs)-reinforced polyether ether ketone (PEEK) filaments with enhanced mechanical and thermal performance was successfully demonstrated in this work. The developed PEEK–GnP nanocomposite filaments by a melt-extrusion process showed excellent improvement in storage modulus at [...] Read more.

A simple and scalable fabrication process of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs)-reinforced polyether ether ketone (PEEK) filaments with enhanced mechanical and thermal performance was successfully demonstrated in this work. The developed PEEK–GnP nanocomposite filaments by a melt-extrusion process showed excellent improvement in storage modulus at 30 °C (61%), and significant enhancement in tensile strength (34%), Young’s modulus (25%), and elongation at break (37%) when GnP content of 1.0 wt.% was used for the neat PEEK. Moreover, the GnPs addition to the PEEK enhanced the thermal stability of the polymer matrix. Improvement in mechanical and thermal properties was attributed to the improved dispersion of GnP inside PEEK, which could form a stronger/robust interface through hydrogen bonding and π–π* interactions. The obtained mechanical properties were also correlated to the mechanical reinforcement models of Guth and Halpin–Tsai. The GnP layers could form agglomerates as the GnP content increases (>1 wt.%), which would decline neat PEEK’s crystallinity and serve as stress concentration sites inside the composite, leading to a deterioration of the mechanical performance. The results demonstrate that the developed PEEK–GnP nanocomposites can be used in highly demanding engineering sectors like 3D printing of aerospace and automotive parts and structural components of humanoid robots and biomedical devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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15 pages, 3689 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bamboo Fiber Based Cellulose Nanocrystals/Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Nanocomposites: Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties

by Masrat Rasheed, Mohammad Jawaid and Bisma Parveez

Polymers 2021, 13(7), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13071076 - 29 Mar 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4494

Abstract

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from bamboo fiber on the properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) composites fabricated by melt mixing at 175 °C and then hot pressing at 180 °C. [...] Read more.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from bamboo fiber on the properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) composites fabricated by melt mixing at 175 °C and then hot pressing at 180 °C. PBS and CNC (0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5 wt.%) were added to improvise the properties of PLA. The morphological, physiochemical and crystallinity properties of nanocomposites were analysed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), respectively. The thermal and tensile properties were analysed by thermogravimetic analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Universal testing machine (UTM). PLA-PBS blend shows homogeneous morphology while the composite shows rod-like CNC particles, which are embedded in the polymer matrix. The uniform distribution of CNC particles in the nanocomposites improves their thermal stability, tensile strength and tensile modulus up to 1 wt.%; however, their elongation at break decreases. Thus, CNC addition in PLA-PBS matrix improves structural and thermal properties of the composite. The composite, thus developed, using CNC (a natural fiber) and PLA-PBS (biodegradable polymers) could be of immense importance as they could allow complete degradation in soil, making it a potential alternative material to existing packaging materials in the market that could be environment friendly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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Review

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32 pages, 12661 KiB

Open AccessReview

Graphene-Based Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Mechanical Properties, and Characterizations

by Ahmed Ibrahim, Anna Klopocinska, Kristine Horvat and Zeinab Abdel Hamid

Polymers 2021, 13(17), 2869; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172869 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 81 | Viewed by 11620

Abstract

Graphene-based nanocomposites possess excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical properties. These materials have potential applications in high-performance transistors, biomedical systems, sensors, and solar cells. This paper presents a critical review of the recent developments in graphene-based nanocomposite research, exploring synthesis methods, characterizations, [...] Read more.

Graphene-based nanocomposites possess excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical properties. These materials have potential applications in high-performance transistors, biomedical systems, sensors, and solar cells. This paper presents a critical review of the recent developments in graphene-based nanocomposite research, exploring synthesis methods, characterizations, mechanical properties, and thermal properties. Emphasis is placed on characterization techniques and mechanical properties with detailed examples from recent literature. The importance of characterization techniques including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) for the characterization of graphene flakes and their composites were thoroughly discussed. Finally, the effect of graphene even at very low loadings on the mechanical properties of the composite matrix was extensively reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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42 pages, 4670 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanotechnological Manipulation of Nutraceuticals and Phytochemicals for Healthy Purposes: Established Advantages vs. Still Undefined Risks

by Silvana Alfei, Anna Maria Schito and Guendalina Zuccari

Polymers 2021, 13(14), 2262; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13142262 - 9 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3133

Abstract

Numerous foods, plants, and their bioactive constituents (BACs), named nutraceuticals and phytochemicals by experts, have shown many beneficial effects including antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-cholesterol, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. Producers, consumers, and the market of food- and plant-related compounds are increasingly [...] Read more.

Numerous foods, plants, and their bioactive constituents (BACs), named nutraceuticals and phytochemicals by experts, have shown many beneficial effects including antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-cholesterol, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. Producers, consumers, and the market of food- and plant-related compounds are increasingly attracted by health-promoting foods and plants, thus requiring a wider and more fruitful exploitation of the healthy properties of their BACs. The demand for new BACs and for the development of novel functional foods and BACs-based food additives is pressing from various sectors. Unfortunately, low stability, poor water solubility, opsonization, and fast metabolism in vivo hinder the effective exploitation of the potential of BACs. To overcome these issues, researchers have engineered nanomaterials, obtaining food-grade delivery systems, and edible food- and plant-related nanoparticles (NPs) acting as color, flavor, and preservative additives and natural therapeutics. Here, we have reviewed the nanotechnological transformations of several BACs implemented to increase their bioavailability, to mask any unpleasant taste and flavors, to be included as active ingredients in food or food packaging, to improve food appearance, quality, and resistance to deterioration due to storage. The pending issue regarding the possible toxic effect of NPs, whose knowledge is still limited, has also been discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Processing to Advance Applications)

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