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Viruses
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Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022
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Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 36322

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska

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Guest Editor
Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Virology and Bacteriology, ul. Wł. Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
Interests: evolution of plant viruses; host–pathogen interactions; subviral RNA particles; RNA interference
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Matthaios M. Mathioudakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Olive trees, Subtropical plants & Viticulture-Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DIMITRA” (ELGO-DIMITRA), Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Karamanlis Ave. 167, Gr-73134 Chania, Greece
Interests: plant virus molecular characterization; plant virus diagnostics and epidemiology; plant-virus interactions; RNA silencing suppression
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The incidence of viral diseases and the damage caused to economically important crops are increasing every day. Plant viruses are considered the second greatest contributor to yield loss. To make the situation more dramatic, in the fields, plants are commonly infected by more than one virus (mixed infections), thereby leading to synergistic combinations that result in the development of very severe symptoms on infected plants and their fruits. The majority of viruses infecting plants are spread by insects, and aphids are the most common group of virus vectors. Plant pathogens can influence the behavior and fitness of their vectors in such a way that changes in plant–pathogen–vector interactions can affect their transmission. Hence, the detection and identification of viruses and the control of their vectors are crucial facets of successful crop production and of great significance in terms of world food security. In this Special Issue, we aim to highlight the importance of virus epidemiology regarding the structure and dynamics of viral populations and their vectors, host–pathogen interactions, the development of new diagnostic tools as well as efficient and durable disease-control strategies.

Prof. Dr. Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska
Dr. Matthaios M. Mathioudakis
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • epidemiology
  • mixed infections
  • insect vectors
  • viral diagnostics
  • genome variability
  • RNA interference
  • cross-protection
  • host–pathogen–vector interactions

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Related Special Issues

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3822 KiB  
Article
Leaf Curl Epidemic Risk in Chilli as a Consequence of Vector Migration Rate and Contact Rate Dynamics: A Critical Guide to Management
by Buddhadeb Roy, Emmadi Venu, Sathiyaseelan Kumar, Shailja Dubey, Dilip Lakshman, Bikash Mandal and Parimal Sinha
Viruses 2023, 15(4), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040854 - 27 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4799
Abstract
Chilli is an important commercial crop grown in tropical and subtropical climates. The whitefly-transmitted chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV) is a serious threat to chilli cultivation. Vector migration rate and host–vector contact rate, the major drivers involved in the epidemic process, have been [...] Read more.
Chilli is an important commercial crop grown in tropical and subtropical climates. The whitefly-transmitted chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV) is a serious threat to chilli cultivation. Vector migration rate and host–vector contact rate, the major drivers involved in the epidemic process, have been pinpointed to link management. The complete interception of migrant vectors immediately after transplantation has been noted to increase the survival time (to remain infection free) of the plants (80%) and thereby delay the epidemic process. The survival time under interception (30 days) has been noted to be nine weeks (p < 0.05), as compared to five weeks, which received a shorter period of interception (14–21 days). Non-significant differences in hazard ratios between 21- and 30-day interceptions helped optimize the cover period to 26 days. Vector feeding rate, estimated as a component of contact rate, is noted to increase until the sixth week with host density and decline subsequently due to plant succulence factor. Correspondence between the peak time of virus transmission or inoculation rate (at 8 weeks) and contact rate (at 6 weeks) suggests that host succulence is of critical importance in host–vector interactions. Infection proportion estimates in inoculated plants at different leaf stages have supported the view that virus transmission potential with plant age decreases, presumably due to modification in contact rate. The hypothesis that migrant vectors and contact rate dynamics are the primary drivers of the epidemic has been proved and translated into rules to guide management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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14 pages, 2788 KiB  
Article
Tissue and Time Optimization for Real-Time Detection of Apple Mosaic Virus and Apple Necrotic Mosaic Virus Associated with Mosaic Disease of Apple (Malus domestica)
by Sajad Un Nabi, Javid Iqbal Mir, Salwee Yasmin, Ambreena Din, Wasim H. Raja, G. S. Madhu, Shugufta Parveen, Sheikh Mansoor, Yong Suk Chung, Om Chand Sharma, Muneer Ahmad Sheikh, Fahad A. Al-Misned and Hamed A. El-Serehy
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030795 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2514
Abstract
Besides apple mosaic virus (ApMV), apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV) has also been found to be associated with apple mosaic disease. Both viruses are unevenly distributed throughout the plant and their titer decreases variably with high temperatures, hence requiring proper tissue and time [...] Read more.
