Search Results (92)

Government-managed urban green spaces in Bangkok produce large quantities of leaf waste, which are typically sent to landfills, incurring considerable costs. This study assessed a novel method for valorizing this waste by converting dried, ground leaf material into compressed planting blocks (PL) to serve as a soil substitute. Annual leaf waste data from three government agencies were used to estimate production capacity and inform economic modeling. Agronomic trials with Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. compared PL, coconut fiber (PC), and mixed soil with fertilizer over eight weeks in controlled nursery conditions. The results indicated that PL supported plant growth with a final mean height of 20.10 ± 2.01 cm, similar to PC (20.70 ± 1.90 cm) and significantly greater than soil (14.40 ± 1.50 cm) (p < 0.001). Economic analysis showed high net present values (THB 9.16–13.76 million) and very short payback periods (less than 0.08 years). The process proved technically feasible and profitable, while also reducing waste disposal costs, minimizing landfill emissions, and providing a cost-effective, biodegradable planting medium. This method presents a scalable solution for sustainable organic waste management in tropical urban areas, supporting several Sustainable Development Goals and advancing the circular bioeconomy. Full article

The rapid industrialization and urbanization of the modern era caused widespread deforestation and ecological degradation, raising global concerns about sustainable planning, urban green space, and environmental governance. Around the turn of the 20th century, Guangdong Province in China suffered severe environmental decline due to extensive deforestation, threatening public health, ecological resilience, and urban livability. In response, returning Chinese intellectuals and foreign forestry experts introduced advanced Western forestry theories and practices to address these crises and promote green urban development. This study examines how these transnational forestry ideas were ideologically embraced, locally adapted, and institutionally embedded in modern Guangdong’s afforestation and urban greening efforts. Drawing on a systematic review of historical literature, forestry journals, and government archives, it identifies three key developments. (1) In ideology, figures such as Yat-sen Sun and German forester Fenzel played vital roles in raising public awareness of afforestation. (2) In practice, Guangdong developed a diversified greening model integrating commemorative, ecological, and aesthetic functions. This included transforming Arbor Day into a civic ritual honoring Yat-sen Sun, establishing nurseries and forest farms for large-scale afforestation, systematically planting street trees in urban centers, and creating forest parks that combined conservation, recreation, and historical commemoration. (3) In regulation, Guangdong formulated forestry laws inspired by Western models. By this way, Guangdong effectively addressed the management challenges in urban greening practices. It should also be emphasized that these modern-era practices have persisted in Guangdong, and their historical experience provides a valuable reference for present-day urban greening. Additionally, Fenzel’s methods for planning nurseries and forest farms can be seen as early prototypes of “evidence-based planning”. By highlighting a historically grounded yet under-explored case, this research offers new insights into the long-term evolution of urban greening strategies and provides lessons for current global efforts in sustainable land use and resilient urban design. Full article

Mapping marine habitats is fundamental for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem-based management in oceanic regions under increasing anthropogenic and climatic pressures. In the context of global initiatives—such as marine protected area expansion and international agreements—habitat mapping has become mandatory for regional and global conservation policies. It provides spatial data to delineate essential habitats, support connectivity analyses, and assess pressures, enabling ecosystem-based marine spatial planning aligned with EU directives (2008/56/EC; 2014/89/EU). Beyond biodiversity, macrophytes, rhodolith beds, and coral reefs deliver key ecosystem services—carbon sequestration, coastal protection, nursery functions, and fisheries support—essential to local socioeconomies. This systematic review (PRISMA guidelines) examined 69 peer-reviewed studies across Central-Eastern Atlantic archipelagos (Macaronesia: the Azores, Madeira, the Canaries, and Cabo Verde) and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We identified knowledge gaps, methodological trends, and key challenges, emphasizing the integration of cartographic, ecological, and technological approaches. Although methodologies diversified over time, the lack of survey standardization, limited ground truthing, and heterogeneous datasets constrained the production of high-resolution bionomic maps. Regional disparities persist in technology access and habitat coverage. The Azores showed the highest species richness (393), dominated by acoustic mapping in corals. Madeira was most advanced in the remote mapping of rhodoliths; the Canaries focused on shallow macrophytes with direct mapping; and Cabo Verde remains underrepresented. Harmonized protocols and regional cooperation are needed to improve data interoperability and predictive modeling. Full article

