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Volume 14
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Forests, Volume 14, Issue 1 (January 2023) – 165 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This case study aimed to evaluate the impact of natural defoliation produced by Clostera anastomosis L. (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) on the growth and mortality of defoliated trees in a hybrid poplar short rotation culture (AF8 clone) in northeastern Romania. Thus, the attack of this pest led to the loss of about 70% of the above-ground biomass estimated to be accumulated in the year of defoliation and to the death of about 29% of the affected poplar trees. View this paper
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19 pages, 2969 KiB  
Article
Data Mining in the Analysis of Tree Harvester Performance Based on Automatically Collected Data
by Krzysztof Polowy and Marta Molińska-Glura
Forests 2023, 14(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010165 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3458
Abstract
Data recorded automatically by harvesters are a promising and potentially very useful source of information for scientific analyses. Most researchers have used StanForD files for this purpose, but these are troublesome to obtain and require some pre-processing. This study utilized a new source [...] Read more.
Data recorded automatically by harvesters are a promising and potentially very useful source of information for scientific analyses. Most researchers have used StanForD files for this purpose, but these are troublesome to obtain and require some pre-processing. This study utilized a new source of similar data: JDLink, a cloud-based service, run by the machine manufacturer, that stores data from sensors in real time. The vast amount of such data makes it hard to comprehend and handle efficiently. Data mining techniques assist in finding trends and patterns in such databases. Records from two mid-sized harvesters working in north-eastern Poland were analyzed using classical regression (linear and logarithmic), cluster analysis (dendrograms and k-means) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Linear regression showed that average tree size was the variable having the greatest effect on fuel consumption per cubic meter and productivity, whereas fuel consumption per hour was also dependent, e.g., on distance driven in a low gear or share of time with high engine load. Results of clustering and PCA were harder to interpret. Dendrograms showed most dissimilar variables: total volume harvested per day, total fuel consumption per day and share of work time on high revolutions per minute (RPMs). K-means clustering allowed us to identify periods when specific clusters of variables were more prominent. PCA results, despite explaining almost 90% of variance, were inconclusive between machines, and, therefore, need to be scrutinized in follow-up studies. Productivity values (avg. around 10 m3/h) and fuel consumption rates (13.21 L/h, 1.335 L/m3 on average) were similar to the results reported by other authors under comparable conditions. Some new measures obtained in this study include, e.g., distance driven in a low gear (around 7 km per day) or proportion of time when the engine was running on low, medium or high load (34%, 39% and 7%, respectively). The assumption of this study was to use data without supplementing from external sources, and with as little processing as possible, which limited the analytic methods to unsupervised learning. Extending the database in follow-up studies will facilitate the application of supervised learning techniques for modeling and prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Harvesting, Operations and Management)
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16 pages, 3611 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Community Land Model-Simulated Specific Leaf Area with Observations over China: Impacts on Modeled Gross Primary Productivity
by Yuanhao Zheng, Li Zhang, Pan Li, Xiaoli Ren, Honglin He, Yan Lv and Yuping Ma
Forests 2023, 14(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010164 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
Specific leaf area (SLA) is a key leaf functional trait associated with the ability to acquire light. Substantial variations in SLA have not been well described in the community land model (CLM) and similar terrestrial biosphere models. How these SLA variations influence the [...] Read more.
Specific leaf area (SLA) is a key leaf functional trait associated with the ability to acquire light. Substantial variations in SLA have not been well described in the community land model (CLM) and similar terrestrial biosphere models. How these SLA variations influence the simulation of gross primary productivity (GPP) remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the mismatch in SLA between the CLM4.5 and observed data collected from China and quantified the impacts of SLA variation calculated from both observations and the default values across seven terrestrial biosphere models on modeled GPP using CLM4.5. The results showed that CLM4.5 tended to overestimate SLA values at the top and gradient of the canopy. The higher default SLA values could cause an underestimation of the modeled GPP by 5–161 g C m−2 yr−1 (1%–7%) for temperate needleleaf evergreen tree (NET), temperate broadleaf deciduous tree (BDT), and C3 grass and an overestimation by 50 g C m−2 yr−1 (2%) for temperate broadleaf evergreen tree (BET). Moreover, the observed SLA variation among species ranged from 21% to 59% for 14 plant functional types (PFTs), which was similar to the variation in default SLA values across models (9%–60%). These SLA variations would lead to greater changes in modeled GPP by 7%–19% for temperate NET and temperate BET than temperate BDT and C3 grass (2%–9%). Our study suggested that the interspecific variation in SLA and its responses to environmental factors should be involved in terrestrial biosphere models; otherwise, it would cause substantial bias in the prediction of ecosystem productivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling Forest Ecosystems)
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18 pages, 6938 KiB  
Article
Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Growth and Expression of Stress Resistance Genes in Birch
by Konstantin V. Zhuzhukin, Peter M. Evlakov, Tatiana A. Grodetskaya, Alexander A. Gusev, Olga V. Zakharova, Aleksey V. Shuklinov and Elena V. Tomina
Forests 2023, 14(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010163 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2747
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, are associated with a wide range of effects on living organisms, from stimulation to toxic effects. Plants are an important object of such research, which is associated with the potential use of carbon nanomaterials [...] Read more.
