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Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Inland and Coastal Waters

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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 8991

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Prof. Dr. Majid Mohammadian

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, A114, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada
Interests: computational fluid dynamics; turbulent mixing; outfall systems and sustainable design; numerical modeling of riverine and coastal waters; jets and plumes and environmental sustainability; sediment transport
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Xiaohui Yan

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada
Interests: CFD coding; turbulence; turbulence modeling; turbulent flow; computational fluid dynamics; CFD Simulation; numerical simulation; computational fluid mechanics; numerical modeling; fluent
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Dr. Hossein Kheirkhah Gildeh

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Guest Editor

1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louise Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
2. Water Resources Engineer, Barr Engineering Co., 808 4 Ave. SW, Calgary, AB T2P 3E8, Canada
Interests: environmental fluid mechanic; river engineering; coastal engineering; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); effluent discharge; near-field and far-field mixing; dam breach analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Population growth and urbanization in inland and coastal areas have resulted in increasing amounts of liquid and solid waste. Improper handling of these pollutants in water bodies can seriously harm the environment and ecology, such as red tides, plastic pollution, the accumulation of toxic substances, nuclear pollution, etc. Therefore, it is important to have a clear understanding of the hydrodynamics and water quality in inland and coastal waters.

Inland and coastal hydrodynamics and water quality have been an important research topic with significant progress. However, further research is needed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of modeling and to develop new candidate modeling tools.

This Special Issue welcomes review articles, original research and case studies on inland and coastal hydrodynamic and water quality modelling and related topics. Any other types of work (e.g., experiments, theoretical analyses, and field observations) that can contribute to improving fluid dynamics and water quality modeling practice are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Majid Mohammadian
Dr. Xiaohui Yan
Dr. Hossein Kheirkhah Gildeh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 17939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Geostrophic Transport on the Temporal and Spatial Structure of Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling/Downwelling over the Persian Gulf

by Nasrin Eshghi, Mahdi Mohammad Mahdizadeh and Abdolmajid Mohammadian

Water 2023, 15(6), 1168; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061168 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1851

Abstract

Geostrophic transport can affect the structure of the wind-driven coastal upwelling/downwelling. Focusing on quantifying this impact is vital to understanding circulation dynamics in the Persian Gulf. To this end, in this study, after the investigation of wind patterns, the temporal and spatial structure of coastal upwelling/downwelling using the Ekman transport upwelling index, and the intra-annual vertical variability of temperature are investigated based on the daily wind, and monthly temperature data time series of 28 years (1993–2020). Then, the geostrophic transport using an improved methodology and the total cross-shore transport as a sum of Ekman and geostrophic transport are estimated based on the monthly SLA data time series. The results indicated that the region, located around 51.5 and 28 (48 and 29 and 50.5 and 25.5) experienced the most intense coastal upwelling (downwelling) at a peak in June with larger mixed and thermocline layers than other regions. The intensity of Ekman transport is higher than the geostrophic transport in the Persian Gulf due to the presence of the prevailing wind and the shallowness of the mixed layers’ depth. We found that the intensity of the coastal upwelling (downwelling) decreases (increases) under favorable spatial and temporal conditions by considering the geostrophic transport in the upwelling index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Inland and Coastal Waters)

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20 pages, 4181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Variations in Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Contributing Climatic Variables at Various Spatial Scales across China for 1984–2019

by Xiaohui Yan, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Ruigui Ao, Jianwei Liu and Xin Chen

Water 2022, 14(16), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162502 - 14 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) is of great significance in studies of hydrological cycle, agricultural water resources, and hydrometeorology. The present study collected daily meteorological data at 536 meteorological stations in China from 1984 to 2019, calculated daily ET₀ using the FAO Penman–Monteith equation, analyzed the spatial distribution and temporal variation characteristics of ET₀ and meteorological variables at four different spatial scales (continental, regional, provincial, and local), and discussed the sensitivity of ET₀ to the meteorological variables and the contribution rates of the meteorological variables to the ET₀ variations. The results showed that ET₀ increased at 406 out of the 536 stations (75.7%), with the trends being significant at 65 stations at the 5% significance level, and 147 at the 1% significance level. The slope calculated using Sen’s method and linear trend method showed that the annual ET₀ at the continental scale increased by approximately 12 mm/decade. Most of the stations showed decreasing trends in relative humidity (H_m), sunshine duration (S_D), and wind speed at 2 m height (U₂) while increasing trends in the maximum air temperature (T_max) and minimum air temperature (T_min). ET₀ was most sensitive to H_m (sensitivity coefficient, S_t = −0.66), followed by T_max (S_t = 0.29), S_D (S_t = 0.18), U₂ (S_t = 0.16), and T_min (S_t = 0.07). Most of the stations showed increasing trends in S_t for H_m (56.16%), T_max (72.95%), T_min (87.31%), and U₂ (90.49%), and decreasing trends for S_D (69.78%). The variations in H_m, T_max, and T_min increased the ET₀ at most of the stations (82.28%, 98.13%, and 69.03%, respectively). The variations in S_D and U₂ decreased ET₀ at most of the stations (66.04% and 56.34%, respectively). Some ET₀ characteristics in a few regions can be well described using a single spatial scale. However, most regions exhibited significantly different ET₀ characteristics across spatial scales. The results of this project can provide reference for hydrological analysis and agricultural water management under climate change conditions and provide data and information for other hydrology-related applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Inland and Coastal Waters)

