Search Results (85)

The use of aircraft for cloud seeding to enhance rainfall serves as an effective meteorological intervention and plays a vital role in ensuring ecological security within the context of the low-altitude economy. This study utilized ground-based precipitation observations from the Shiyang River Basin, in conjunction with Landsat satellite remote sensing imagery (2000–2024), regional historical regression, vegetation index retrieval, and spectral mixture analysis, to evaluate the effectiveness of aircraft-based cloud seeding for enhancing rainfall. The normalized difference vegetation index and the fraction of vegetation cover were calculated to examine the spatiotemporal dynamics and growth patterns of surface vegetation before and after the implementation of this rainfall enhancement measure, thus offering a quantitative assessment of the ecological restoration effect in the Shiyang River Basin. A novel application of cloud-seeding technology for ecological recovery has been developed. It provides one of the first quantitative assessments of aircraft-based cloud seeding in inland river basins of China, linking meteorological intervention directly to measurable ecological restoration outcomes. The findings indicate that: (1) Aircraft-based cloud seeding for rainfall enhancement has yielded significant results, with an average relative precipitation increase of 20.8% (p < 0.1%) in the operational area; (2) Following the commencement of this rainfall enhancement practice in 2010, normalized difference vegetation index and fraction of vegetation cover values within the study area have shown a marked increase, with the percentage of regions with low vegetation coverage declining from 30.36% to 25.21%; and (3) Since the implementation of this measure in 2010, vegetation conditions in the Shiyang River Basin have generally stabilized, demonstrating substantial improvement and a reduction in degradation. The percentage of regions classified as improved or slightly improved increased significantly, from 14.20% before the implementation of this measure to 36.24%, indicating a transition in the vegetation ecosystem from localized enhancement to overall improvement. These results demonstrate that ecological restoration efforts in the Shiyang River Basin have shown considerable improvement after the introduction of aircraft-based cloud-seeding operations, resulting in significant increases in vegetation coverage throughout extensive regions of the basin. The research connects scientific results to policy and management, suggesting that low-altitude economy-based cloud seeding can play a key role in water resource management, ecological stability, and climate resilience. Full article

Constructing ecological security patterns (ESPs) from an ecosystem services perspective is critical for sustaining regional ecological stability. However, existing research often overlooks the complex trade-offs among multiple ecosystem services. This study focuses on the Shiyang River Basin, assessing four key ecosystem services in 2021: habitat quality, water yield, soil retention, and carbon sequestration. Ecological sources were identified using the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) method. Subsequently, the minimum cumulative resistance model in conjunction with circuit theory was employed to delineate ecological corridors, identify pinch points, and detect barrier points. Spatial syntax analysis was employed to assess the network’s structural characteristics. The results revealed 46 ecological sources covering 12,336.34 km² (29.7% of the study area), along with 94 corridors, 80 pinch points, and 39 barrier points. Based on these findings, a regional ecological framework—“Three Zones, Three Corridors, One Belt, and Multiple Points”—is proposed to guide ecosystem service optimization. Full article

Arid inland basins represent critical hotspots of intensified conflict among water resources, ecological integrity, and economic development on a global scale. The coevolution of groundwater systems and land use patterns plays a pivotal role in shaping regional sustainability trajectories. This study synthesizes multi-source data spanning 2000 to 2020 from the Wuwei Basin, located within the Shiyang River watershed in China, to elucidate the synergistic dynamics between hydrological and land use transformations. Key findings reveal: (1) Around 2010, a significant structural shift in land use occurred, transitioning from production-oriented expansion to ecologically driven priorities. This shift was characterized by a reduction in cultivated land, increased utilization of artificial surfaces, and accelerated ecological restoration efforts. These changes were jointly influenced by enhanced water governance frameworks and spatial planning policies. (2) Groundwater levels exhibit marked spatial variability. While stability is maintained in piedmont and discharge zones, persistent overdraft has led to pronounced declines in transitional and distal recharge areas. This heterogeneity is primarily governed by the interplay of hydrogeological factors—such as recharge capacity and aquifer permeability—and anthropogenic pressures, including the extent of cultivated land and intensity of groundwater extraction. Notably, these patterns cannot be explained solely by the proportion of cultivated land or total extraction volumes. (3) A positive feedback mechanism—termed the “gain-loss regime shift”—has been identified in the discharge zone, where simultaneous increases in groundwater extraction and water-level recovery are observed. However, human activities have disrupted the natural coupling between precipitation and groundwater recharge, resulting in a significant attenuation of recharge rates (exceeding 80%). These findings offer a robust scientific basis for implementing spatially differentiated water resource management strategies and optimizing land use in arid basin environments. The implications extend beyond regional contexts, contributing to broader efforts in harmonizing human–environment interactions globally. Full article