Besides apple mosaic virus (ApMV), apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV) has also been found to be associated with apple mosaic disease. Both viruses are unevenly distributed throughout the plant and their titer decreases variably with high temperatures, hence requiring proper tissue and time for early and real-time detection within plants. The present study was carried out to understand the distribution and titer of ApMV and ApNMV in apple trees from different plant parts (spatial) during different seasons (temporal) for the optimization of tissue and time for their timely detection. The Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was carried out to detect and quantify both viruses in the various plant parts of apple trees during different seasons. Depending on the availability of tissue, both ApMV and ApNMV were detected in all the plant parts during the spring season using RT-PCR. During the summer, both viruses were detected only in seeds and fruits, whereas they were detected in leaves and pedicel during the autumn season. The RT-qPCR results showed that during the spring, the ApMV and ApNMV expression was higher in leaves, whereas in the summer and autumn, the titer was mostly detected in seeds and leaves, respectively. The leaves in the spring and autumn seasons and the seeds in the summer season can be used as detection tissues through RT-PCR for early and rapid detection of ApMV and ApNMV. This study was validated on 7 cultivars of apples infected with both viruses. This will help to accurately sample and index the planting material well ahead of time, which will aid in the production of virus-free, quality planting material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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17 pages, 2223 KiB  
Article
Incidence and Epidemiology of Citrus Viroids in Greece: Role of Host and Cultivar in Epidemiological Characteristics
by Matthaios M. Mathioudakis, Nikolaos Tektonidis, Antonia Karagianni, Louiza Mikalef, Pedro Gómez and Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030605 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1791
Abstract
Viroids represent a threat to the citrus industry and also display an intricate matter for citrus tristeza virus (CTV) control as most of the commercial citrus rootstocks that are resistant/tolerant to CTV appear to be highly susceptible to viroid infection. Therefore, a detailed [...] Read more.
Viroids represent a threat to the citrus industry and also display an intricate matter for citrus tristeza virus (CTV) control as most of the commercial citrus rootstocks that are resistant/tolerant to CTV appear to be highly susceptible to viroid infection. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of the viroid’s incidence and distribution, along with the assessment of unexplored epidemiological factors leading to their occurrence, are necessary to further improve control measures. Herein, a large-scale epidemiological study of citrus viroids in five districts, 38 locations and 145 fields in Greece is presented, based on the analysis of 3005 samples collected from 29 cultivars of six citrus species. We monitored the occurrence of citrus exocortis (CEVd), hop stunt (HSVd), citrus dwarfing (CDVd), citrus bark cracking (CBCVd), and citrus bent leaf (CBLVd) viroids, and addressed their epidemiological patterns and factors shaping their population structure. Our results show a high frequency and wide distribution of four viroids in all areas and in almost all hosts, whereas CBLVd occurrence was restricted to Crete. Mixed infections were found in all districts in which a wide spread of viroids was observed. We identified a potential pathogens’ different preferences that could be partially explained by the host and cultivar, including the type of infection (single or mixed) and the number of viroids in the mixed infections. Overall, this work provides the first detailed epidemiological study on citrus viroids, enriching our knowledge for the implementation, production, and distribution of certified citrus propagative material, and the development of sustainable control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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8 pages, 1033 KiB  
Communication
Bayesian Phylogeographic Inference Suggests Japan as the Center for the Origin and Dissemination of Rice Stripe Virus
by Kangcheng Wu, Yunyue Yang, Wenwen Zhang, Xiaofeng Jiang, Weijian Zhuang, Fangluan Gao and Zhenguo Du
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2547; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112547 - 17 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2001
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most important viral pathogens of rice in East Asia. The origin and dispersal of RSV remain poorly understood, but an emerging hypothesis suggests that: (i) RSV originates from Yunnan, a southwest province of China; and [...] Read more.