Recent studies have shown that nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, are associated with a wide range of effects on living organisms, from stimulation to toxic effects. Plants are an important object of such research, which is associated with the potential use of carbon nanomaterials in agriculture and environmental protection. At the same time, the specific mechanisms of formation of plant resistance to the effects of carbon nanotubes remain not fully understood, especially in woody plants. Therefore, we studied the effect of aqueous colloids of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with an outer diameter of 10–30 nm and a length of about 2 μm at a concentration of 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L on morphometric parameters and the level of expression of stress resistance genes in Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth. plants in greenhouse conditions. The results showed an increase in the length and diameter of the shoot in the studied plants. The dry biomass of the leaf increased by 30%, the stem by 42%, and the root by 49% when using MWCNTs at a concentration of 10 mg/L. The expression of the stress resistance genes DREB2 and PR-10 significantly increased under the influence of 1 mg/L MWCNTs on plants of both species. At the same time, the use of 100 mg/L nanoparticles led to a decrease in the studied parameters in Betula pendula, which may be associated with the negative effect of MWCNTs in high concentrations. The revealed positive effects of low concentrations of MWCNTs on morphometric parameters and stimulation of stress resistance genes by nanotubes open up prospects for their use in woody plant biotechnology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate-Smart Forestry: Problems, Priorities and Prospects)
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17 pages, 16803 KiB  
Article
A Small-Target Forest Fire Smoke Detection Model Based on Deformable Transformer for End-to-End Object Detection
by Jingwen Huang, Jiashun Zhou, Huizhou Yang, Yunfei Liu and Han Liu
Forests 2023, 14(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010162 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4779
Abstract
Forest fires have continually endangered personal safety and social property. To reduce the occurrences of forest fires, it is essential to detect forest fire smoke accurately and quickly. Traditional forest fire smoke detection based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) needs many hand-designed components [...] Read more.
Forest fires have continually endangered personal safety and social property. To reduce the occurrences of forest fires, it is essential to detect forest fire smoke accurately and quickly. Traditional forest fire smoke detection based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) needs many hand-designed components and shows poor ability to detect small and inconspicuous smoke in complex forest scenes. Therefore, we propose an improved early forest fire smoke detection model based on deformable transformer for end-to-end object detection (deformable DETR). We use deformable DETR as a baseline containing the best sparse spatial sampling for smoke with deformable convolution and relation modeling capability of the transformer. We integrate a Multi-scale Context Contrasted Local Feature module (MCCL) and a Dense Pyramid Pooling module (DPPM) into the feature extraction module for perceiving features of small or inconspicuous smoke. To improve detection accuracy and reduce false and missed detections, we propose an iterative bounding box combination method to generate precise bounding boxes which can cover the entire smoke object. In addition, we evaluate the proposed approach using a quantitative and qualitative self-made forest fire smoke dataset, which includes forest fire smoke images of different scales. Extensive experiments show that our improved model’s forest fire smoke detection accuracy is significantly higher than that of the mainstream models. Compared with deformable DETR, our model shows better performance with improvement of mAP (mean average precision) by 4.2%, APS (AP for small objects) by 5.1%, and other metrics by 2% to 3%. Our model is adequate for early forest fire smoke detection with high detection accuracy of different-scale smoke objects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Forest Fire and Other Detection Systems)
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12 pages, 6596 KiB  
Article
Effects of Nitrogen Form on Root Activity and Nitrogen Uptake Kinetics in Camellia oleifera Seedlings
by Rui Wang, Zhilong He, Zhen Zhang, Ting Xv, Xiangnan Wang, Caixia Liu and Yongzhong Chen
Forests 2023, 14(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010161 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1892