The Eastern Aegean Sea hosts a diverse assemblage of elasmobranchs, many of which are vulnerable or endangered. This study presents a fishery-independent assessment of species composition, catch characteristics, and spatial patterns in bottom trawl fisheries between Lesvos Island and Ayvalik. A total of 48 surveys were conducted between September 2022 and October 2024, identifying nine elasmobranch species, with Scyliorhinus canicula (small-spotted catshark) and Mustelus mustelus (common smooth-hound) dominating the catch. Biological parameters, sex ratios, and condition upon capture and release were recorded, while catch per unit effort (CPUE) and diversity indices were used to evaluate temporal patterns. The survival probability was negatively affected by the trawl duration and elevated temperatures, emphasizing the need for mitigation measures. Spatial models revealed high-density zones that likely function as foraging or nursery grounds. Seasonal shifts in community composition were also evident. Many non-commercial species were discarded irrespective of their size or condition. These findings underscore the ecological importance of this understudied region and support the need for spatially explicit, species-specific management strategies, including gear selectivity improvements, seasonal closures, and Electronic Monitoring. The study offers a critical baseline for enhancing the sustainability of elasmobranch populations in the Eastern Mediterranean. Full article

In order to understand the diel vertical migration and transport pattern during their early life stages, the vertical distribution of larvae and juveniles of the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) in the Yangtze River estuary was investigated. Four sampling cycles were carried out at the station (122°39′ E, 31° N) during May and June 2015. The samples were collected by vertically discrete plankton hauls in three strata of the water column: surface (0~2 m depth), middle (8~10 m depth), and bottom (18~20 m depth). The total number of small yellow croaker larvae was 5523, of which 65.2% and 25.8% were postflexion larvae and juveniles, respectively. Most of the individuals were collected in mid-May, and the sum of the quantity in May accounted for 94.8%. In all cruises, the highest abundance occurred at the bottom, while the surface maintained the lowest abundance. The flexion larvae, postflexion larvae and juveniles moved up to the surface and middle at night, but there was no significant difference between night and daytime for preflexion larvae in each stratum. The postflexion larvae and juveniles showed low temperature responses and a preference for the bottom habitat, respectively, while the preflexion and flexion larvae had weaker selectivity to the water layer and occurrence time. The abundance of larvae and juveniles in the middle layer was significantly higher at flood tide than at ebb tide, and it was more dominant at night than during the day. The study indicates that larvae and juveniles of the small yellow croaker change their located depth with diel vertical migration and utilize the faster speed of the mid-upper layer, which contributes to their ingress into the Yangtze River estuary nursery ground. Full article

Surf zones are important nursery grounds for fish larvae and juveniles. However, little is known about fish larvae and juveniles in the surf zone along the coast of Jiangsu Province. To describe the species composition of fish larvae and juveniles, monthly collections were conducted at eight stations during the spring tide from February 2024 to January 2025. The fish larvae and juveniles were sampled using a seine net (1m × 4m; 1 mm mesh aperture), with sampling repeated three times at each station per month. A total of 1435 fish larvae and juveniles were collected, belonging to 42 species and 37 genera in 21 families. Almost half of them were postflexion larvae. Gobiidae, with 14 species, was the most diverse family. Based on the index of relative importance (IRI) result, the dominant species was Amoya pflaumi, accounting for 35.33% of the total number of individuals collected. Common species were Mugil cephalus, Amblychaeturichthys hexanema, Tridentiger trigonocephalus, Acanthogobius ommaturus, Mugilogobius abei, Thryssa mystax, Periophthalmus modestus, Sillago sihama, and Mugilogobius myxodermus. All other species were classified as rare. No fish larvae or juveniles were collected in February 2024 and January 2025. The species number, catch per unit effort (CPUE), Margalef’s richness index, Pielou’s evenness index, and Shannon–Wiener diversity index showed similar trends, and significant differences could be found for each parameter among sampling months. The cluster analysis from the ten months (excluding February 2024 and January 2025) indicated a significant seasonal change in the community structure of fish larvae and juveniles. Fish larvae and juveniles were abundant and diverse at one station near an aquaculture tidal flat for seaweed. This study provides essential basic data to support the management and conservation of fishery resources in the surf zone along the coast of Jiangsu Province. Full article