To clarify the optimal water regulation strategy for spring wheat in arid areas, this study set up three irrigation methods [film-mulched drip irrigation (FD), non-mulched drip irrigation (ND), non-mulched subsurface drip irrigation (MD)] and five water treatments [CK: 80% field capacity; W1–W4: irrigation amounts were 90%, 80%, 70%, and 60% of CK, respectively] in the Shiyang River Basin during 2023–2024. The effects of these treatments on the phenotype, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring wheat were investigated. The results showed that under the same water treatment, the leaf area index (LAI), SPAD value, and stem diameter (SD) significantly decreased with the reduction in irrigation amount (p < 0.05), while plant height (HC) was less affected. FD performed optimally under the W1 treatment: its yield reached 11,868.93 kg·ha⁻¹, which was 54.88% and 38.72% higher than that of ND and MD, respectively; and its WUE reached 4.36 kg/m³, which was 123.19% and 100.83% higher than that of ND and MD, respectively. ND performed better under the CK treatment: its yield was 10,044.33 kg·ha⁻¹, which was 27.07% and 12.25% higher than that of FD and MD, respectively. Annual precipitation had a significant impact: when precipitation was 175 mm in 2023, ND showed an obvious advantage; when precipitation decreased to 110 mm in 2024, FD exhibited stronger stress resistance. The study concludes that FD is suitable for moderate to severe water stress, while ND is suitable for sufficient water conditions or mild stress. This can provide a basis for water-saving and the high-yield production of spring wheat in arid areas. Full article

As a critical link connecting groundwater and vegetation, the vadose zone’s lithological structural heterogeneity directly influences soil water distribution and vegetation growth. A comprehensive understanding of the ecological effects of the vadose zone can provide scientific evidence for groundwater ecological protection and natural vegetation conservation in arid regions. This study, taking the Minqin Basin in the lower reaches of China’s Shiyang River as a case, reveals the constraining effects of vadose zone lithological structures on vegetation water supply, root development, and water use strategies through integrated analysis, field investigations, and numerical simulations. The findings highlight the critical ecological role of the vadose zone. This role primarily manifests through two mechanisms: regulating capillary water rise and controlling water-holding capacity. They directly impact soil water supply efficiency, alter the spatiotemporal distribution of water deficit in the root zone, and drive vegetation to develop adaptive root growth patterns and stratified water use strategies, ultimately leading to different growth statuses of natural vegetation. During groundwater level fluctuations, fine-grained lithologies in the vadose zone exhibit stronger capillary water response rates, while multi-layered lithological structures (e.g., “fine-over-coarse” configurations) demonstrate pronounced delayed water release effects. Their effective water-holding capacities continue to exert ecological effects, significantly enhancing vegetation drought resilience. Full article

Snow cover, as a critical component of the cryosphere, serves as a vital water resource for arid regions in Northwest China. The Qilian Mountains (QLM), situated on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, function as an important ecological barrier and water conservation area in western China. This study presents the first high-resolution historical snow cover product developed specifically for the QLM, utilizing a multi-level snow classification algorithm tailored to the complex topography of the region. By employing Landsat satellite data from 1986–2024, we constructed a comprehensive 39-year snow cover dataset at a resolution of 30 m. A dual adaptive cloud masking strategy and spatial interpolation techniques were employed to effectively address cloud contamination and data gaps prevalent in mountainous regions. The spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanisms of snow cover changes in the QLM were systematically analyzed using Sen–Theil trend analysis and Mann–Kendall tests. The results reveal the following: (1) The mean annual snow cover extent in the QLM was 15.73% during 1986–2024, exhibiting a slight declining trend (−0.046% yr⁻¹), though statistically insignificant (p = 0.215); (2) The snowline showed significant upward migration, with mean elevation and minimum elevation rising at rates of 3.98 m yr⁻¹ and 2.81 m yr⁻¹, respectively; (3) Elevation-dependent variations were observed, with significant snow cover decline in high-altitude (>5000 m) and low-altitude (2000–3500 m) regions, while mid-altitude areas remained relatively stable; (4) Comparison with MODIS data demonstrated good correlation (r = 0.828) but revealed systematic differences (RMSE = 12.88%), with MODIS showing underestimation in mountainous environments (Bias: −8.06%). This study elucidates the complex response mechanisms of the QLM snow system under global warming, providing scientific evidence for regional water resource management and climate change adaptation strategies. Full article