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of nitrogen form on root activity and nitrogen uptake kinetics of Camellia oleifera Abel. seedlings, providing a scientific basis for improving nitrogen use efficiency and scientific fertilization in C. oleifera production. Taking one-year-old C. oleifera cultivar ‘Xianglin 27’ [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of nitrogen form on root activity and nitrogen uptake kinetics of Camellia oleifera Abel. seedlings, providing a scientific basis for improving nitrogen use efficiency and scientific fertilization in C. oleifera production. Taking one-year-old C. oleifera cultivar ‘Xianglin 27’ seedlings as subjects, 8 mmol·L−1 of nitrogen in varied forms (NO3−:NH4+ = 0:0, 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 0:10) was applied in this study as the treatment conditions to investigate the effects of different nitrogen forms on root activity and nitrogen uptake kinetics in C. oleifera seedlings. Comparing the performance of nutrient solutions with different NO3−:NH4+ ratios, the results showed that a mixed nitrogen source improved the root activity of C. oleifera seedlings based on total absorption area, active absorption area, active absorption area ratio, specific surface area, and active specific surface area. When NO3−:NH4+ = 5:5, the total absorption area and active absorption area of the seedling roots reached the maximum. The results of uptake kinetic parameters showed that Vmax NH4+ > Vmax NO3− and Km NO3− > Km NH4+, indicating that the uptake potential of ammonium–nitrogen by C. oleifera seedlings is greater than that of nitrate–nitrogen. The conclusion was that compared to either ammonium– or nitrate–nitrogen, the mixed nitrogen source was better for promoting the root activity of C. oleifera seedlings, and the best nitrate/ammonium ratio was 5:5. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Woody Oil Species: Past, Present and Future)
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15 pages, 2349 KiB  
Article
Variability in Snowpack Isotopic Composition between Open and Forested Areas in the West Siberian Forest Steppe
by Dmitry Pershin, Natalia Malygina, Dmitry Chernykh, Roman Biryukov, Dmitry Zolotov and Lilia Lubenets
Forests 2023, 14(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010160 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1658
Abstract
The stable water isotopes in snow (primarily 18O and 2H) are widely used for tracing hydrological and ecological processes. However, isotopic signatures of snow can be significantly modified by topography and land cover. This study assesses spatial and temporal variability of [...] Read more.
The stable water isotopes in snow (primarily 18O and 2H) are widely used for tracing hydrological and ecological processes. However, isotopic signatures of snow can be significantly modified by topography and land cover. This study assesses spatial and temporal variability of the bulk snowpack isotopic composition (δ18O, δ2H, d-excess) between forested (pine and birch) and open areas in the West Siberian forest steppes. Isotopic samples were collected over the peak snow accumulation in 2017–2019. The snow isotopic composition within forested areas differed from open steppes, mainly in reducing d-excess (1.6‰ on average). We did not find a significant effect of canopy interception on snow enrichment in heavier isotopes. Snowpack in the pine forests was even lighter by 3.6‰ for δ2H compared to open areas, probably, due to low energy inputs and interception capacity. Additionally, snow depth significantly influenced the isotopic composition spatial variability. As snow depth increased, δ18O and δ2H values decreased due to conservation within the snowpack and less influence of sublimation and moisture exchange with the soil. However, this pattern was only evident in winters with below-average snow depth. Therefore, taking into account snow depth spatial and seasonal variability is advisable when applying the isotopic methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Ecohydrology: From Theory to Practice)
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35 pages, 467 KiB  
Editorial
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Forests in 2022
by Forests Editorial Office
Forests 2023, 14(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010159 - 16 Jan 2023
Viewed by 2903
Abstract
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...] Full article
18 pages, 6831 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Plant Growth and Potential of Carbon Storage in the Restored Mangrove of an Abandoned Pond in Lubuk Kertang, North Sumatra, Indonesia
by Rizka Amelia, Mohammad Basyuni, Alfinsyahri Alfinsyahri, Nurdin Sulistiyono, Bejo Slamet, Yuntha Bimantara, Salma Safrina Hashilah Harahap, Mikrajni Harahap, Insar Maulid Harahap, Shofiyah Sabilah Al Mustaniroh, Sigit D. Sasmito and Virni Budi Arifanti
Forests 2023, 14(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010158 - 15 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3520
Abstract
Mangrove forest in Lubuk Kertang Village, West Brandan sub-district has been converted around 20 ha annually (1996–2016) into various non-forest land use. Rehabilitation can be a solution to restore the condition of the ecosystem so that it can resume its ecological and economic [...] Read more.