This study introduces biodegradable nursery bags using poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a widely used biodegradable polymer, and spent coffee grounds (SCGs), a byproduct of the brewing process in the coffee industry. SCGs were oil-extracted to produce extracted spent coffee grounds (exSCGs), which were characterized by their physical properties, chemical functionality, and thermal behavior. The exSCGs were blended with PLA at loadings of 5, 10, and 15 wt%. Analysis showed that exSCGs retained 3–5 wt% residual coffee oil, exhibiting a lower surface area (1.1163 m²/g) compared to SCGs (1.5010 m²/g), along with a higher pore volume (1.148 × 10⁻³ cm³/g) and pore size (~410 nm). All PLA/exSCG bio-composite films displayed a light brown color, well-dispersed exSCG particles, and excellent UV light barrier properties, with transmittance reduced to 1–2%. The residual coffee oil acted as a plasticizer, reducing the glass transition temperature, melting temperature, and crystallinity with increasing exSCG content. Mechanical testing revealed enhanced flexibility compared to neat PLA. Soil burial tests showed increased biodegradability with higher exSCG content, supported by SEM analysis revealing cracks around exSCG particles. The PLA/exSCG blend containing 10 wt% exSCGs exhibited optimal performance, with a significant increase in melt flow index (from 4.22 to 8.17 g/10 min) and approximately double the melt strength of neat PLA, balancing processability and mechanical properties. This innovation provides a sustainable alternative to plastic nursery bags, addressing waste valorization and promoting eco-friendly material development for agricultural applications. Full article

Extensive fertilization and irrigation in commercial plant nurseries generates runoff containing high levels of nutrients. Biochar-amended bioretention systems with internal water storage zones (IWSZs) have been shown to enhance total nitrogen removal from urban runoff. However, their effectiveness for treatment of nursery runoff and the role of biochar in the IWSZ remain understudied. The goal of this research was to investigate nitrogen transformations in pilot-scale bioretention systems treating nursery runoff with varying biochar-amendment strategies: (a) throughout both the unsaturated zone and the IWSZ (CBA), (b) only in the unsaturated zone (PBA). Variables investigated included hydraulic loading rate (HLR; 0.11, 0.22, and 0.55 cm/min), IWSZ depth (44 and 69 cm), and the presence of plants (Muhlenbergia capillaris). The presence of biochar in the IWSZ (CBA) enabled significantly greater nitrogen removal (p = 0.031) compared to PBA. CBA had improved hydraulic efficiency by mitigating short-circuiting (34% increase in mean retention time) and likely enhanced performance by promoting nutrient uptake and microbial activity. Three times the above ground plant biomass was observed in CBA vs. PBA (0.73 kg in CBA vs. 0.23 kg in PBA). The highest nitrogen removal efficiency (84%) was achieved in the planted CBA unit at an HLR of 0.22 cm/min and IWSZ depth of 69 cm. A spreadsheet-based tool, utilizing a logarithmic regression model for CBA (R² = 0.88 for TIN, 0.86 for NO_x) and PBA (R² = 0.50 for TIN, 0.60 for NO_x), was developed for system design to achieve nitrogen removal targets. The greater variability in the PBA-fitted model (lower R²) compared to CBA (higher R², better fit) suggests biochar’s ability to mitigate short-circuiting and improve hydraulic performance. Full article

Spawning grounds may shift due to climate change and subsequent variations in the marine environment, but few studies have aimed to project shifts in the spawning grounds of chub mackerel driven by climate change. We projected the effects of climate change on the spawning grounds of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) by developing and applying a suitable spawning ground index based on a regional ocean circulation model for the western North Pacific. Our model indicated that the potential spawning grounds of chub mackerel extended from southern waters of the East China Sea to the Korea Strait, Yellow Sea, and Japan/East Sea. Despite some uncertainty, our model based on climate change scenarios projected that, by the 2050s, spawning grounds will shift northward due to warming of the ocean surface, resulting in a subsequent westward shift of nursery grounds from the Japan/East Sea to the Korea Strait and Yellow Sea. Our projections will contribute to clarifying the impacts of climate change on the distribution of exploitable chub mackerel, the adaptation of fisheries to climate change, and the reliability of stock assessments used for fisheries management in the region. Full article

