Integration of Renewable Energy

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Electricity electricity	-	4.8	2020	27.2 Days	CHF 1000	Submit
Electronics electronics	2.6	5.3	2012	16.8 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Energies energies	3.0	6.2	2008	17.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Processes processes	2.8	5.1	2013	14.4 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	20 Days	CHF 2400	Submit

20 pages, 5835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Design of Series-Type All-DC Wind Farms Based on Half-Bridge Voltage Balancing Circuits

by Xiaochen Su, Haiyun Wang, Zhanlong Li and Qianyu Ma

Electronics 2024, 13(19), 3839; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13193839 - 28 Sep 2024

Viewed by 571

Offshore wind farms connected in series, with each wind turbine connected in series with one another, enhance the coupling between them. Significant differences in wind speeds between neighboring DC wind turbines (DCWTs) might result in a substantial disparity in the output voltage, hence [...] Read more.

Offshore wind farms connected in series, with each wind turbine connected in series with one another, enhance the coupling between them. Significant differences in wind speeds between neighboring DC wind turbines (DCWTs) might result in a substantial disparity in the output voltage, hence posing a risk of overvoltage. Nevertheless, implementing voltage-limiting configurations for DCWTs might lead to the dissipation of wind energy, thereby diminishing the wind farm’s capacity to deliver electricity. This work introduces a half-bridge voltage balancing circuit (HVBC) topology as a solution to the issue of DCWT output voltage changes affecting the stable operation of wind farms. The proposed HVBC topology is designed specifically for large-capacity series-connected all-DC wind farms where wind speed variations occur. This design achieves power decoupling for series-connected all-DC wind farms by providing current compensation to the series-connected DCWTs. A control strategy is devised by examining the decoupling principle and operational characteristics of the HVBC. A 60 kV/48 MW tandem-type all-DC wind farm model consisting of six DCWTs in series is built in Matlab/Simulink. The model is then simulated to evaluate its performance under conditions of unequal wind speed, rapid changes in wind speed, and wind turbine failure shutdown. This research verifies the feasibility of the HVBC topology and improves the stability of the series-type all-DC wind farm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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29 pages, 1986 KiB

Open AccessReview

Intelligent Integration of Renewable Energy Resources Review: Generation and Grid Level Opportunities and Challenges

by Aras Ghafoor, Jamal Aldahmashi, Judith Apsley, Siniša Djurović, Xiandong Ma and Mohamed Benbouzid

Energies 2024, 17(17), 4399; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174399 - 2 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1198

Abstract

This paper reviews renewable energy integration with the electrical power grid through the use of advanced solutions at the device and system level, using smart operation with better utilisation of design margins and power flow optimisation with machine learning. This paper first highlights [...] Read more.

This paper reviews renewable energy integration with the electrical power grid through the use of advanced solutions at the device and system level, using smart operation with better utilisation of design margins and power flow optimisation with machine learning. This paper first highlights the significance of credible temperature measurements for devices with advanced power flow management, particularly the use of advanced fibre optic sensing technology. The potential to expand renewable energy generation capacity, particularly of existing wind farms, by exploiting thermal design margins is then explored. Dynamic and adaptive optimal power flow models are subsequently reviewed for optimisation of resource utilisation and minimisation of operational risks. This paper suggests that system-level automation of these processes could improve power capacity exploitation and network stability economically and environmentally. Further research is needed to achieve these goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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20 pages, 3348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Renewable Electricity and Green Hydrogen Integration for Decarbonization of “Hard-to-Abate” Industrial Sectors

by Alessandro Franco and Michele Rocca

Electricity 2024, 5(3), 471-490; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5030024 - 25 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2034

Abstract

This paper investigates hydrogen’s potential to accelerate the energy transition in hard-to-abate sectors, such as steel, petrochemicals, glass, cement, and paper. The goal is to assess how hydrogen, produced from renewable sources, can foster both industrial decarbonization and the expansion of renewable energy [...] Read more.