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most important viral pathogens of rice in East Asia. The origin and dispersal of RSV remain poorly understood, but an emerging hypothesis suggests that: (i) RSV originates from Yunnan, a southwest province of China; and (ii) some places of eastern China have acted as a center for the international dissemination of RSV. This hypothesis, however, has never been tested rigorously. Using a data set comprising more than 200 time-stamped coat protein gene sequences of RSV from Japan, China and South Korea, we reconstructed the phylogeographic history of RSV with Bayesian phylogeographic inference. Unexpectedly, the results did not support the abovementioned hypothesis. Instead, they suggested that RSV originates from Japan and Japan has been the major center for the dissemination of RSV in the past decades. Based on these data and the temporal dynamics of RSV reported recently by another group, we proposed a new hypothesis to explain the origin and dispersal of RSV. This new hypothesis may be valuable for further studies aiming to clarify the epidemiology of RSV. It may also be useful in designing management strategies against this devastating virus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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14 pages, 5149 KiB  
Communication
Weed Hosts Represent an Important Reservoir of Turnip Yellows Virus and a Possible Source of Virus Introduction into Oilseed Rape Crop
by Lucie Slavíková, Emad Ibrahim, Glenda Alquicer, Jana Tomašechová, Katarína Šoltys, Miroslav Glasa and Jiban Kumar Kundu
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2511; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112511 - 13 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2815
Abstract
Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) is one of the most important pathogens of oilseed rape worldwide. The virus has a large host range including many crop species (e.g., oilseed rape, pea, chickpea) and weeds from more than twenty plant families. Other than oilseed rape, [...] Read more.
Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) is one of the most important pathogens of oilseed rape worldwide. The virus has a large host range including many crop species (e.g., oilseed rape, pea, chickpea) and weeds from more than twenty plant families. Other than oilseed rape, we detected TuYV in many commonly grown weed species that share the fields and vegetation period together with canola crops in Czech and Slovak Republics. TuYV was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in at least 26 species including main crop hosts (oilseed rape), intercrops and weeds such as Amaranthus retroflexus, Atriplex patula (Amaranthaceae), Arctium lappa, Lactuca serriola, Taraxacum officinale, Tripleurospermum inodorum (Asteraceae), Phacelia tanacetifolia (Boraginaceae), Brassica napus, Capsella bursa–pastoris, Descurainia Sophia, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis alba, Sisymbrium officinale, Thlaspi arvense (Brassicaceae), Silene alba, Stellaria media (Caryophyllaceae), Euphorbia helioscopia (Euphorbiaceae), Geranium rotundifolium (Geraniaceae), Lamium purpureum (Lamiaceae), Fumaria officinalis, Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae), Veronica persica (Plantaginaceae syn. Scrophulariaceae), Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonaceae), Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae), Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) and Viola arvensis (Violaceae). The detection of TuYV was further confirmed by RT-qPCR as well as Sanger sequencing of the PCR fragments. We discovered four new weed species as hosts of TuYV such as T. inodorum, S. alba, G. rotundifolium and E. helioscopia, representing their three respective plant families. The readthrough domain (RTD) gene sequence analysis of the Czech and Slovak TuYV isolates from oilseed rape and weed species showed similar within-group nucleotide divergence (7.1% and 5.6%, respectively) and the absence of geographical- or host-based phylogenetic clustering. The high-throughput sequencing of the P. rhoeas sample enabled the obtention of a nearly complete genome of TuYV and revealed the mixed infection of TuYV with turnip mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus. Our results thus show that weed species are an important TuYV reservoir and play a significant role in the spread and incidence of the disease in field crops such as oilseed rape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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18 pages, 3299 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology of Yam Viruses in Guadeloupe: Role of Cropping Practices and Seed-Tuber Supply
by Mame Boucar Diouf, Sébastien Guyader, Olyvia Gaspard, Eric Francius, Pierre-Yves Teycheney and Marie Umber
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2366; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112366 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2174
Abstract
The epidemiology of yam viruses remains largely unexplored. We present a large-scale epidemiological study of yam viruses in Guadeloupe based on the analysis of 1124 leaf samples collected from yams and weeds. We addressed the prevalence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cordyline virus [...] Read more.