The eastern coasts of Korea (ECK) and Japan (ECJ) are located at the southernmost limit of walleye pollock distribution in the Northwest Pacific. Following the climate regime shift (CRS) in the late 1980s, pollock catches in these regions have declined sharply, with different trends emerging. This study examined the relationship between environmental factors, such as sea surface temperature (SST) and habitat suitability, and changes in pollock catches from the late 1980s to 2022. From the late 1980s to the late 1990s, El Niño and positive Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) phases dominated, increasing SST in the ECK and ECJ habitats and rapidly decreasing catches. Although spawning grounds (SGs) have maintained high habitat suitability, nursery ground (NG) suitability has declined. From the late 1990s to 2022, La Niña and negative PDO phases prevailed, with SST continuing to rise along the ECK, further reducing catches. SG suitability remained high, but NG suitability declined. Along the ECJ, SST decreased after the late-1990s CRS, stabilizing catches. After the mid-2010s, the SST increased along the ECJ, reducing pollock catches, although SG suitability remained high. This study elucidates SST changes during early life stages and their effects on pollock catch, habitat, and resources in future marine environments. Full article

Seagrass meadows consist of angiosperms that thrive fully submerged in marine environments and form distinct ecosystems. They provide essential support for many organisms, acting as nursery grounds for species of economic importance. Beyond their ecological roles, seagrasses and their associated microbiomes are rich sources of bioactive compounds with the potential to address numerous human healthcare challenges. Seagrasses produce bioactive molecules responding to physical, chemical, and biological environmental changes. These activities can treat microbe-borne diseases, skin diseases, diabetes, muscle pain, helminthic diseases, and wounds. Seagrasses also offer potential secondary metabolites that can be used for societal benefits. Despite numerous results on their presence and bioactive derivatives, only a few studies have explored the functional and therapeutic properties of secondary metabolites from seagrass. With the increasing spread of epidemics and pandemics worldwide, the demand for alternative drug sources and drug discovery has become an indispensable area of research. Seagrasses present a reliable natural source, making this an opportune moment for further exploration of their pharmacological activities with minimal side effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemical, phytochemical, and biomedical applications of seagrasses globally over the last two decades, highlighting the prospective areas of future research for identifying biomedical applications. Full article

Climate change is having important effects on the migration routes and seasonal–spatial distribution patterns of aquatic animals, including the cephalopods Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune (Hoyle, 1886) and Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle, 1885) in the East China Sea region. We conducted bottom trawling surveys from 2018 to 2019 in the East China Sea region to identify the seasonal–spatial distribution patterns, including the locations of spawning and nursery grounds of both species, and to determine how they are related to environmental variables. We used random forests and boosted regression trees to identify the distribution patterns of both species from spring to winter to estimate the annual mean situations. We also predicted the habitat distribution variations in 2050 and 2100 under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 climate change scenarios. From our survey data, we detected increasing biomass densities of S. maindroni from 29.50° N to 28.50° N, where the largest value of 213.92 g·ind⁻¹ occurred. In spring, juvenile groups were present in coastal areas and larger individuals were found in offshore areas. We identified potential spawning grounds at 29.50°–33.00° N 122.50°–123.00° E adjacent to the Zhejiang coastline, and larger individuals and higher biomass densities in south of the 29.50° N line in summer. In autumn, the average individual weight increased in the 28.00° N 122.00° E→124.00° E area. We located potential S. kobiensis spawning grounds at 27.00° N 122.00°–123.50° E in spring. Growing overwintering juveniles migrated to the area of 29.50°–30.50° N 125.00°–127.00° E in winter. The sea surface temperature of the areas inhabited by both species showed obvious seasonal variation. The SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios indicated that the habitat of S. maindroni would shift to the south first and then to the north of the study area with the intensification of CO₂ emissions, and it would first expand and then greatly decrease. However, the habitat area of S. kobiensis would increase. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of the life history traits of both species and the changes in their distribution patterns under different climate scenarios to ensure sustainable exploitation and fisheries management. Full article

