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Search Results (924)

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24 pages, 16143 KiB  
Article
Influence of UV Radiation on the Appearance Quality of Fair-Faced Concrete and Mitigation Approaches
by Ao Wu, Jia Ke, Zhijie Liu and Zhonghe Shui
Materials 2025, 18(9), 2039; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092039 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
Fair-faced concrete has garnered substantial attention in recent years owing to its aesthetic appeal and eco-friendly attributes. However, as a construction material, its long-term performance is highly dependent on its service environment, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This research focuses on examining the influence [...] Read more.
Fair-faced concrete has garnered substantial attention in recent years owing to its aesthetic appeal and eco-friendly attributes. However, as a construction material, its long-term performance is highly dependent on its service environment, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This research focuses on examining the influence of UV exposure and managing the admixtures employed in concrete and investigating the effects of UV radiation on the appearance quality, pore distribution, and micro-composition of fair-faced concrete. Results indicate that UV radiation enhances moisture evaporation, increases surface and bulk porosity, and accelerates carbonation and early hydration reactions, forming more calcite on the surface. These factors degrade the appearance quality of fair-faced concrete. To mitigate UV-aging damage, two common anti-UV admixtures, nano-silica (NS) and water-based fluorocarbon paint (FC), were evaluated. Results show that both admixtures effectively improve the UV-resistance of fair-faced concrete, particularly when combined. The FC+NS group reduced the surface glossiness loss rate from 28.63% to 12.95% after 28 days of UV exposure, with surface porosity and maximum pore diameter recorded at 0.157% and 3.66 mm, respectively, indicating excellent appearance quality. These findings underscore the potential of these admixtures, both individually and in combination, to enhance the UV resistance of fair-faced concrete, sustaining its durability under prolonged UV exposure. Full article
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20 pages, 4063 KiB  
Article
Accelerated Aging of Tapes Applied to Secure Criminal Contact Traces—Effect on Physio-Mechanical and Safety Behavior
by Magdalena Olejnik, Agnieszka Gutowska, Magdalena Cichecka, Marcin H. Struszczyk and Paweł Kubiak
Materials 2025, 18(9), 2012; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092012 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 159
Abstract
Traces of potential contact from a perpetrator for evidence are one of the most frequently secured groups of evidence during the examination of the crime scene and during the examination of material in forensic laboratories. By far the most common way to secure [...] Read more.
Traces of potential contact from a perpetrator for evidence are one of the most frequently secured groups of evidence during the examination of the crime scene and during the examination of material in forensic laboratories. By far the most common way to secure the above-mentioned traces is the use of swabs. The literature reports indicate promising results from the use of adhesive materials for securing contact marks. The products currently on the market are not dedicated to forensic genetics or cause problems with the recovery of protected DNA at the stage of DNA isolation in the laboratory. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of conditions from an accelerated aging process carried out under simulated laboratory conditions (with aging factors as follows: UV radiation, temperature, and humidity level) on the physico-mechanical properties and chemical resistance of adhesive films made of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). As part of the research, the influence of storage conditions on the physico-mechanical properties and chemical resistance of developed foil materials used to secure forensic traces was developed and verified. The research was carried out in conditions similar to the real ones, conducting tests of accelerated aging with the following factors: temperature, humidity, and UV radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymeric Materials)
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3 pages, 145 KiB  
Editorial
Novel Radiation Facilities Based on Plasma Acceleration: The Future of Free Electron Lasers
by Marcello Coreno, Massimo Ferrario, Augusto Marcelli and Francesco Stellato
Condens. Matter 2025, 10(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/condmat10020025 - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 104
Abstract
Exploiting acceleration gradients that are up to three orders of magnitude higher than those achievable using conventional radiofrequency-based devices, plasma-based devices promise a revolution in particle acceleration, enabling particles to reach high energies over much shorter distances than existing accelerators [...] Full article
13 pages, 5825 KiB  
Article
Effect of Climatic and Thermal Aging on Friction of Frost-Resistant Rubber With and Without Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Coating
by Ivan Shkalei, Jeng-Haur Horng, Elena Torskaya, Pavel Bukovsky, Aleksey Morozov, Fedor Stepanov, Natalia Petrova, Afanasy Dyakonov and Vasilii Mukhin
Coatings 2025, 15(5), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050514 - 24 Apr 2025
Viewed by 161
Abstract
The polymer composite frost-resistant rubber–UHMWPE (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene) has simultaneously damping, anti-wear and anti-friction properties. To use it in seals operating in northern climatic conditions, it is necessary to study the effect of climatic aging on mechanical, strength and tribological properties of [...] Read more.
