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Processes
Special Issues
Design and Optimization of Fire Protection
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Design and Optimization of Fire Protection

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (24 August 2023) | Viewed by 9341

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Iveta Marková

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Fire Engineering, Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
Interests: fire; fire safety engineering; fire protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ales Bernatik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Safety Engineering, VŠB Technical University of Ostrava, Lumírova 630/13, 700 30 Ostrava, Výškovice, Czech Republic
Interests: fire safety engineering; risk assessment; industrial safety

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Economic societal changes bring along novel challenges in the field of fire protection, currently looking for novel materials and ways to efficiently obtain and use energy. Along with progress, measures related to the increased risk of fires must follow not far behind. The danger of fire is related to the presence of flammable materials and the creation of suitable conditions for the initiation of the burning process. Knowledge in regard to the mentioned processes is the basis for creating preventive fire measures. The optimization of fire protection is based on physical–chemical processes applied during burning.

This Special Issue, “Design and Optimization of Fire Protection”, seeks high-quality works focusing on the latest novel advances and processes concerning the thermal degradation of novel progressive materials (in industries such as construction, engineering, automotive, etc.), processes of initiation, the development of fire and the spread of heat in a fire for the purpose of creating suitable preventive measures. Topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Processes applied for fire;
  • Fire testing (fire characteristics);
  • Dynamics of fire and heat release;
  • Fire prevention.

Dr. Iveta Marková
Prof. Dr. Ales Bernatik
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fire
  • flammable materials
  • testing
  • thermal degradation