Mangrove forest in Lubuk Kertang Village, West Brandan sub-district has been converted around 20 ha annually (1996–2016) into various non-forest land use. Rehabilitation can be a solution to restore the condition of the ecosystem so that it can resume its ecological and economic functions. This paper discusses the evaluation of mangrove rehabilitation carried out by planting 6000 propagules in December 2015 and 5000 seedlings in May 2016 with Rhizophora apiculata species in abandoned ponds. Monitoring was carried out every 6 months from 2016 to 2022. In the restored area, 11 true mangrove species and 3 associated mangrove species were found. The percentage of plants that survived after seven years was 69.42% for planting using propagules and 86.38% for planting with seedlings. The total biomass carbon stocks stored by 7-year-old plants using propagules was 51.18 Mg ha−1, while the carbon stored by planting using seedlings was 56.79 Mg ha−1. Soil carbon stocks at the planted site with propagules were 506.89 ± 250.74 MgC ha−1, and at the planted site with seedlings were 461.85 ± 102.23 MgC ha−1. The total ecosystem carbon stocks (including aboveground carbon) in the planted site using propagules were 558.07 MgC ha−1, while planting using seedlings were 518.64 MgC ha−1. The dataset and findings on the carbon storage evaluation of mangrove rehabilitation will be useful for blue carbon research community and policymakers in the context of the climate change mitigation strategy for Indonesia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Estimation and Carbon Stocks in Forest Ecosystems)
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18 pages, 2701 KiB  
Article
Effects of Wild Forest Fires on Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of a Boreal Conifer, White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss): Implications for Genetic Resource Management and Adaptive Potential under Climate Change
by Om P. Rajora, Manphool S. Fageria and Michael Fitzsimmons
Forests 2023, 14(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010157 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4334
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase forest fires in boreal forests, which can threaten the sustainability of forest genetic resources. Wildfires can potentially impact genetic diversity and population structure in forest trees by creating population bottlenecks, and influencing demography, effective population size ( [...] Read more.
Climate change is predicted to increase forest fires in boreal forests, which can threaten the sustainability of forest genetic resources. Wildfires can potentially impact genetic diversity and population structure in forest trees by creating population bottlenecks, and influencing demography, effective population size (Ne) and various evolutionary processes. We have investigated this critical issue in a widely-distributed, transcontinental, ecologically and economically important and fire-intolerant boreal conifer, white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). We tested the hypothesis that in a predominantly outcrossing species with long distance gene flow, such as white spruce, located in primary undisturbed forests, normal forest fires do not adversely affect genetic diversity and population structure. We used 10 nuclear genic and genomic microsatellite loci to examine genetic diversity and population structure of post-fire pristine old-growth (PF-OG) and adjacent post-fire naturally regenerated young (PF-YR) stands. The genetic diversity, inbreeding and genetic differentiation levels, Bayesian population structure, Ne and latent genetic potential were statistically similar between the PF-OG and PF-YR populations. None of the microsatellites showed any signature of selection. Our study demonstrates that normal wild forest fires do not adversely affect genetic diversity, differentiation, and population genetic structure in white spruce. The results should have wide significance for sustainable forest management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Molecular Biology)
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29 pages, 8802 KiB  
Article
Effect of Provenance and Environmental Factors on Tree Growth and Tree Water Status of Norway Spruce
by Adriana Leštianska, Peter Fleischer, Jr., Katarína Merganičová, Peter Fleischer, Sr., Paulína Nalevanková and Katarína Střelcová
Forests 2023, 14(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010156 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2514
Abstract
Changes in temperature regime, and a higher frequency of extreme weather conditions due to global warming are considered great risks for forest stands worldwide because of their negative impact on tree growth and vitality. We examined tree growth and water balance of two [...] Read more.
Changes in temperature regime, and a higher frequency of extreme weather conditions due to global warming are considered great risks for forest stands worldwide because of their negative impact on tree growth and vitality. We examined tree growth and water balance of two provenances of Norway spruce growing in Arboretum Borová hora (350 m a.s.l., Zvolen, central Slovakia) that originated from climatologically cooler conditions. The research was performed during three meteorologically different years from 2017 to 2019. We evaluated the impact of climatic and soil factors on intra-species variability in radial stem growth and tree water status that were characterised by seasonal radial increment, stem water deficit and maximum daily shrinkage derived from the records of stem circumference changes obtained from band dendrometers installed on five mature trees of each provenance. The impact of environmental factors on the characteristics was evaluated using the univariate factor analysis and four machine learning models (random forest, support vector machine, gradient boosting machine and neural network). The responses to climatic conditions differed between the provenances. Seasonal radial increments of the provenance from cooler conditions were greater than those of the provenance originating from cooler and wetter conditions due to the long-term shortage of water the latter provenance had to cope with in the current environment, while the provenance from the cooler region was more sensitive to short-term changes in environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analyses of Stress Impact on Forest Ecosystems Connected with Global Climate Changes)
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18 pages, 5377 KiB  
Article
Identification, Classification and Characterization of bZIP Transcription Factor Family Members in Pinus massoniana Lamb.