The polymer composite frost-resistant rubber–UHMWPE (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene) has simultaneously damping, anti-wear and anti-friction properties. To use it in seals operating in northern climatic conditions, it is necessary to study the effect of climatic aging on mechanical, strength and tribological properties of the composite. In this study, climatic aging of rubber and UHMWPE separately was made at testing ground in Yakutsk (Russia), as well as accelerated thermal aging of the composite in laboratory conditions. Comparison of the results of climatic and laboratory aging showed that climatic aging has a negative effect on the properties of both rubber and UHMWPE. Accelerated aging, on the contrary, leads to an improvement in the anti-friction properties of the composite with a small (about 10 percent) increase in its stiffness. Thus, with prolonged use in friction units, the composite should be protected from radiation and ozone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wear and Tribology Properties of Materials, Films and Coatings)
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22 pages, 5186 KiB  
Article
Skin Photoprotection and Anti-Aging Benefits of a Combination of Rosemary and Grapefruit Extracts: Evidence from In Vitro Models and Human Study
by Pau Navarro, Julián Castillo, Jonathan Jones, Adrián García and Nuria Caturla
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4001; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094001 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
Skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen degradation and can trigger erythema. While topical formulas protect the skin from UV damage, there is growing evidence that certain botanical ingredients taken orally may have an added benefit. This study [...] Read more.
Skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen degradation and can trigger erythema. While topical formulas protect the skin from UV damage, there is growing evidence that certain botanical ingredients taken orally may have an added benefit. This study evaluated the photoprotective, anti-photoaging, and anti-erythema efficacy of a combination of rosemary and grapefruit extract (Nutroxsun®). Radical oxygen species (ROS) generation and interleukin production were determined in UV-irradiated keratinocytes (HaCaT). Also, collagen and elastin secretion and metalloproteinase (MMP-1 and MMP-3) content were assessed in UV-irradiated fibroblasts (NHDFs). Furthermore, a placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study was conducted in 20 subjects (phototypes I to III) receiving two doses, 100 and 200 mg, of the ingredient. Skin redness (a* value, CIELab) after exposure to one minimal erythemal dose of UVR was assessed. As a result, the botanical blend significantly attenuated the UVR-induced reductions of procollagen I and elastin and lowered MMP-1 and MMP-3 protein secretion. Also, a reduction in ROS and proinflammatory interleukins (IL-1, IL-8, and IL-6) was observed. Finally, the botanical blend, at both doses, significantly reduced UV-induced erythema reaction from the first day of intake and accelerated recovery. These findings reinforce the potential of this ingredient as an effective dietary solution to protect the skin against UV-induced damage. Full article
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12 pages, 235 KiB  
Article
Casimir Effect and the Cosmological Constant
by Jaume Giné
Symmetry 2025, 17(5), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050634 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
Any quantum theory of gravity at the quantum gravity scale has the expectation of the existence of a minimal observable length. It is also expected that this fundamental length has a principal role in nature at the quantum gravity scale. From the uncertainty [...] Read more.
Any quantum theory of gravity at the quantum gravity scale has the expectation of the existence of a minimal observable length. It is also expected that this fundamental length has a principal role in nature at the quantum gravity scale. From the uncertainty principle that influences the quantum measurement process, the existence of a minimal measurable length can be heuristically deduced. The existence of this minimal measurable length leads to an apparent discretization of spacetime, as distinguishing below this minimal length becomes impossible. In topologically non-trivial cosmological models, the Casimir effect is significant since it alters the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations and leads to a non-zero Casimir energy density. This suggests that the topology of the Universe could influence its vacuum energy, potentially affecting its expansion dynamics. In this sense, the Casimir effect could contribute to the observed acceleration of the Universe’s expansion. Here, we use the Casimir effect to determine the value of the electromagnetic zero-point energy in the Universe, applying it to the regions outside and inside the Universe horizon or Hubble horizon and assuming the existence of this minimal length. The Casimir effect is directly related to the boundary conditions imposed by the geometry and symmetries of the Hubble horizon. The agreement of the obtained value with the observed cosmological constant is not exact and therefore the contribution of non-electromagnetic radiation (gravitational effects) must be take into account. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physics)
21 pages, 28617 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Different Moisture Contents on the Acoustic Vibration Characteristics of Wood
by Hongru Qiu, Yunqi Cui, Liangping Zhang, Tao Ding and Nanfeng Zhu
Forests 2025, 16(4), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16040680 - 14 Apr 2025
Viewed by 286
Abstract
This study investigates the vibrational and acoustic properties of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.), two common musical instrument woods, at moisture contents of 2%, 7%, and 12%. The specimens with dimensions of 400mm (longitudinal) [...] Read more.