In arid inland river basins, the upstream runoff generation zones contribute the majority of the basin’s water resources. Global warming and land use changes will produce uncertain impacts on runoff variations in the headwaters of inland rivers in arid regions. Deeply understanding the response mechanisms of runoff to climate and land use changes is fundamental for scientifically developing watershed water resource utilization planning and achieving sustainable socio-economic and ecological development. By integrating meteorological data, hydrological data, and multi-source remote sensing data, this study systematically evaluates the factors influencing changes in watershed hydrological processes. The results show: (1) From 1976 to 2016, the Xiying River runoff exhibited a slight increasing trend, with an increment of 0.213 mm per decade. (2) At the interannual scale, runoff is primarily influenced by precipitation changes, with a trend of further weakening ice and snowmelt effects. (3) The land use types in the Xiying River Basin are predominantly forestland, grassland, and unused land. With increasing forestland and cultivated land and decreasing grassland and construction land area, the watershed’s water conservation capacity has significantly improved. Full article

The surface water quality issue in arid regions is becoming increasingly severe and has become a significant challenge for global environmental protection and water resource management. By continuously collecting surface water samples (2000~2024) and utilizing hydrochemical and principal component analysis, the changes in the chemical composition of surface water and its water quality pollution characteristics are examined in the Shiyang River Basin. The surface water anion concentrations are characterized by HCO₃⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > Cl⁻, with average concentrations of 214.11 mg/L, 117.31 mg/L, and 21.61 mg/L, respectively. The cation concentrations follow the trend of Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺, with average concentrations of 56.22 mg/L, 33.75 mg/L, 22.91 mg/L, and 5.33 mg/L, respectively. The dominant water types are Ca-HCO₃ and Ca (Mg)-HCO₃ in the mountainous area and in the plains, respectively. The weathering of carbonates and silicates is the main controlling factor for the evolution process of surface water. Strong evaporation leads to significant differences in ion concentrations, which is manifested as low in mountainous areas and high in plain areas. In addition, the surface water quality in the plains is worse than that of the mountainous areas. The main pollution indicators include DO, CODM_n, COD, BOD₅, NH₄⁺-N, TP, TN, and fecal coliforms. The surface water quality of Hongyashan Reservoir and Caiqi has improved significantly, reflecting the impact of the water diversion project. The results of this study are of great significance for improving water resource management and ensuring the sustainability of the ecological environment in arid regions. Full article

Drought poses a severe threat to crop health and food security, particularly in arid regions like the Shiyang River Basin (SRB), highlighting the need for timely monitoring to support sustainable agriculture. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is a critical tool for evaluating crop conditions. However, existing NDVI datasets often lack the spatial-temporal resolution required for effective crop monitoring. This study introduces an NDVI reconstruction method combining Savitzky–Golay filtering with the variation-based spatiotemporal data fusion model to produce a high-resolution daily NDVI dataset for SRB cropland in 2022, with a 30 m spatial resolution. The dataset achieves a cropland integrity rate of 98.50%, a 42.35% improvement over the initial MOD09GA NDVI. It also demonstrates high accuracy, with an average r-mean of 0.7511—49.88% higher than MOD09GA NDVI. Validation metrics, including abs-AD (0.0064), RMSE (0.0466), abs-EDGE (0.0373), and abs-LBP (0.0317), fall within acceptable ranges. This enhanced NDVI dataset facilitates detailed monitoring of crop conditions across diverse growth stages and planting structures, offering valuable insights for precision agriculture in the region. Full article