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

5 pages, 243 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue: “The Design and Optimization of Fire Protection Processes”
by Iveta Markova and Aleš Bernatík
Processes 2023, 11(12), 3338; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11123338 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 673
Abstract
This Special Issue, entitled “The Design and Optimization of Fire Protection Processes”, has been created to help readers gain new insights into the field of fire protection [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fire Protection)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 7102 KiB  
Article
Monitoring the Ignition of Hay and Straw by Radiant Heat
by Iveta Markova, Zuzana Giertlova, Jana Jadudova and Ivana Turekova
Processes 2023, 11(9), 2741; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092741 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1122
Abstract
Hay and straw are commonly used materials in agriculture. They are organic materials and, therefore, flammable. This article examines the behaviour of hay and straw when exposed to radiant heat. The objective of this study is to experimentally determine the ignition temperature of [...] Read more.
Hay and straw are commonly used materials in agriculture. They are organic materials and, therefore, flammable. This article examines the behaviour of hay and straw when exposed to radiant heat. The objective of this study is to experimentally determine the ignition temperature of hay and straw under the influence of radiant heat. This research investigates the effects of sample type (hay and straw) and sample quantity on the thermal degradation process, temperature increase within the samples, and ignition temperature of the samples as a function of time. The ignition temperature of hay was determined to be higher (407 °C) compared to straw (380 °C). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fire Protection)
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13 pages, 12623 KiB  
Article
The Evaluation of the Fire Safety of the Digestate as An Alternative Bedding Material
by Jana Jaďuďová, Iveta Marková, Milada Šťastná and Zuzana Giertlová
Processes 2023, 11(9), 2609; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092609 - 1 Sep 2023
Viewed by 821
Abstract
Digestate is the material remaining after the anaerobic digestion of a biodegradable feedstock. The use of digestate as a bedding material is analyzed marginally. The aim of the paper is to monitor the change of the solid phase of digestate due to the [...] Read more.
Digestate is the material remaining after the anaerobic digestion of a biodegradable feedstock. The use of digestate as a bedding material is analyzed marginally. The aim of the paper is to monitor the change of the solid phase of digestate due to the action of radiant heat and, based on the results, determine the options of using the solid phase of the digestate for bedding material. Experimental determination of the digestate ignition temperature was carried out according to EN 50281-2-1 (1998) by a hotplate device. Different amounts of samples (3, 5, and 10 g) on the course of thermal degradation were monitored. The results showed higher temperatures of thermal degradation in samples of additionally dried digestate, where these processes were observed earlier in terms of time. Samples of 3 and 10 g of digestate are not suitable as bedding material due to the fire safety of the material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fire Protection)
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12 pages, 2769 KiB  
Article
Optimization Study of Inert Gas Distribution for Multiple-Bay Fuel Tank
by Lei Shao, Jiawei He, Xia Lu and Weihua Liu
Processes 2023, 11(8), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082441 - 14 Aug 2023
Viewed by 900
Abstract
Inert gas distribution has a great influence on the inerting effect, especially for the multiple-bay fuel tank. In order to find out the optimal scheme, an optimization method based on the entropy-weight improvement TOPSIS method is proposed, and an experimental system of inert [...] Read more.
Inert gas distribution has a great influence on the inerting effect, especially for the multiple-bay fuel tank. In order to find out the optimal scheme, an optimization method based on the entropy-weight improvement TOPSIS method is proposed, and an experimental system of inert gas distribution is established to measure the speed index and uniformity index. The results show that the position of the inlet and outlet has a significant effect on the overall inerting effect. The inerting scheme designed by the entropy-weight improvement TOPSIS method can not only reduce the flow demand of inert gas but also make the oxygen distribution more uniform. The optimization inerting scheme of the Boeing 747 aircraft has improved the average speed index by 3.01% and the average uniformity index by 26.18%. The smoke visualization experiment also showed that the scheme designed by the entropy-weight improvement TOPSIS method has the denser white smoke, which means that the scheme has better performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fire Protection)
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21 pages, 3221 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Fire Brigade Deployment by Means of Mathematical Programming
by Bohuš Leitner, Michal Ballay, Marek Kvet and Michal Kvet
Processes 2023, 11(4), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041262 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1183
Abstract
The content of this research paper is focused on the applications of selected operation research methods in the field of rescue services. The first theoretical part aims at identifying the most important aspects of the real system, which should be taken into account [...] Read more.
The content of this research paper is focused on the applications of selected operation research methods in the field of rescue services. The first theoretical part aims at identifying the most important aspects of the real system, which should be taken into account whenever a rescue system is to be redesigned or optimized. It also contains an in-depth description of system performance. Based on the found criteria, a mathematical model for a new system design is proposed. The second part of this paper is practically oriented. A short case study performed with real data on the rescue service system in Slovakia is reported herein, and the obtained results are compared with current fire brigade deployment. We concentrate on improving the most important criteria of the real system. If the suggested mathematical model proves to be hard to solve with common optimization tools, we will develop an efficient solving algorithm. From a general point of view, the main scientific goal of this research article is to summarize current trends in location science, which could be useful for the optimization of fire brigade deployment. Since the strategic decisions in location service centers to some nodes of the network are usually made for long periods, different properties and possible failures are discussed to be considered with the mathematical models and associated solving tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fire Protection)
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17 pages, 3300 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Heat Release Rate Measurement from Woods Based on Their Combustion Products Temperature Rise
by Jozef Martinka, Peter Rantuch, Filip Martinka, Igor Wachter and Tomáš Štefko
Processes 2023, 11(4), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041206 - 14 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2427
Abstract
Heat release rate (HRR) is the principal fire characteristic of materials. There are three known methods for the measurement of HRR (based on oxygen consumption, mass loss rate, and combustion products temperature rise). The method based on oxygen consumption is considered to be [...] Read more.
Heat release rate (HRR) is the principal fire characteristic of materials. There are three known methods for the measurement of HRR (based on oxygen consumption, mass loss rate, and combustion products temperature rise). The method based on oxygen consumption is considered to be the reference. However, this method is expensive and for a large part of laboratories and universities unavailable. The simplest method is based on combustion products’ temperature rise. However, this method has a fundamental problem with the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of combustion products and the thermal inertia of the measurement system. This problem has been solved by training neural networks to predict molar heat capacity and the amount of substance (chemical amount) flow rate of combustion products in the cone calorimeter exhaust duct. Data were obtained for six different wood species: birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.), oak (Quercus robur L.) spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), poplar (Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii L.), and willow (Salix alba L.) woods at heat fluxes from 25 to 50 kW m−2 have been used for neural network training. Data from three other wood species iroko (Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.) woods have been used for testing of trained neural network. The average percentage ratio of the predicted to the true value of HRR (during the test) has been 103.8%. In addition to that, some key average fire characteristics of wood have been determined: critical heat flux 20.7 kW m−2, effective heat of combustion 14.01 MJ kg−1, and the average value of molar heat capacity of combustion products 0.045 kJ mol−1 K−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fire Protection)
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20 pages, 6574 KiB  
Article
Design and Optimization of the Training Device for the Employment of Hydraulic Rescue Tools in Traffic Accidents
by Michal Ballay, Bohuš Leitner and Lenka Jakubovičová
Processes 2023, 11(4), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041103 - 4 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1401
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the design and structural optimization of a training device for operators of a hydraulic rescue tool employed during traffic accidents, in conjunction with the improvement of the technical procedures used in such situations. Changes in the design process [...] Read more.
This paper is concerned with the design and structural optimization of a training device for operators of a hydraulic rescue tool employed during traffic accidents, in conjunction with the improvement of the technical procedures used in such situations. Changes in the design process and subsequent production in the motor industry frequently result in an increased impact resistance of the used structural components. This applies, also, to extrication works and frequently used technical equipment. This paper presents its findings on the design process for the prototype of a training device designed for the extrication cutting drill with the assistance of a hydraulic rescue tool. The primary part of the research was dedicated to structural optimization; therefore, parameter dimensioning of the training device’s prototype was implemented. The device’s mechanical resistance, sturdiness, and stability during the implementation of hydraulic tools were also taken into account. A secondary part of this research comprised experimental results aimed at assessing the time needed to cut through the structural parts of a vehicle—pillars “A” and “B”—while using a hydraulic rescue tool. The structural design of the pillars of selected mid-range vehicles, according to their year of manufacture, was employed. The experiment showed that the newer the vehicle, the higher the cutting resistance of the pillars (predominantly “B”-type pillars). The results revealed that the cutting-work drill contributes to the reduction in the actual cutting time. Furthermore, the identification of the optimal place for cutting and the cutting angle led to more efficient extrication processes that can be applied during rescue works resulting from traffic accidents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fire Protection)
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