The epidemiology of yam viruses remains largely unexplored. We present a large-scale epidemiological study of yam viruses in Guadeloupe based on the analysis of 1124 leaf samples collected from yams and weeds. We addressed the prevalence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cordyline virus 1 (CoV1), Dioscorea mosaic associated virus (DMaV), yam asymptomatic virus 1 (YaV1), yam mosaic virus (YMV), yam mild mosaic virus (YMMV), badnaviruses, macluraviruses and potexviruses, and the key epidemiological drivers of these viruses. We provide evidence that several weeds are reservoirs of YMMV and that YMMV isolates infecting weeds cluster together with those infecting yams, pointing to the role of weeds in the epidemiology of YMMV. We report the occurrence of yam chlorotic necrosis virus (YCNV) in Guadeloupe, the introduction of YMMV isolates through the importation of yam tubers, and the absence of vertical transmission of YaV1. We identified specific effects on some cropping practices, such as weed management and the use of chemical pesticides, on the occurrence of a few viruses, but no crop-related factor had a strong or general effect on the overall epidemiology of the targeted viruses. Overall, our work provides insights into the epidemiology of yam viruses that will help design more efficient control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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16 pages, 2170 KiB  
Article
Occurrence, Genetic Variability of Tomato Yellow Ring Orthotospovirus Population and the Development of Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Its Rapid Detection
by Aleksandra Zarzyńska-Nowak, Daria Budzyńska, Agnieszka Taberska, Norbert Jędrzejczak, Julia Minicka, Natasza Borodynko-Filas and Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska
Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071405 - 27 Jun 2022
Viewed by 2360
Abstract
Tomato-infecting viruses have been considered as a serious threat to tomato crops in Poland. Therefore, during 2014–2021, 234 tomato samples delivered directly by greenhouse tomato growers to Plant Disease Clinic of IPP-NRI were tested. Eight virus species: pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), tomato yellow [...] Read more.
Tomato-infecting viruses have been considered as a serious threat to tomato crops in Poland. Therefore, during 2014–2021, 234 tomato samples delivered directly by greenhouse tomato growers to Plant Disease Clinic of IPP-NRI were tested. Eight virus species: pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), tomato yellow ring orthotospovirus (TYRV), tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), potato virus Y (PVY), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tomato black ring virus (TBRV) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) were detected in single or mixed infection in 89 samples. The presence of TYRV was established for the first time in Poland in 2014. Since then, its presence has been observed in single and mixed infection with TSWV and CMV. Here, we analysed the genetic variability of TYRV population based on complete nucleocapsid (N) protein gene sequence of 55 TYRV isolates. Maximum-likelihood reconstruction revealed the presence of three distinct, well-supported phylogroups. Moreover, the effect of host species on virus diversity was confirmed. Therefore, RT-LAMP assay was developed for the rapid and efficient detection of TYRV isolates that can be implemented in field and greenhouse conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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14 pages, 2902 KiB  
Article
Transmission of Diverse Variants of Strawberry Viruses Is Governed by a Vector Species
by Igor Koloniuk, Alena Matyášová, Sára Brázdová, Jana Veselá, Jaroslava Přibylová, Jana Fránová and Santiago F. Elena
Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1362; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071362 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2084
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput sequencing methods have boosted the discovery of multistrain viral infections in diverse plant systems. This phenomenon appears to be pervasive for certain viral species. However, our knowledge of the transmission aspects leading to the establishment of such mixed infections is [...] Read more.