This study investigates the vibrational and acoustic properties of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.), two common musical instrument woods, at moisture contents of 2%, 7%, and 12%. The specimens with dimensions of 400mm (longitudinal) × 25 mm (radial) × 10 mm (tangential) were tested under cantilever beam conditions using non-contact magnetic field excitation to generate sinusoidal and pulse signals. Vibration data were collected via acceleration sensors and FFT analyzers. The test method was based on ASTM D6874-12 standard. Results indicate that increasing moisture content reduces acoustic vibration characteristics, with hardwoods exhibiting higher declines than softwoods. From 2% to 12% moisture content, the first-order sound radiation quality factor of Sitka spruce and Indian rosewood decreased by 15.41% and 15.57%, respectively, while the sound conversion rate declined by 41.91% and 43.21%. Increased moisture content lowers first-order and second-order resonance frequencies, amplitude ratios, dynamic elastic modulus, vibration propagation velocity, acoustic radiation quality factor, and acoustic conversion efficiency, while increasing acoustic impedance and the loss factor. With excitation frequency increases from 100 Hz to 1500 Hz, vibration propagation velocity rises slightly, while the loss factor declines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
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43 pages, 10261 KiB  
Review
X-Ray and UV Detection Using Synthetic Single Crystal Diamond
by Maurizio Angelone, Francesca Bombarda, Silvia Cesaroni, Marco Marinelli, Angelo Maria Raso, Claudio Verona and Gianluca Verona-Rinati
Instruments 2025, 9(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9020009 - 11 Apr 2025
Viewed by 386
Abstract
Diamond is a semiconductor with a large band gap (5.48 eV), high carrier mobility (the highest for holes), high electrical resistance and low capacitance. Thanks to its outstanding properties, diamond-based detectors offer several advantages, among others: high signal-to-noise ratio, fast response, intrinsic pulse-shape [...] Read more.
Diamond is a semiconductor with a large band gap (5.48 eV), high carrier mobility (the highest for holes), high electrical resistance and low capacitance. Thanks to its outstanding properties, diamond-based detectors offer several advantages, among others: high signal-to-noise ratio, fast response, intrinsic pulse-shape discrimination capabilities for distinguishing different types of radiation, as well as operation in pulse and current modes. The mentioned properties meet most of the demanding requests that a radiation detection material must fulfil. Diamond detectors are suited for detecting almost all types of ionizing radiation including X-ray and UV photons, resulting also in blindness to visible photons and are used in a wide range of applications including ones requiring the capability to withstand harsh environments. After reviewing the fundamental physical properties of synthetic single crystal diamond (SCD) grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MWPECVD) technique and the basic principles of diamond-photon interactions and detection, the paper focuses on SCD detectors developed for X-ray and UV detection, discussing their configurations, construction techniques, advantages, and drawbacks. Applications ranging from X-ray detection around accelerators to UV detection for fusion plasmas are addressed, and future trends are highlighted too. Full article
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22 pages, 5598 KiB  
Article
Thermal-Ultraviolet-Humidness Coupling Ageing and Regeneration Properties and Mechanisms of SBS-Modified Asphalt Under Hot–Wet Environment Conditions
by Shuo Zhou, Dengfeng Wang, Liuxing Wu, Alimire Maimaitisidike, Zhiqing Wang, Hongbo Zhao and Jiaolong Ren
Materials 2025, 18(8), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081731 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt, a widely utilised binder in pavement engineering, is susceptible to ageing due to the coupling effects of thermo-oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and humidness. Due to the limited availability of high-quality asphalt resources, recycling aged asphalt has emerged as a vital strategy [...] Read more.
Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt, a widely utilised binder in pavement engineering, is susceptible to ageing due to the coupling effects of thermo-oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and humidness. Due to the limited availability of high-quality asphalt resources, recycling aged asphalt has emerged as a vital strategy for addressing resource shortages and reducing environmental pollution. This study investigated the effects of thermal-ultraviolet-humidness coupled ageing on the pavement performance of SBS-modified asphalt, with a specific focus on the hot–wet climates of Guangzhou and Chengdu. Beijing’s standard climate serves as a reference for this study. Additionally, industrial animal oil was chosen as a rejuvenator for aged SBS-modified asphalt. The mechanisms underlying hot–wet coupling ageing and regeneration of SBS-modified asphalt were analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fluorescence Microscopy (FM). The findings indicate that thermal-oxidation and humidness accelerate sulphide formation, resulting in a marked increase in sulfoxide groups and facilitating the migration of lighter components, ultimately leading to asphalt hardening. Under high-temperature and humidness conditions, the butadiene index (BI) of asphalt decreased by 5.96% in Chengdu and 15.78% in Guangzhou compared to Beijing. The sulfoxide index (SI) and aromaticity index (CI) increased by 3.74% and 3.89% in Chengdu, and by 9.39% and 8.54% in Guangzhou, respectively, confirming the exacerbating effect of humidness on ageing. During the regeneration process, industrial animal oil effectively diluted polar molecules in aged asphalt, resulting in reductions in SI by 38.88%, 36.74%, and 37.74%, and in CI by 63.77%, 62.54%, and 63.11% under ageing conditions in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Chengdu, respectively. Rejuvenation is achieved by replenishing lighter components, thereby promoting the aggregation and swelling of the degraded SBS chains. Full article
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22 pages, 9669 KiB  
Article
Radiomic Profiling of Orthotopic Mouse Models of Glioblastoma Reveals Histopathological Correlations Associated with Tumour Response to Ionising Radiation
by Nicoleta Baxan, Richard Perryman, Maria V. Chatziathanasiadou and Nelofer Syed
Cancers 2025, 17(8), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17081258 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 405
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GB) is a particularly malignant brain tumour which carries a poor prognosis and presents limited treatment options. MRI is standard practice for differential diagnosis at initial presentation of GB and can assist in both treatment planning and response assessment. MRI radiomics [...] Read more.
Background: Glioblastoma (GB) is a particularly malignant brain tumour which carries a poor prognosis and presents limited treatment options. MRI is standard practice for differential diagnosis at initial presentation of GB and can assist in both treatment planning and response assessment. MRI radiomics allows for discerning GB features of clinical importance that are not evident by visual analysis, augmenting the morphological and functional tumour characterisation beyond traditional imaging techniques. Given that radiotherapy is part of the standard of care for GB patients, establishing a platform for phenotyping radiation treatment responses using non-invasive methods is of high relevance. Methods: In this study, we modelled the responses to ionising radiation across four orthotopic mouse models of GB using diffusion and perfusion radiomics. We have identified the optimal set of radiomic features that reflect tumour cellularity, microvascularity, and blood flow changes brought about by radiation treatment in these murine orthotopic models of GB, and directly compared them with endpoint histopathological analysis. Results: We showed that the selected radiomic features can quantify textural information and pixel interrelationships of tumour response to radiation therapy, revealing subtle image patterns that may reflect intra-tumoural spatial heterogeneity. When compared to GB patients, similarities in selected radiomic features were noted between orthotopic murine tumours and non-enhancing central tumour areas in patients, along with several discrepancies in tumour cellularity and vascularization, denoted by distinct grey level intensities and nonuniformity metrics. Conclusion: As the field evolves, radiomic profiling of GB may enhance the evaluation of targeted therapeutic strategies, accelerate the development of new therapies, and act as a potential virtual biopsy tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Resonance in Cancer Research)
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23 pages, 1868 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning-Enhanced Discrimination of Gamma-Ray and Hadron Events Using Temporal Features: An ASTRI Mini-Array Analysis
by Valentina La Parola, Giancarlo Cusumano, Saverio Lombardi, Antonio Alessio Compagnino, Antonino La Barbera, Antonio Tutone and Antonio Pagliaro
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3879; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073879 - 1 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 339
Abstract
Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) have revolutionized our understanding of the universe at very high energies (VHEs), enabling groundbreaking discoveries of extreme astrophysical phenomena. These instruments capture the brief flashes of Cherenkov light produced when VHE particles interact with Earth’s atmosphere, providing unique [...] Read more.
Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) have revolutionized our understanding of the universe at very high energies (VHEs), enabling groundbreaking discoveries of extreme astrophysical phenomena. These instruments capture the brief flashes of Cherenkov light produced when VHE particles interact with Earth’s atmosphere, providing unique insights into cosmic accelerators and high-energy radiation sources. A fundamental challenge in IACT observations lies in distinguishing the rare gamma-ray signals from an overwhelming background of cosmic-ray events. For every gamma-ray photon detected from even the brightest sources, thousands of cosmic-ray-induced atmospheric showers trigger the telescopes. This profound signal-to-background imbalance necessitates sophisticated discrimination techniques that can effectively isolate genuine gamma-ray events while maintaining high rejection efficiency for cosmic-ray backgrounds. The most common method involves the parametrization of the morphological feature of the shower images. However, we know that gamma-ray and hadron showers also differ in their time evolution. Here, we describe how the pixel time tags (i.e., the record of when each camera pixel is lit up by the incoming shower) can help in the discrimination between photonic and hadronic showers, with a focus on the ASTRI Mini-Array Cherenkov Event Reconstruction. Our methodology employs a Random Forest classifier with optimized hyperparameters, trained on a balanced dataset of gamma and hadron events. The model incorporates feature importance analysis to select the most discriminating temporal parameters from a comprehensive set of time-based features. This machine learning approach enables effective integration of both morphological and temporal information, resulting in improved classification performance, especially at lower energies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Horizons: Present Status and Visions for the Next Era)
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16 pages, 3851 KiB  
Article
Spaceborne Detection Technology for Assessing Particle Radiation in Highly Elliptical Orbits
by Guohong Shen, Lin Quan, Shenyi Zhang, Huanxin Zhang, Donghui Hou, Chunqin Wang, Ying Sun, Bin Yuan, Changsheng Tuo, Zida Quan, Zheng Chang, Xianguo Zhang and Yueqiang Sun
Aerospace 2025, 12(4), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040303 - 1 Apr 2025
Viewed by 257
Abstract
Satellites traversing highly elliptical orbits (HEOs) encounter more severe radiation effects caused by the space particle environment, which are distinct from those in a low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). This study proposed a space environment detection [...] Read more.
Satellites traversing highly elliptical orbits (HEOs) encounter more severe radiation effects caused by the space particle environment, which are distinct from those in a low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). This study proposed a space environment detection payload technology for assessing the particle radiation environment in HEOs. During ground tests, all technical indicators of the detection payload were calibrated and verified using reference signal sources, standard radioactive sources, and particle accelerators. The results indicate that the space environment detection payload can detect electrons and protons within the energy ranges of 30 keV to 2.0 MeV and 30 keV to 300 MeV, respectively, with an accuracy greater than 10%. The detection range of the surface potential spans from −11.571 kV to +1.414 kV, with a sensitivity greater than 50 V. Furthermore, the radiation dose detection range extends from 0 to 3.38 × 106 rad (Si), with a sensitivity greater than 3 rad (Si). These indicators were also validated through an in-orbit flight. The observation of the particle radiation environment, radiation dose accumulation, and satellite surface potential variation in HEOs can cover space areas that have not been addressed before. This research helps fill the gaps in China’s space environment data and promotes the development of a space-based environment monitoring network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)
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20 pages, 9718 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of Monte Carlo Methods for Converay: A Proof-of-Concept Study
by Rodolfo Figueroa, Francisco Malano, Alejandro Cuadra, Jaime Guarda, Jorge Leiva, Fernando Leyton, Adlin López, Claudio Solé and Mauro Valente
Cancers 2025, 17(7), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071189 - 31 Mar 2025
Viewed by 278
Abstract
Background: Radiotherapy technology has undergone significant advancements, driven by the pursuit of improved tumor control probabilities and reduced normal tissue complication probabilities. This has been achieved primarily through innovative approaches that prioritize high dose conformity on complex treatment targets. The CONVERAY project introduces [...] Read more.
