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Toxics
Special Issues
Risk Assessment of Flame Retardants in Consumer Products
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Risk Assessment of Flame Retardants in Consumer Products

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Emerging Contaminants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 1471

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Michael A. Babich

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Director, Division of Toxicology & Risk Assessment, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA
Interests: risk assessment; exposure assessment; cumulative risk assessment; class-based risk assessment; flame retardants; phthalates; semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs); consumer products

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The potential health risks from flame-retardant chemicals (FRs) in consumer products are a topic of growing academic and public interest. FRs are used to meet mandatory or voluntary flammability standards for products such as apparel, home furnishings, building materials, and electronics. FRs are associated with numerous health effects, including cancer, developmental neurotoxicity, and endocrine effects. Consumer products are an important source of FR exposure because people spend roughly 20 hours per day indoors. Further, because many OFRs are semi-volatile compounds (SVOCs), FR exposure does not require direct contact with the product. SVOCs migrate into air and adsorb onto suspended particles, settled dust, and surfaces. Despite the abundance of studies on FR toxicity and exposure, few comprehensive risk assessments of FRs in consumer products have been published. Risk assessments have largely focused on upholstered furniture. Other areas of research include class-based risk assessment and the use of human biomonitoring data to assess risk. This Special Issue is devoted to the risk assessment of FR chemicals in consumer products. It welcomes research articles and reviews on the toxicity of FR chemicals, their occurrence in consumer products and the indoor environment, human exposure, epidemiology, and risk assessment.

Dr. Michael A. Babich
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • flame retardant
  • risk assessment
  • class-based risk assessment
  • exposure
  • semi-volatile organic compounds
  • consumer product
  • indoor environment
  • organohalogens
  • organophosphates
  • polybrominated diphenyl ether

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

26 pages, 2730 KiB  
Article
Integrated Approach for Testing and Assessment for Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) to Prioritize Aromatic Organophosphorus Flame Retardants
by Anna Kreutz, Oluwakemi B. Oyetade, Xiaoqing Chang, Jui-Hua Hsieh, Mamta Behl, David G. Allen, Nicole C. Kleinstreuer and Helena T. Hogberg
Toxics 2024, 12(6), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060437 - 18 Jun 2024
Viewed by 994
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are abundant and persistent in the environment but have limited toxicity information. Their similarity in structure to organophosphate pesticides presents great concern for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). However, current in vivo testing is not suitable to provide DNT information on [...] Read more.
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are abundant and persistent in the environment but have limited toxicity information. Their similarity in structure to organophosphate pesticides presents great concern for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). However, current in vivo testing is not suitable to provide DNT information on the amount of OPFRs that lack data. Over the past decade, an in vitro battery was developed to enhance DNT assessment, consisting of assays that evaluate cellular processes in neurodevelopment and function. In this study, behavioral data of small model organisms were also included. To assess if these assays provide sufficient mechanistic coverage to prioritize chemicals for further testing and/or identify hazards, an integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) was developed with additional information from the Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) and the literature. Human biomonitoring and exposure data were identified and physiologically-based toxicokinetic models were applied to relate in vitro toxicity data to human exposure based on maximum plasma concentration. Eight OPFRs were evaluated, including aromatic OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), isopropylated phenyl phosphate (IPP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP), tricresyl phosphate (TMPP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP)) and halogenated FRs ((Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)). Two representative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (2,2′4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 3,3′,5,5′-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)) with known DNT potential were selected for toxicity benchmarking. Data from the DNT battery indicate that the aromatic OPFRs have activity at similar concentrations as the BFRs and should therefore be evaluated further. However, these assays provide limited information on the mechanism of the compounds. By integrating information from ICE and the literature, endocrine disruption was identified as a potential mechanism. This IATA case study indicates that human exposure to some OPFRs could lead to a plasma concentration similar to those exerting in vitro activities, indicating potential concern for human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment of Flame Retardants in Consumer Products)
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