by Mengyang Zhang, Peihuang Zhu, Romaric Hippolyte Agassin, Sheng Yao, Dengbao Wang, Zichen Huang, Chi Zhang, Qingqing Hao and Kongshu Ji
Forests 2023, 14(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010155 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2261
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Members of this family play significant roles in the regulation of plant growth, signal transduction, and various stresses. To date, bZIP TFs have been extensively studied in various plants, but there is [...] Read more.
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Members of this family play significant roles in the regulation of plant growth, signal transduction, and various stresses. To date, bZIP TFs have been extensively studied in various plants, but there is little information about them in Pinus massoniana Lamb. In this study, 55 bZIP TFs were identified based on data from four different P. massoniana transcriptomes, and a systematic analysis was performed. According to the phylogenetic results, P. massoniana bZIP TFs were divided into 11 groups. Each bZIP protein contained a highly conserved bZIP domain, and the numbers and types of motifs were similar in the same group. The PmbZIPs were nuclear localization proteins. Based on the pine wood nematode inoculation transcriptome, the transcriptional profiles revealed that 25 PmbZIP genes could respond to pine wood nematodes at different levels. Genes PmbZIP3, PmbZIP4, PmbZIP8, PmbZIP20, and PmbZIP23 were selected to be upregulated in the process of inoculation with pine wood nematodes. These five genes had different expression levels in different tissues and were responsive to the related treatment conditions. Transcriptional activity analysis showed that PmbZIP3 and PmbZIP8 were transcriptional activators; PmbZIP4, PmbZIP20 and PmbZIP23 were transcriptional repressors. These findings provide preliminary information on PmbZIP TFs, which is helpful for further study of other physiological functions of bZIP TFs in P. massoniana. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Molecular Biology)
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10 pages, 1954 KiB  
Article
Early Diagnosis of Pine Wilt Disease in Pinus thunbergii Based on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters
by Fei Liu, Maojiao Zhang, Jiafeng Hu, Min Pan, Luyang Shen, Jianren Ye and Jiajin Tan
Forests 2023, 14(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010154 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2765
Abstract
As the most severe forestry quarantine disease in several countries, pine wilt disease (PWD) causes substantial economic losses and poses a significant threat to the forest ecosystem. It is necessary to find a rapid and sensitive method for the early diagnosis of the [...] Read more.
As the most severe forestry quarantine disease in several countries, pine wilt disease (PWD) causes substantial economic losses and poses a significant threat to the forest ecosystem. It is necessary to find a rapid and sensitive method for the early diagnosis of the disease to control the development of the disease effectively. This paper investigated the effect of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (the pinewood nematode; PWN) on the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic curve (OJIP curve) and the parameters of needles using four-year-old Pinus thunbergii as experimental materials and chlorophyll fluorescence analysis as a technical tool. It was shown by the results in the OJIP curve that the fluorescence intensity of the inoculated plants was significantly increased at points O and I. Additionally, the relative variable fluorescence intensity at points K and J was comparable to that of the control plants. Several chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the treatment significantly increased or decreased with disease progression. At the same time, the control group had no significant changes in each parameter. Therefore, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters can be used as indicators for the early diagnosis of PWD, among which the DIo/RC parameter was the best. In summary, PWN invasion will produce fluorescence on the PSII of P. thunbergii, and its chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are expected to achieve early PWD diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Health)
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20 pages, 5445 KiB  
Article
Future Carbon Sequestration and Timber Yields from Chinese Commercial Forests under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
by Fei Liu, Mingxing Hu, Wenbo Huang, Cindy X. Chen and Jinhui Li
Forests 2023, 14(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010153 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2151
Abstract
Socio-economic status, technologies, and policies are key factors affecting forest management planning and forest ecosystem functions. This study applied shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) to a forest-management model framework. The potential timber yields and carbon sinks of spatially allocate alternatives were examined by quantifying [...] Read more.