This paper investigates hydrogen’s potential to accelerate the energy transition in hard-to-abate sectors, such as steel, petrochemicals, glass, cement, and paper. The goal is to assess how hydrogen, produced from renewable sources, can foster both industrial decarbonization and the expansion of renewable energy installations, especially solar and wind. Hydrogen’s dual role as a fuel and a chemical agent for process innovation is explored, with a focus on its ability to enhance energy efficiency and reduce CO₂ emissions. Integrating hydrogen with continuous industrial processes minimizes the need for energy storage, making it a more efficient solution. Advances in electrolysis, achieving efficiencies up to 60%, and storage methods, consuming about 10% of stored energy for compression, are discussed. Specifically, in the steel sector, hydrogen can replace carbon as a reductant in the direct reduced iron (DRI) process, which accounts for around 7% of global steel production. A next-generation DRI plant producing one million tons of steel annually would require approximately 3200 MW of photovoltaic capacity to integrate hydrogen effectively. This study also discusses hydrogen’s role as a co-fuel in steel furnaces. Quantitative analyses show that to support typical industrial plants, hydrogen facilities of several hundred to a few thousand MW are necessary. “Virtual” power plants integrating with both the electrical grid and energy-intensive systems are proposed highlighting hydrogen’s critical role in industrial decarbonization and renewable energy growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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17 pages, 4659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green-Powered Electric Public Mobility: Integrating Urban and Interurban Routes—A Case Study Analysis

by Alessandro Franco, Giovanni Lutzemberger, Marco Giorgio Bevilacqua, Francesco Giuseppe Quilici and Matilde Vezzani

Electricity 2024, 5(2), 254-270; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5020013 - 8 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1360

Abstract

This article proposes a particular strategy to proceed with a progressive electrification of public transport systems in cities. Starting from a bus operation model, the possible electrification of two routes is analyzed, one urban and another extra-urban in the city of Pisa. An [...] Read more.

This article proposes a particular strategy to proceed with a progressive electrification of public transport systems in cities. Starting from a bus operation model, the possible electrification of two routes is analyzed, one urban and another extra-urban in the city of Pisa. An estimate is made of the energy uses associated with certain operating modes. The maximum level of consumption is estimated at approximately 280 kWh per day per bus for the urban route and excluding some special days, less than 215 kWh per day for the extra-urban route, for which a hybrid bus is proposed. Starting from an estimate of the daily consumption for the management of the two routes, the sizing of a photovoltaic (PV) plant distributed on some modular shelters which serves to power the same routes, is carried out. The resulting system has a power of the order of 190–200 kW. The modular solution is also outlined, and an installation is proposed. The analyzed case lends itself to being easily replicated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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27 pages, 11489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized and Sustainable PV Water Pumping System with Three-Port Converter, a Case Study: The Al-Kharijah Oasis

by Mohamed Selmy, Mohsen Z. El sherif, Miral Salah Noah and Islam M. Abdelqawee

Electricity 2024, 5(2), 227-253; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity5020012 - 4 May 2024

Viewed by 1377

Abstract

In this paper an efficient, compact, and cheap power source design for an off-grid PV water pumping system is investigated. The proposed system consists of a PV array, battery, three-port converter (TPC), three-phase voltage source inverter, and induction motor pump. Power is extracted [...] Read more.

In this paper an efficient, compact, and cheap power source design for an off-grid PV water pumping system is investigated. The proposed system consists of a PV array, battery, three-port converter (TPC), three-phase voltage source inverter, and induction motor pump. Power is extracted from PV sources during the daytime and used to charge batteries through the three-port converter, then used later to supply load during the nighttime. An intelligent MPPT method is used to obtain PV maximum power; a jellyfish optimization technique with different control algorithms is used to optimize and tune controllers’ parameters among the system. Different modes for the TPC are discussed depending on PV power availability. The proposed system is simulated to assess system performance under different conditions; also the system is efficient with reduced number of components than conventional converters. A complete unified power management over PV input port, battery port, and load port has occurred for all operation modes. At all operation modes, the system has been feeding load without any unmet loads. A real case study in Al-Kharijah oasis is studied and simulation results are listed; for the Dom case DC bus ripple factor voltage percentage equals 0.8%, in the Dim case equals 3%, and in the Siso mode equals 9%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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25 pages, 10118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Source Strategy for Energy Injection from a CapMix Cell

by María G. Busto, Miguel J. Prieto, Juan A. Martín-Ramos, Juan A. Martínez and Alberto M. Pernía

Electronics 2024, 13(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13010042 - 20 Dec 2023

Viewed by 982

Abstract

Circulation of salty and fresh water through the electrodes of a deionization cell produces a voltage between the electrodes caused by the Capacitive Donnan Potential (CDP). The voltage so generated is very low (100 mV), but this work demonstrates that it is possible [...] Read more.