Background: Radiotherapy technology has undergone significant advancements, driven by the pursuit of improved tumor control probabilities and reduced normal tissue complication probabilities. This has been achieved primarily through innovative approaches that prioritize high dose conformity on complex treatment targets. The CONVERAY project introduces a groundbreaking teletherapy system featuring a convergent X-ray beam, which enables highly conformal dose distributions by converging photons to a focal spot, thereby achieving exceptionally high fluence rates. Methods: Customized Monte Carlo subroutines have been developed to simulate particle fluence and associated dosimetry effects for the CONVERAY device. This simulation approach facilitated a detailed, step-by-step characterization of radiation fluence and interaction processes, enabling seamless integration with a conventional clinical linear accelerator head. Key physical properties of the radiation beam have been comprehensively characterized for various CONVERAY configurations, providing a solid foundation for evaluating the corresponding dosimetry performance. Results: Monte Carlo simulations successfully tracked the phase state of the CONVERAY device, characterizing the influence of individual components on convergent photon beam production. Simulations evaluated dosimetry performance, confirming the device’s capability to achieve high dose concentrations around the focal spot. Preliminary tests on realistic scenarios (intracranial and pulmonary irradiations) demonstrated promising spatial dose concentration within tumor volumes, while gantry rotation significantly improved dose conformation. Conclusions: This proof-of-concept Monte Carlo study of the CONVERAY prototype provided critical insights into the generation of convergent X-ray beams, validating the device’s ability to achieve its primary objective. Notably, simulation results reveal the potential for exceptionally high dose concentrations within complex treatment volumes, demonstrating promising dosimetry performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Dose in Cancer Radiotherapy)
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15 pages, 4242 KiB  
Article
The Correlation Between Surface Temperature and Surface PM2.5 in Nanchang Region, China
by Weihong Wang, Gong Zhang, Yong Luo, Xuan Liang, Linqi Liu, Kunshui Luo and Yuexin Xiao
Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040411 - 31 Mar 2025
Viewed by 203
Abstract
PM2.5 plays a significant role in urban climate, especially as urban development accelerates. In this study, surface PM2.5, skin temperature, surface air temperature, net longwave radiation, net shortwave radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux were directly analyzed in [...] Read more.
PM2.5 plays a significant role in urban climate, especially as urban development accelerates. In this study, surface PM2.5, skin temperature, surface air temperature, net longwave radiation, net shortwave radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux were directly analyzed in Nanchang from 2020 to 2022. The results indicate that PM2.5 in Nanchang is highest during winter and lowest in summer. On an annual scale, surface PM2.5 reduces skin and surface air temperatures at a rate of 0.75 °C/(μg m−3) by decreasing net solar radiation and increasing net longwave radiation at night. Conversely, it increases air temperature by absorbing radiation, leading to a surface inversion. Furthermore, surface PM2.5 influences surface air and skin temperatures by modulating the latent heat fluxes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)
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30 pages, 7540 KiB  
Article
Radiated Free Convection of Dissipative and Chemically Reacting Flow Suspension of Ternary Nanoparticles
by Rekha Satish, Raju B. T, S. Suresh Kumar Raju, Fatemah H. H. Al Mukahal, Basma Souayeh and S. Vijaya Kumar Varma
Processes 2025, 13(4), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041030 - 30 Mar 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
This study investigates magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat and mass transport in a water-based ternary hybrid nanofluid flowing past an exponentially accelerated vertical porous plate. Two critical scenarios are analyzed: (i) uniform heat flux with variable mass diffusion and (ii) varying heat source with constant [...] Read more.
This study investigates magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat and mass transport in a water-based ternary hybrid nanofluid flowing past an exponentially accelerated vertical porous plate. Two critical scenarios are analyzed: (i) uniform heat flux with variable mass diffusion and (ii) varying heat source with constant species diffusion. The model integrates thermal radiation, heat sink/source, thermal diffusion, and chemical reaction effects to assess flow stability and thermal performance. Governing equations are non-dimensionalized and solved analytically using the Laplace transform method, with results validated against published data and finite difference method outcomes. Ternary hybrid nanofluids exhibit a significantly higher Nusselt number compared to hybrid and conventional nanofluids, demonstrating superior heat transfer capabilities. Magnetic field intensity reduces fluid velocity, while porosity enhances momentum transfer. Thermal radiation amplifies temperature profiles, critical for energy systems. Concentration boundary layer thickness decreases with higher chemical reaction rates, optimizing species diffusion. These findings contribute to the development of advanced thermal management systems, such as solar energy collectors and nuclear reactors, enhance energy-efficient industrial processes, and support biomedical technologies that require precise heat and mass control. This study positions ternary hybrid nanofluids as a transformative solution for optimizing high-performance thermal systems. Full article
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