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17 pages, 4110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vertical Dense Effluent Discharge Modelling in Shallow Waters

by Hossein Kheirkhah Gildeh, Abdolmajid Mohammadian and Ioan Nistor

Water 2022, 14(15), 2312; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14152312 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1922

Abstract

Vertical dense effluent discharges are popular in outfall system designs. Vertical jets provide the opportunity to be efficient for a range of ambient currents, where the jet is pushed away so as not to fall on itself. This study focuses on the worst-case scenario of the dilution and mixing of such jets: vertical dense effluent discharges with no ambient current, in shallow water, where the jet impinges the water surface. This scenario provides conservative design criteria for such outfall systems. The numerical modelling of such jets has not been investigated before and this study provides novel insights into simulations of vertical dense effluent discharges in shallow waters. Turbulent vertical discharges with Froude numbers ranging from 9 to 24 were simulated using OpenFOAM. A Reynolds stress model (RSM) was applied to characterize the geometrical (i.e., maximum discharge rise Z_m and lateral spread R_sp) and dilution μ_min properties of such jets. Three flow regimes were reproduced numerically, based on the experimental data: deep, intermediate, and impinging flow regimes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Inland and Coastal Waters)

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16 pages, 7914 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Experimental Studies on the Influence of Negatively Buoyant Jets on Flow Distribution in a 135-Degree Open Channel Bend

by Xueming Wang, Colin D. Rennie and Abdolmajid Mohammadian

Water 2022, 14(12), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121898 - 13 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1358

Abstract

The present paper aims to investigate the evolution of velocity fields as well as secondary flows in an open channel bend under the influence of negatively buoyant jets. A 135-degree open channel bend was used for experiments, and the jet nozzle was located along the outer bank in the straight section upstream of the bend. Efforts were made to specify the flow structures with high precision measurements of three-dimensional velocities by means of a three-dimensional PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technology. The experimental results show that the jets comparatively affect the flow structure at the beginning and exit of the flow in a bend. Although the jets had little effect on the maximum streamwise velocity, complex secondary flow patterns and properties were found to be influenced due to the occurrence of the negatively buoyant jets in the bend. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Inland and Coastal Waters)

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22 pages, 11359 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow in Bends and Confluences Considering Free Surface Changes Using the Volume of Fluid Method

by Rawaa Shaheed, Abdolmajid Mohammadian and Xiaohui Yan

Water 2022, 14(8), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081307 - 17 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3080

Abstract

The impact of secondary flows on the flow velocity in open channel bends and confluences was simulated using three-dimensional (3D) numerical models. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation system was utilized as the governing equations and two different turbulence models were employed in this study: the standard k-ε model and the realizable k–ε model. In a recent study by the authors, the rigid lid approach was used, which does not allow for vertical displacement of the water surface. In this study, the simulation of free surface displacements was simulated using the volume of fluid free-surface tracking method. The numerical models were evaluated and validated by using the experimental data of a sharply curved channel and a confluent channel. The accuracies of the two turbulence models were evaluated and discussed. This study found that both models can satisfactorily reproduce the experimental data. However, the standard k–ε model performed better for the curved channel case while the Realizable k–ε model performed better for the confluent channel case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Inland and Coastal Waters)

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13 pages, 1457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in Hunhe River Basin Upstream of Dahuofang Reservoir

by Bin Yan, Yuting Liu, Zhenwei Gao and Dehui Liu

Water 2022, 14(6), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060925 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2455

Abstract

Dahuofang Reservoir is an important drinking water source for Shenyang, Fushun, Anshan, Liaoyang, and other cities. The water quality of the upstream inflow river directly affects the water supply safety. When a sudden water pollution accident occurs upstream of the reservoir, the pollution risk to the water source can be minimized if the variation rule of pollutant concentration along the course can be accurately simulated in time. Therefore, based on Mike 21, this paper established a hydrodynamic water quality coupling model of the Hun River basin upstream of Dahuofang Reservoir, and determined and verified the relevant parameters of the hydrodynamic model. In establishing the water quality model, the improved empirical frequency curve method was adopted to divide the high-flow period, the level period, and the low-flow period, so that the hydraulic conditions in each period were more reasonable. By a hypothetical scenario and working condition design, the suspended iron concentration and COD concentration along the course of a sudden water pollution accident were simulated. The diffusion rules of pollutants in different periods and under different working conditions were obtained. The most important objective was to obtain the six early warning index values in different hydrological periods, which allows the prediction of the scope and extent of the accident and provides a basis for ensuring the safety of the water supply at the water source. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality in Inland and Coastal Waters)

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