Circulation of salty and fresh water through the electrodes of a deionization cell produces a voltage between the electrodes caused by the Capacitive Donnan Potential (CDP). The voltage so generated is very low (100 mV), but this work demonstrates that it is possible to develop a power converter suitable to inject this energy into the grid or into energy storage systems; this is a relevant aspect of this paper, for most works in the literature simply dissipate this energy over a resistor. To increase the input voltage, a stack of electrodes is connected in series. A bridgeless rectifier that uses a dual buck–boost converter to operate with both the positive and negative cycles is used to extract the energy from the cell. The topology chosen, which is operated as a current source, can work at extremely low voltage levels and provide power factor correction. After this stage, an H-bridge inverter can be included to inject the energy into the AC grid. The whole system implements a hysteresis control system using the current through the inductor of the power converter as control variable. This paper investigates the influence of such current on the efficiency of the total system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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22 pages, 4368 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Transition to a Renewable Energy Electric Grid in the Caribbean Island Nation of Antigua and Barbuda

by Patrick Hoody, Andrew Chiasson and Robert J. Brecha

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6206; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176206 - 26 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1948

Abstract

The present study describes the development and application of a model of the national electricity system for the Caribbean dual-island nation of Antigua and Barbuda to investigate the cost-optimal mix of solar photovoltaics (PVs), wind, and, in the most novel contribution, concentrating solar [...] Read more.

The present study describes the development and application of a model of the national electricity system for the Caribbean dual-island nation of Antigua and Barbuda to investigate the cost-optimal mix of solar photovoltaics (PVs), wind, and, in the most novel contribution, concentrating solar power (CSP). These technologies, together with battery and hydrogen energy storage, can enable the aim of achieving 100% renewable electricity and zero carbon emissions. The motivation for this study was that while most nations in the Caribbean rely largely on diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil for grid electricity generation, many countries have renewable resources beyond wind and solar energy. Antigua and Barbuda generates 93% of its electricity from diesel-fueled generators and has set the target of becoming a net-zero nation by 2040, as well as having 86% renewable energy generation in the electricity sector by 2030, but the nation has no hydroelectric or geothermal resources. Thus, this study aims to demonstrate that CSP is a renewable energy technology that can help assist Antigua and Barbuda in its transition to a renewable energy electric grid while also decreasing electricity generation costs. The modeled, optimal mix of renewable energy technologies presented here was found for Antigua and Barbuda by assessing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for systems comprising various combinations of energy technologies and storage. Other factors were also considered, such as land use and job creation. It was found that 100% renewable electricity systems are viable and significantly less costly than current power systems and that there is no single defined pathway towards a 100% renewable energy grid, but several options are available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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14 pages, 11743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis and Comparison of an Experimental Hybrid PV, PVT and Solar Thermal System Installed in a Preschool in Bucharest, Romania

by Madalina Barbu, Monica Siroux and George Darie

Energies 2023, 16(14), 5321; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145321 - 12 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1499

Abstract

The demand for on-site production of energy is showing a rapid increase as the trend of decentralisation and energy self-reliance gains momentum. This paper studies and compares three of the main solar energy technologies: photovoltaic, solar thermal panels and hybrid photovoltaic thermal panels. [...] Read more.

The demand for on-site production of energy is showing a rapid increase as the trend of decentralisation and energy self-reliance gains momentum. This paper studies and compares three of the main solar energy technologies: photovoltaic, solar thermal panels and hybrid photovoltaic thermal panels. A prototype experimental installation consisting of the aforementioned technologies was set up on the campus of University Politehnica Bucharest. Data were collected over several months, then the instantaneous power production and overall system performance was computed. The system was analysed in four types of weather patterns, and its suitability was assessed in each case. The results show that the performance of PVT panels is closely connected to the dissipation of the thermal energy collected in the thermal storage tank. In addition, PVT collectors can outperform the PV panels in accordance to the thermal energy demand of the end user when used in an installation with suitable dimensions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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26 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are the Barriers to Private Solar/Wind Investment in Vietnam Mainly Those That Limit Network Capacity Expansion?

by Akiko Urakami

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10734; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310734 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3457

Abstract

This study addresses whether the main barrier to private solar/wind investment is the network side instead of the generation side, as a hypothesis, and how the network-related barrier could be reduced to encourage a more extensive range of private investment. It mainly employs [...] Read more.