Nursery habitats play a significant role in completing fish life cycles, and they are now recognized as essential habitats. Monthly variations in nursery ground distributions of Larimichthys polyactis were investigated in the southern Yellow Sea in 2019. Bayesian hierarchical models with integrated nested Laplace approximation were utilized to model the preferential nursery habitats of L. polyactis larvae. The study analyzed the spatial and temporal distributions of the larvae and juveniles based on three environmental variables: sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and depth. Additionally, this study examined the utilization of habitats by different fish life stages and ontogenetic shifts. A total of 3240 individuals were collected from April to June, with the peak occurring in May (0.05 ind./m³), and the distribution areas varied between different months. The prediction of the model reveals the ecological adaptability of L. polyactis to temperature variations. The optimal temperature for L. polyactis density ranges from 12.5 °C to 16.5 °C in April and 16.5 °C to 17.5 °C in May, demonstrating a broad temperature tolerance for L. polyactis survival. In addition, there are variations in distribution patterns among different developmental stages. Larimichthys polyactis spawn in the inshore and nearshore waters, and after hatching, larvae in the pre-flexion stage tend to remain aggregated near the spawning beds. However, larvae in the advanced development stage (post-flexion) and juveniles move towards the sandy ridge habitats along the coast and start to migrate offshore in June. This study provides valuable insights for the effective management of fishery resources in the area and can be utilized to identify marine areas with specific habitat features that require conservation. Full article

Deepwater survey data and specimens collected from the Grand Banks to Baffin Bay in the Northwest Atlantic were used to examine the distribution, morphometrics, meristics and maturity of two siblings, Amblyraja hyperborea and A. jenseni. Our study confirmed that the two species occupy different locations, their distributions separated by Davis Strait, a biogeographic break separating Atlantic from Arctic waters. A. hyperborea with a smaller maximum size and size at maturity inhabited colder Arctic slope waters in Baffin Bay while larger A. jenseni were located in warmer Atlantic slope waters. Despite their distributional separation and thus reproductive isolation, spine counts and body morphology were almost indistinguishable between species. Only upper jaw teeth row count and difference in the size of spines on the mid-rear wings differentiated the two species. Also, for both species, the proportion of dorsal fins joined, disc shape and relative tail length changed with total length. Secondary reproductive anatomy, clasper length and vas deferens weight, shell gland and uterus weight underwent initial acceleration in growth when the gonads transitioned to stage 2 (adolescent, maturing). Also, YOY A. hyperborea were found to distribute at shallower depths than larger stages, constituting a nursery, which was not observed for A. jenseni. Full article

In the business of growing and selling ornamental plants, it is important to keep track of plants from nursery to distribution. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology provides an easier tracking method for inventories of plants by attaching tags with unique identifiers. Due to the vast area of most nurseries, there is a need to have an efficient method of scanning RFID tags. This paper investigates the use of drones and RFID, specifically, the effects of RFID reader power and flight altitude on tag counts. The experimental setup evaluated three RFID reader power levels (15 dBm, 20 dBm, and 27 dBm), three flight altitudes (3 m, 5 m, and 7 m), the number of passes (one or two), and two plant types (‘Green Giant’ arborvitae and ‘Sky Pencil’ holly). For RFID tags, four types were used (L5, L6, L8, and L9), with two antenna types (dog-bone and square-wave) and two attachment types (loop-lock and stake). For each power level, the UAV was flown to three different altitudes of 3 m, 5 m, and 7 m above the ground. At each altitude, two scan passes were performed at a constant speed of approximately 1.5 m/s. Each plot of plants (two in total) was randomly tagged with a total of 40 RFID tags per plot. Field data were collected from September to December 2023 (on a total of eight dates). The data showed that a power level of 15 dBm and an altitude of 3 m yielded a tag count of 53%, while counts of 34% and 16% were achieved at 5 m and 7 m, respectively. At 20 dBm and an altitude of 3 m, the count accuracy across all tag types and both plants was 90%. When the altitude was increased to 5 m and 7 m, tag-count accuracy dropped to 75% and 33%, respectively. The highest count accuracy was observed at 27 dBm and an altitude of 3 m, with a reading accuracy of 98%. Tag types L6 and L9 performed better at any power level and altitude, while L5 and L8 performed well at a higher power level and lower altitude. In this experiment, canopy properties (size and shape) had no effect on the number of tags read. This study aimed to evaluate the RFID power and UAV altitude achieving the highest accuracy in scanning the RFID tags. Furthermore, it also assessed the effects of plant growth on the scanning efficiency and accuracy of the system. Full article