Socio-economic status, technologies, and policies are key factors affecting forest management planning and forest ecosystem functions. This study applied shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) to a forest-management model framework. The potential timber yields and carbon sinks of spatially allocate alternatives were examined by quantifying their consequent changes at the regional tree species level in Chinese commercial forests (CFs) under the harvest and afforestation restrictions. The results indicate that the annual carbon sequestration rate of China’s CFs over the next 50 years is estimated to be 152.0–162.5 Tg/a, which can offset approximately 5% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions identified in 2019. Newly planted and regenerated forests can contribute more than 80% of this offset. The annual timber supply capacity is estimated to be 119.2–142.4 million m3/a with current policy interventions, which is not enough to meet the demand for China’s timber market. Although most existing forests are managed as the primary source for forest goods and carbon service, the total commercial forest area changes are not as large as expected, resulting in only 2.0–10.6% differences. Our results also demonstrate that socioeconomic factors (e.g., social preference, carbon price, and forest logging and silvicultural practices) have a strong impact on carbon sinks but a minor impact on timber yields timber, except for improving harvesting and processing technologies. Establishing local long-term effective forest management systems and making afforestation and regeneration as a priority at the national level are suggested to comprehensively enhance the carbon sequestration and timber-supplying abilities of regional CFs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
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11 pages, 3012 KiB  
Article
COVID-19 and the Mystery of Lumber Price Movements
by Rebecca Zanello, Yin Shi, Atefeh Zeinolebadi and G. Cornelis van Kooten
Forests 2023, 14(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010152 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2502
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented changes in the U.S. price of softwood lumber by more than 300% between 2020 and 2022. The increased volatility of lumber prices after the COVID-19 outbreak remains unexplained. In this paper, we examine how a calibrated random [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented changes in the U.S. price of softwood lumber by more than 300% between 2020 and 2022. The increased volatility of lumber prices after the COVID-19 outbreak remains unexplained. In this paper, we examine how a calibrated random walk can induce similar price volatility through the development of a stochastic process. As a preferred approach, we employ an event model to estimate the impact of COVID-19 and other key events on the price of softwood lumber. The econometric model serves to provide evidence that the price volatility of softwood lumber is not completely random, and we can instead attribute part of the variation to recent regional and global events. We found that, while COVID-19 did result in a price jump, it was smaller than a rainfall event that restricted imports from Canada, while import duties and other trade actions had no discernible impact on U.S. lumber prices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Product Markets, Sustainability, and Societal Impacts)
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16 pages, 5881 KiB  
Article
Effects of Extreme Drought and Heat Events on Leaf Metabolome of Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) Growing at Neighboring Sites with Different Water Availability
by Lijun Zhu, Zhengqiao Liao, Lei Liu and Baoguo Du
Forests 2023, 14(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010151 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2571
Abstract
Riparian tree species are thought to be sensitive to the more frequent and intensive drought and heat events that are projected to occur in the future. However, compared to waterlogging, information about the responses of these tree species to water limitation and heat [...] Read more.
Riparian tree species are thought to be sensitive to the more frequent and intensive drought and heat events that are projected to occur in the future. However, compared to waterlogging, information about the responses of these tree species to water limitation and heat is still scare. Black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) is a riparian tree species with significant ecological and economic importance in Europe. In the present study, we investigated the physiological responses of black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) to different water availabilities growing at neighboring sites. Compared to trees with unlimited water source, trees with a limited water source had 20% lower leaf hydration, 39% less H2O2 contents, and 34% lower dehydroascorbate reductase activities. Concurrent with dramatically accumulated glutathione and phenolic compounds, leaf glutathione contents were two times higher in trees with limited water than in trees with sufficient water. Limited water availability also resulted in increased abundances of sugars, sugar acids, and polyols. Serine, alanine, as well as soluble protein related to nitrogen metabolism were also accumulated under limited water conditions. In contrast to sulfate, leaf phosphate contents were significantly increased under limited water. No significant effects of water conditions on malondialdehyde and ascorbate contents and fatty acid abundances were observed. The present study improves our understanding of the physiological responses of black alder to different water conditions. Our findings highlight this riparian species is at least to some extent resistant to future drought with a well-regulated system including antioxidative and metabolic processes and its potential as an admixture candidate for afforestation in either water-logged or dry areas, particularly in nitrogen limited habitats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Ecophysiology)
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11 pages, 1528 KiB  
Article
Identification of Alnus incana (L.) Moenx. × Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Hybrids Using Metabolic Compounds as Chemotaxonomic Markers
by Girmantė Jurkšienė, Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė, Aušra Juškauskaitė and Virgilijus Baliuckas
Forests 2023, 14(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010150 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2761
Abstract
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. and Alnus incana (L.) Moenx. grow naturally in Lithuania, and their ranges overlap. They are considered ecologically and economically important species of forest trees. The objective of our study was to determine plant bioactive compounds, such as total phenolic [...] Read more.