This study addresses whether the main barrier to private solar/wind investment is the network side instead of the generation side, as a hypothesis, and how the network-related barrier could be reduced to encourage a more extensive range of private investment. It mainly employs a review of the literature and semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders. The result showed weak grid capacity is a critical barrier in solar power projects’ congested areas. Another critical barrier is policy uncertainty in that the government has not issued any alternative mechanisms for developers who failed to meet the Commercial Operation Date for approximately two years after the FITs ended. This is likely due to the fact that the Power Development Plan 8 (PDP8) for 2021-30 had been slow to be approved by the Prime Minister. In the absence of policies, the government committed to net-zero emission toward 2050 at COP26 and concluded the Just Energy Transition Partnership agreement in December 2022. These might lead the government to set its ambitious RE targets in the power mix of PDP8 approved in May 2023. In addition, amendments of the Law on Electricity which allows private firms to invest in the grid may contribute to improving quality and capacity of the grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

34 pages, 3961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Combination of Distributed Generation Placement and Dynamic Distribution Network Reconfiguration Based on MIBWOA

by Xin Yan and Qian Zhang

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9580; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129580 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1726

Abstract

This paper aims to address the combination of distributed generation placement and dynamic distribution network reconfiguration. Herein, a multi-strategy multi-objective improved black widow algorithm is proposed. A model is established, which considers the objectives of minimizing active power loss, voltage deviation, and carbon [...] Read more.

This paper aims to address the combination of distributed generation placement and dynamic distribution network reconfiguration. Herein, a multi-strategy multi-objective improved black widow algorithm is proposed. A model is established, which considers the objectives of minimizing active power loss, voltage deviation, and carbon emission. The proposed algorithm significantly enhances the traversal capability and search speed by employing Cubic–Tent chaotic mapping, involving a novel formula with the fusion of optimal genes, and employing an adaptive mutation of Wald mutation and elite reverse learning mixing. The DeepSCN is employed to forecast the distributed generation (DG) output power and distribution network load. Through various test functions, the capability of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated. Whether single-objective or multi-objective, the algorithm has excellent performance. To showcase the practicality and effectiveness of the model and approach, a simulation experiment was performed on the IEEE-33 node configuration. The solution set provided by MIBWOA can reduce active network loss to improve operating efficiency, increase voltage offset to make operation more stable, and reduce carbon emissions to make operation more environmentally friendly. The proposed algorithm shows excellent performance in distributed generation placement and distribution network reconfiguration compared with the comparison algorithms. The results show that the solution proposed by MIBWOA can enhance the real-time operational parameters of the distribution network with considerable efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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17 pages, 5418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Disturbance Rejection Control of an Interleaved High Gain DC-DC Boost Converter for Fuel Cell Applications

by Ahmed Abdelhak Smadi, Farid Khoucha, Yassine Amirat, Abdeldjabar Benrabah and Mohamed Benbouzid

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031019 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2106

Abstract

In this paper, a simplified and robust control strategy of an interleaved high gain DC/DC boost converter (IHGBC) is proposed in order to enhance DC bus voltage regulation in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. The fluctuation of the energy source voltage [...] Read more.

In this paper, a simplified and robust control strategy of an interleaved high gain DC/DC boost converter (IHGBC) is proposed in order to enhance DC bus voltage regulation in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. The fluctuation of the energy source voltage and external load, and the change in system parameters lead to the instability of output voltage. Based on the creation of an average state space model of the DC/DC boost converter, the proposed controller is designed based on a linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC), which has an external voltage loop and an internal current loop to meet the output voltage requirements under parameters uncertainties and disturbances. The effectiveness of the proposed approach strategy and its superiority were examined under different operating conditions and scenarios. Simulation and experiment results showed the efficiency and robustness of the suggested approach and the great effectiveness in the reference tracking and disturbance rejection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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23 pages, 17199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Scheduling of a Hydrogen-Based Energy Hub Considering a Stochastic Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Approach

by Mahyar Lasemi Imeni, Mohammad Sadegh Ghazizadeh, Mohammad Ali Lasemi and Zhenyu Yang

Energies 2023, 16(2), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020631 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2141

Abstract

Nowadays, the integration of multi-energy carriers is one of the most critical matters in smart energy systems with the aim of meeting sustainable energy development indicators. Hydrogen is referred to as one of the main energy carriers in the future energy industry, but [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the integration of multi-energy carriers is one of the most critical matters in smart energy systems with the aim of meeting sustainable energy development indicators. Hydrogen is referred to as one of the main energy carriers in the future energy industry, but its integration into the energy system faces different open challenges which have not yet been comprehensively studied. In this paper, a novel day-ahead scheduling is presented to reach the optimal operation of a hydrogen-based energy hub, based on a stochastic multi-attribute decision-making approach. In this way, the energy hub model is first developed by providing a detailed model of Power-to-Hydrogen (P2H) facilities. Then, a new multi-objective problem is given by considering the prosumer’s role in the proposed energy hub model as well as the integrated demand response program (IDRP). The proposed model introduces a comprehensive approach from the analysis of the historical data to the final decision-making with the aim of minimizing the system operation cost and carbon emission. Moreover, to deal with system uncertainty, the scenario-based method is applied to model the renewable energy resources fluctuation. The proposed problem is defined as mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP), and to solve this problem, a simple augmented e-constrained (SAUGMECON) method is employed. Finally, the simulation of the proposed model is performed on a case study and the obtained results show the effectiveness and benefits of the proposed scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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21 pages, 2071 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Review of Power Co-Generation Technologies from Hybrid Offshore Wind and Wave Energy

by Muhammad Waqas Ayub, Ameer Hamza, George A. Aggidis and Xiandong Ma

Energies 2023, 16(1), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010550 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4399