The interplay between terrestrial water storage and vegetation dynamics in arid regions is critical for understanding ecohydrological responses to climate change and human activities. This study examines the coupling between total water storage anomaly (TWSA) and vegetation greenness changes in the Hexi Corridor, an arid region in northwestern China consisting of three inland river basins—Shule, Heihe, and Shiyang—from 2002 to 2022. Utilizing TWSA data from GRACE/GRACE-FO satellites and MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data, we applied a trend analysis and partial correlation statistical techniques to assess spatiotemporal patterns and their drivers across varying aridity gradients and land cover types. The results reveal a significant decline in TWSA across the Hexi Corridor (−0.10 cm/year, p < 0.01), despite a modest increase in precipitation (1.69 mm/year, p = 0.114). The spatial analysis shows that TWSA deficits are most pronounced in the northern Shiyang Basin (−600 to −300 cm cumulative TWSA), while the southern Qilian Mountain regions exhibit accumulation (0 to 800 cm). Vegetation greening is strongest in irrigated croplands, particularly in arid and hyper-arid regions of the study area. The partial correlation analysis highlights distinct drivers: in the wetter semi-humid and semi-arid regions, precipitation plays a dominant role in driving TWSA trends. Such a rainfall dominance gives way to temperature- and human-dominated vegetation greening in the arid and hyper-arid regions. The decoupling of TWSA and precipitation highlights the importance of human irrigation activities and the warming-induced atmospheric water demand in co-driving the TWSA dynamics in arid regions. These findings suggest that while irrigation expansion cause satellite-observed greening, it exacerbates water stress through increased evapotranspiration and groundwater depletion, particularly in most water-limited arid zones. This study reveals the complex ecohydrological dynamics in drylands, emphasizing the need for a holistic view of dryland greening in the context of global warming, the escalating human demand of freshwater resources, and the efforts in achieving sustainable development. Full article

The Water–Ecosystem–Agriculture (WEA) relationship is pivotal to the sustainable development of arid and semi-arid areas. The WEA nexus in these areas is essential for making policies towards sustainable development. This study aims to explore the WEA nexus in three large inland river basins (Heihe River Basin, Shiyang River Basin, and Shule River Basin) in the Hexi Corridor, Northwest China, using an integrated hydrological modeling approach. The integrated model was calibrated and validated against observed streamflow data, achieving Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiencies ranging from 0.83 to 0.94 in the validation period. The major findings are as follows. First, altering the amount of irrigation water significantly affects hydrological and ecological processes in both midstream and downstream areas, influencing the WEA nexus. For example, a 20% reduction in irrigation demand led to a 0.46 billion m³/year recovery in midstream groundwater storage and a 4.3% increase in downstream ecosystem health, but resulted in a 5.4% decrease in midstream agricultural productivity. Second, intense trade-offs among agricultural productivity, ecosystem health, and groundwater sustainability were identified. These trade-offs are highly sensitive to water management strategies, particularly those affecting groundwater sustainability. Third, implementing stricter groundwater-level drawdown constraints significantly improved groundwater sustainability and ecosystem health. Fourth, this study highlighted unique WEA nexus characteristics in each of the three basins. This study provides insights into the understanding the complex WEA nexus, and the quantitative results underscore the trade-offs and synergies within the WEA nexus, providing a foundation for informed decision-making in water resource management. Full article

Maize production in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is limited by water scarcity, while the abundance of brackish water highlights the opportunity for its effective and sustainable utilization. A 2-year field experiment (2022–2023) was conducted in the Shiyang River Basin to investigate the impacts of deficit irrigation with brackish water on soil moisture, salinity, temperature, crop growth index, yield, and water productivity. Six treatments were implemented, consisting of two irrigation levels (W1: 75%I, W2: 100%I) and three water quality gradients (S0: 0.7 g L⁻¹, S1: 3.7 g L⁻¹, S2: 5.7 g L⁻¹ in 2022 and 7.7 g L⁻¹ in 2023). Results indicated that brackish irrigation (except S0) increased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at higher levels, while decreased maize yield, and water productivity (WP). Compared with full irrigation at the same salinity level, deficit irrigation decreased soil salinity, keeping the soil water storage at lower levels, while increasing soil temperature, which led to lower maize yield but resulted in higher WP. Path analysis of soil hydrothermal salinity and crop growth indicators demonstrated that soil salinity changes play a crucial role in determining maize plant height and yield. S0W2 (100% irrigation, 0.7 g L⁻¹) achieved the highest maize yield, with S0W1 yielding 5.15% less. However, the water productivity (WP) of S0W1 was 17.66% higher than that of S0W2. Therefore, considering the combined factors of maize yield, water productivity, and water-saving benefits, the use of S0W1 (75% irrigation, 0.7 g L⁻¹) is recommended. Full article