Advances in high-throughput sequencing methods have boosted the discovery of multistrain viral infections in diverse plant systems. This phenomenon appears to be pervasive for certain viral species. However, our knowledge of the transmission aspects leading to the establishment of such mixed infections is limited. Recently, we reported a mixed infection of a single strawberry plant with strawberry mottle virus (SMoV), strawberry crinkle virus (SCV) and strawberry virus 1 (StrV-1). While SCV and StrV-1 are represented by two and three molecular variants, respectively, SmoV has three different RNA1 and RNA2 segments. In this study, we focus on virus acquisition by individual adult aphids of the Aphis gossypii, Aphis forbesi and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii species. Single-aphid transmission trials are performed under experimental conditions. Both different viruses and individual virus strains show varying performances in single aphid acquisition. The obtained data suggests that numerous individual transmission events lead to the establishment of multistrain infections. These data will be important for the development of epidemiological models in plant virology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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13 pages, 2175 KiB  
Article
Effects of Organic Biostimulants Added with Zeolite on Zucchini Squash Plants Infected by Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus
by Livia Donati, Sabrina Bertin, Andrea Gentili, Marta Luigi, Anna Taglienti, Ariana Manglli, Antonio Tiberini, Elisa Brasili, Fabio Sciubba, Gabriella Pasqua and Luca Ferretti
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030607 - 15 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2866
Abstract
The use of organic substances in integrated pest management can contribute to human- and environment-safe crop production. In the present work, a combination of organic biostimulants (Fullcrhum Alert and BioVeg 500) and an inorganic corroborant (Clinogold, zeolite) was tested for the effects on [...] Read more.
The use of organic substances in integrated pest management can contribute to human- and environment-safe crop production. In the present work, a combination of organic biostimulants (Fullcrhum Alert and BioVeg 500) and an inorganic corroborant (Clinogold, zeolite) was tested for the effects on the plant response to the quarantine pest tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). Biostimulants were applied to healthy and infected greenhouse-grown zucchini plants, and the vegetative parameters and viral titer were evaluated. Although no antiviral effects were observed in terms of both virus replication and symptom expression, these biostimulants were shown to influence plant fitness. A significant increase in biomass and in leaf, flower, and fruit production was induced in both healthy and infected plants. Biostimulants also enhanced the production of metabolites commonly involved in plant response to virus infection, such as carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids and free amino acids. These results encourage new field trials to evaluate the actual productivity of infected plants after treatments and the possible application of organic biostimulants in agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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13 pages, 2067 KiB  
Article
Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) Is a Potential Reservoir Host of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus
by Saritha R. Kavalappara, David G. Riley, Paulo S. G. Cremonez, Jermaine D. Perier and Sudeep Bag
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030593 - 13 Mar 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3742
Abstract
Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) belongs to the genus Crinivirus and is part of a complex of whitefly-transmitted viruses that cause yellowing disease in cucurbits. In the southeastern USA, heavy incidences of CCYV have been observed on all cucurbits grown in the fall. [...] Read more.
Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) belongs to the genus Crinivirus and is part of a complex of whitefly-transmitted viruses that cause yellowing disease in cucurbits. In the southeastern USA, heavy incidences of CCYV have been observed on all cucurbits grown in the fall. CCYV was detected from wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), a common weed that grows in the southeastern USA by high-throughput sequencing as well as RT-PCR. CCYV sequence from wild radish was 99.90% and 99.95%, identical to RNA 1 and RNA 2 of cucurbit isolates of CCYV from the region. Transmission assays using whiteflies demonstrated that wild radish is a good host for CCYV. Whiteflies were also able to acquire CCYV from wild radish and transmit the virus to cucurbit hosts, which developed typical symptoms associated with CCYV. Using quantitative PCR, the titer of CCYV in wild radish was also estimated to be on par with that of cucurbit hosts of the virus. Whitefly bioassays revealed that wild radish is an acceptable feeding and reproductive host plant. These results indicate that wild radish could serve as a reservoir host for CCYV in the USA and other parts of the world where similar conditions exist. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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Review

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14 pages, 968 KiB  
Review
Defective RNA Particles of Plant Viruses—Origin, Structure and Role in Pathogenesis
by Daria Budzyńska, Mark P. Zwart and Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2814; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122814 - 16 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1951
Abstract
The genomes of RNA viruses may be monopartite or multipartite, and sub-genomic particles such as defective RNAs (D RNAs) or satellite RNAs (satRNAs) can be associated with some of them. D RNAs are small, deletion mutants of a virus that have lost essential [...] Read more.
The genomes of RNA viruses may be monopartite or multipartite, and sub-genomic particles such as defective RNAs (D RNAs) or satellite RNAs (satRNAs) can be associated with some of them. D RNAs are small, deletion mutants of a virus that have lost essential functions for independent replication, encapsidation and/or movement. D RNAs are common elements associated with human and animal viruses, and they have been described for numerous plant viruses so far. Over 30 years of studies on D RNAs allow for some general conclusions to be drawn. First, the essential condition for D RNA formation is prolonged passaging of the virus at a high cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI) in one host. Second, recombination plays crucial roles in D RNA formation. Moreover, during virus propagation, D RNAs evolve, and the composition of the particle depends on, e.g., host plant, virus isolate or number of passages. Defective RNAs are often engaged in transient interactions with full-length viruses—they can modulate accumulation, infection dynamics and virulence, and are widely used, i.e., as a tool for research on cis-acting elements crucial for viral replication. Nevertheless, many questions regarding the generation and role of D RNAs in pathogenesis remain open. In this review, we summarise the knowledge about D RNAs of plant viruses obtained so far. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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23 pages, 451 KiB  
Review
Known and Potential Invertebrate Vectors of Raspberry Viruses
by Jiunn Luh Tan, Nina Trandem, Jana Fránová, Zhibo Hamborg, Dag-Ragnar Blystad and Rostislav Zemek
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030571 - 10 Mar 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5023
Abstract
The estimated global production of raspberry from year 2016 to 2020 averaged 846,515 tons. The most common cultivated Rubus spp. is European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. subsp. idaeus). Often cultivated for its high nutritional value, the red raspberry (Rubus [...] Read more.
The estimated global production of raspberry from year 2016 to 2020 averaged 846,515 tons. The most common cultivated Rubus spp. is European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. subsp. idaeus). Often cultivated for its high nutritional value, the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is susceptible to multiple viruses that lead to yield loss. These viruses are transmitted through different mechanisms, of which one is invertebrate vectors. Aphids and nematodes are known to be vectors of specific raspberry viruses. However, there are still other potential raspberry virus vectors that are not well-studied. This review aimed to provide an overview of studies related to this topic. All the known invertebrates feeding on raspberry were summarized. Eight species of aphids and seven species of plant-parasitic nematodes were the only proven raspberry virus vectors. In addition, the eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes gracilis, has been suggested as the natural vector of raspberry leaf blotch virus based on the current available evidence. Interactions between vector and non-vector herbivore may promote the spread of raspberry viruses. As a conclusion, there are still multiple aspects of this topic that require further studies to get a better understanding of the interactions among the viral pathogens, invertebrate vectors, and non-vectors in the raspberry agroecosystem. Eventually, this will assist in development of better pest management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control 2022)
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