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. and Alnus incana (L.) Moenx. grow naturally in Lithuania, and their ranges overlap. They are considered ecologically and economically important species of forest trees. The objective of our study was to determine plant bioactive compounds, such as total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid compounds (TFC), in the wood of alders and their hybrids in order to specify the opportunity to use secondary metabolites (SM) for the identification of alder hybrids. The samples from juvenile and mature alder woods (n = 270) were collected at three different sites in the natural forests of Lithuania. The TPC and TFC content was determined using spectrophotometric methods and was expressed in mg/g of fresh mass. Obtained results showed that the TPC of A. incana was statistically higher compared to A. glutinosa; however, in hybrid alder wood it was intermediate. The TFC was statistically higher in hybrid alder wood and lowest in A. glutinosa. The TFC was higher in mature trees; however, the TPC showed the opposite tendency. In our case, the TPC was higher in continental sites, while TFC was higher in mature alders at costal sites. Obtained data allow us to assume that TPC and TFC in alder wood can be used as taxonomic markers. This study expanded the knowledge of alder physiology and contributed to the identification of alder hybrids. The correct identification of tree species is very important for the conservation of natural resources and for the sustainable use of higher value-added products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies in Tree Species Identification)
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23 pages, 8792 KiB  
Article
Predicting Mangrove Distributions in the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, China, Using the MaxEnt Model: Determining Tree Species Selection
by Lifeng Li, Wenai Liu, Jingwen Ai, Shuangjiao Cai and Jianwen Dong
Forests 2023, 14(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010149 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3056
Abstract
Mangrove restoration is challenging within protected coastal habitats. Predicting the dominant species distributions in mangrove communities is essential for appropriate species selection and spatial planning for restoration. We explored the spatial distributions of six mangrove species, including their related environmental factors, thereby identifying [...] Read more.
Mangrove restoration is challenging within protected coastal habitats. Predicting the dominant species distributions in mangrove communities is essential for appropriate species selection and spatial planning for restoration. We explored the spatial distributions of six mangrove species, including their related environmental factors, thereby identifying potentially suitable habitats for mangrove protection and restoration. Based on six dominant mangrove species present in the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, China, we used a linear correlation analysis to screen environmental factors. In addition, we used the maximum entropy model to analyze the spatial distributions of potential mangrove afforestation areas. Based on the spatial superposition analysis, we identified mangrove conservation and restoration hot spots. The findings indicate that topographic and bioclimatic factors affect the distribution of suitable mangrove habitats in the Beibu Gulf, followed by land use type, salinity, and substrate type. We identified 13,816 hm2 of prime mangrove habitat in the Beibu Gulf that is primarily distributed in protected areas. The protection rate for existing mangroves was 42.62%. According to the predicted spatial distributions of the mangrove plants, the findings suggest that mangrove restoration should be based on suitable species and site selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
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12 pages, 1210 KiB  
Article
Economic and Environmental Analysis of Woody Biomass Power Generation Using Forest Residues and Demolition Debris in Japan without Assuming Carbon Neutrality
by Masaya Fujino and Masaya Hashimoto
Forests 2023, 14(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010148 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2250
Abstract
Despite the increasing importance of renewable energy worldwide, the argument that forest biomass power generation is not carbon neutral has been rising. This research used Gifu Biomass Power Co., Ltd. (GBP) in Japan as a case study to investigate this matter. An evaluation [...] Read more.