Abstract

Renewable energy resources such as offshore wind and wave energy are environmentally friendly and omnipresent. A hybrid offshore wind-wave energy system produces a more sustainable form of energy that is not only eco-friendly but also economical and efficient as compared to use of [...] Read more.

Renewable energy resources such as offshore wind and wave energy are environmentally friendly and omnipresent. A hybrid offshore wind-wave energy system produces a more sustainable form of energy that is not only eco-friendly but also economical and efficient as compared to use of individual resources. The objective of this paper is to give a detailed review of co-generation technologies for hybrid offshore wind and wave energy. The proposed area of this review paper is based on the power conversions techniques, response coupling, control schemes for co-generation and complimentary generation, and colocation and integrated conversion systems. This paper aims to offer a systematic review to cover recent research and development of novel hybrid offshore wind-wave energy (HOWWE) systems. The current hybrid wind-wave energy structures lack efficiency due to their design and AC-DC-AC power conversion that need to be improved by applying an advanced control strategy. Thus, using different power conversion techniques and control system methodologies, the HOWWE structure can be improved and will be transferrable to the other hybrid models such as hybrid solar and wind energy. The state-of-the-art HOWWE systems are reviewed. Critical analysis of each method is performed to evaluate the best possible combination for development of a HOWWE system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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20 pages, 1835 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Study on the Wind Power Forecasting Model Using Transfer Learning Approach

by JeongRim Oh, JongJin Park, ChangSoo Ok, ChungHun Ha and Hong-Bae Jun

Electronics 2022, 11(24), 4125; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244125 - 10 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3282

Abstract

Recently, wind power plants that generate wind energy with electricity are attracting a lot of attention thanks to their smaller installation area and cheaper power generation costs. In wind power generation, it is important to predict the amount of generated electricity because the [...] Read more.

Recently, wind power plants that generate wind energy with electricity are attracting a lot of attention thanks to their smaller installation area and cheaper power generation costs. In wind power generation, it is important to predict the amount of generated electricity because the power system would be unstable due to uncertainty in supply. However, it is difficult to accurately predict the amount of wind power generation because the power varies due to several causes, such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, etc. In this study, we deal with a mid-term (one day ahead) wind power forecasting problem with a data-driven approach. In particular, it is intended to solve the problem of a newly completed wind power generator that makes it very difficult to predict the amount of electricity generated due to the lack of data on past power generation. To this end, a deep learning based transfer learning model was proposed and compared with other models, such as a deep learning model without transfer learning and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM). As per the experimental results, when the proposed transfer learning model was applied to a similar wind power complex in the same region, it was confirmed that the low predictive performance of the newly constructed generator could be supplemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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24 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributionally Robust Optimization of an Integrated Energy System Cluster Considering the Oxygen Supply Demand and Multi-Energy Sharing

by Shiting Cui, Ruijin Zhu and Yao Gao

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8723; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228723 - 20 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2029

Abstract

Regional integrated energy systems (IESs) have emerged to satisfy the increasing diversified energy demand in Tibet. However, limited resource allocation of a given IES can occur because of the uncertainty in the output and prediction error of distributed renewable energy (DRE). [...] Read more.

Regional integrated energy systems (IESs) have emerged to satisfy the increasing diversified energy demand in Tibet. However, limited resource allocation of a given IES can occur because of the uncertainty in the output and prediction error of distributed renewable energy (DRE). A distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model was proposed for the joint operation of multiple regional IESs, and multi-energy sharing and multi-energy flow coupling of electricity, heat, and oxygen were considered. The probability distribution of the DRE output was described using

1 -

norm and

\infty -

norm constraints, and the minimum operating cost under adverse scenarios was determined through DRO. Furthermore, on the premise of ensuring cluster profit, a pricing mechanism of the energy supply within the cluster was proposed. Finally, a typical model involving eight cases was established and analyzed. The results revealed that multi-energy sharing and multi-energy flow coupling improved the economy of IES cluster operation and realized the coordination of robustness and economy. The energy supply price within the cluster enhanced enthusiasm on the demand side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Integration of Renewable Energy)

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