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial component for investigating carbon cycling and global climate change. Accurate data exhibiting the temporal and spatial distributions of SOC are very important for determining the soil carbon sequestration potential and formulating climate strategies. An important scheme of mapping SOC is to establish a link between environmental factors and SOC via different methods. The Shiyang River Basin is the third largest inland river basin in the Hexi Corridor, which has closed geographical conditions and a relatively independent carbon cycle system, making it an ideal area for carbon cycle research in arid areas. In this study, 65 SOC samples were collected and 21 environmental factors were assessed from 2011 to 2021 in the Shiyang River Basin. The linear regression (LR) method and two machine learning methods, i.e., support vector machine regression (SVR) and random forest (RF), are applied to estimate the spatial distribution of SOC. RF is slightly better than SVR because of its advantages in the comparison of classification. When latitude, slope, and the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) are used as predictor variables, the best SOC performance is shown. Compared with the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD), the optimal scheme improved the accuracy of the SOC significantly. Finally, the spatial distribution of SOC tended to increase, with a total increase of 135.94 g/kg across the whole basin. The northwestern part of the middle basin decreased by 2.82% because of industrial activities. The SOC in Minqin County increased by approximately 62.77% from 2011 to 2021. Thus, the variability of the spatial SOC increased. This study provides a theoretical basis for the spatial and temporal distributions of SOC in inland river basins. In addition, this study can also provide effective and scientific suggestions for carbon projects, offer a key scientific basis for understanding the carbon cycle, and support global climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Full article

Drought propagation is a complex process, and understanding the propagation mechanisms of meteorological drought to soil drought is crucial for early warning, disaster prevention, and mitigation. This study focuses on eight tributaries in the upper reaches of the Shiyang River. Based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI), the Drought Propagation Intensity Index (DIP) and Copula function were applied to quantify the intensity and time of drought propagation from meteorological to soil drought and explored the drought propagation patterns at different temporal and spatial scales in these tributaries. Results showed that, in the 0–10 cm soil layer, the propagation intensity of meteorological drought to soil drought was peer-to-peer, with a propagation time of one month. In the middle (10–40 cm) and deep (40–100 cm) soil layers, propagation characteristics differed between the eastern and western tributaries. The western tributaries experienced stronger drought propagation intensity and shorter propagation times (2–4 months), while the eastern tributaries exhibited peer-to-peer propagation intensity with longer times (4–10 months). The large areas of forests and grasslands in the upper reaches of the Shiyang River contributed to strong land–atmosphere interactions, leading to peer-to-peer drought propagation intensity in the 0–10 cm soil layer. The eastern tributaries had extensive cultivated land, where irrigation during meteorological drought enhanced soil moisture, resulting in peer-to-peer propagation intensity in the middle (10–40 cm) and deep (40–100 cm) soil layers. In contrast, the western tributaries, with larger forest areas and widespread permafrost, experienced high water consumption and limited recharge in the 10–40 cm and 40–100 cm soil layers, leading to strong drought propagation. Full article

Albedo is a primary driver of the glacier surface energy balance and consequent melting. As glacier albedo decreases, it further accelerates glacier melting. Over the past 20 years, glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau have experienced significant melting. However, our understanding of the variations in glacier albedo and its driving factors in this region remains limited. This study used MOD10A1 data to examine the average characteristics and variations in glacier albedo on the Tibetan Plateau from 2001 to 2022; the MOD10A1 snow cover product, developed at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, was employed to analyze spatiotemporal variations in surface albedo. The results indicate that the albedo values of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau predominantly range between 0.50 and 0.60, with distinctly higher albedo in spring and winter, and lower albedo in summer and autumn. Glacier albedo on the Tibetan Plateau decreased at an average linear regression rate of 0.06 × 10⁻² yr⁻¹ over the past two decades, with the fastest declines occurring in autumn at an average rate of 0.18 × 10⁻² yr⁻¹, contributing to the prolongation of the melting period. Furthermore, significant variations in albedo change rates with altitude were found near the snowline, which is attributed to the transformation of the snow and ice surface. The primary factors affecting glacier albedo on the Tibetan Plateau are temperature and snowfall, whereas in the Himalayas, black carbon and dust primarily influence glacier albedo. Our findings reveal a clear decrease in glacier albedo on the Tibetan Plateau and demonstrate that seasonal and spatial variations in albedo and temperature are the most important driving factors. These insights provide valuable information for further investigation into surface albedo and glacier melt. Full article