Despite the increasing importance of renewable energy worldwide, the argument that forest biomass power generation is not carbon neutral has been rising. This research used Gifu Biomass Power Co., Ltd. (GBP) in Japan as a case study to investigate this matter. An evaluation was conducted through an input–output analysis on the economic and environmental benefits (i.e., CO2 reduction) of forest biomass power generation without assuming carbon neutrality. GBP’s economic benefits were estimated to be 3452.18 million JPY during the construction period and 114.38 million JPY per year from operations. It was also estimated to generate 21.77 jobs per year in the forestry sector. CO2 emissions were estimated to increase by 423.02 tons during the construction period and 137,747 tons per year from operations. Although forests may offset CO2 by absorbing it, woody biomass power generation does not necessarily reduce CO2 emissions in Gifu Prefecture. The results indicate that woody biomass power generation is effective for the local economy but not necessarily for the global environment. The analysis should include more industrial sectors to clarify the environmental significance of wood biomass power generation without assuming carbon neutrality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Societal Losses Due to Environmental Impacts on Forestry Productivity)
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13 pages, 3938 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Extreme Daily Rainfall Probabilities: A Case Study in Kyushu Region, Japan
by Tadamichi Sato and Yasuhiro Shuin
Forests 2023, 14(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010147 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2367
Abstract
Extreme rainfall causes floods and landslides, and so damages humans and socioeconomics; for instance, floods and landslides have been triggered by repeated torrential precipitation and have caused severe damage in the Kyushu region, Japan. Therefore, evaluating extreme rainfall in Kyushu is necessary to [...] Read more.
Extreme rainfall causes floods and landslides, and so damages humans and socioeconomics; for instance, floods and landslides have been triggered by repeated torrential precipitation and have caused severe damage in the Kyushu region, Japan. Therefore, evaluating extreme rainfall in Kyushu is necessary to provide basic information for measures of rainfall-induced disasters. In this study, we estimated the probability of daily rainfall in Kyushu. The annual maximum values for daily rainfall at 23 long-record stations were normalized using return values at each station, corresponding to 2 and 10 years, and were combined by the station-year method. Additionally, the return period (RP) was calculated by fitting them to the generalized extreme value distribution. Based on the relationship between the normalized values of annual maximum daily rainfall and the RP, we obtained a regression equation to accurately estimate the RP up to 300 years by using data at given stations, considering outliers. In addition, we verified this equation using data from short-record stations where extreme rainfall events triggering floods and landslides were observed, and thereby elucidated that our method was consistent with previous techniques. Thus, this study develops strategies of measures for floods and landslides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic and Societal Losses Due to Environmental Impacts on Forestry Productivity)
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20 pages, 4222 KiB  
Article
Bamboo Scrimber’s Physical and Mechanical Properties in Comparison to Four Structural Timber Species
by Sarah Putri Sylvayanti, Naresworo Nugroho and Effendi Tri Bahtiar
Forests 2023, 14(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010146 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3940
Abstract
Bamboo scrimber is a sustainable engineered material that overcomes natural round bamboo’s various weaknesses. This study compared the bamboo scrimber’s mechanical (strength, stiffness, and ductility) to timber. The results showed that scrimber’s physical and mechanical properties are comparable, even superior, to wood, especially [...] Read more.
Bamboo scrimber is a sustainable engineered material that overcomes natural round bamboo’s various weaknesses. This study compared the bamboo scrimber’s mechanical (strength, stiffness, and ductility) to timber. The results showed that scrimber’s physical and mechanical properties are comparable, even superior, to wood, especially in compression. Scrimber has a higher density than timber. Its drier equilibrium moisture content indicates that scrimber is more hydrophobic than timbers. The maximum crushing strength (σc//), compressive stress perpendicular-to-fiber at the proportional limit (σcp⊥) and that at the 0.04” deformation (σc0.04⊥), shear strength (τ//), longitudinal compressive modulus of elasticity (Ec//), lateral compressive modulus of elasticity (Ec⊥), and modulus of rigidity (G) of scrimber are higher than those of timbers. Both scrimber’s and timber’s flexural properties (modulus of rupture (σb) and flexural modulus of elasticity (Eb)) are comparable. On the contrary, the tensile strength parallel-to-fiber (σt//) of scrimber is weaker than that of timber. Scrimber is high ductility (μ > 6) when subjected to compression perpendicular-to-fiber, medium ductility (4 < μ ≤ 6) when subjected to compression parallel-to-fiber, and low ductility (brittle) when subjected to bending, shear, or tensile parallel-to-fiber. The higher ductility of scrimber may give an alarm and more time before failure than timbers. Timbers have brittle to lower ductility when receiving each kind of loading scheme. The ratio of shear modulus to strength (G/τ) and compression modulus to strength parallel-to-fiber (EC∥/σC∥) strongly correlates with the ductility ratio. However, the ratio of the flexural modulus of elasticity to the modulus of rupture (Eb/σb) and the ratio of the modulus Young to compression stress perpendicular-to-fiber (Ec⊥/σcp⊥) do not strongly correlate to the ductility value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
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12 pages, 3204 KiB  
Article
Spatial Prioritization of Ecosystem Services for Land Conservation: The Case Study of Central Italy
by Alessandro Sebastiani and Silvano Fares
Forests 2023, 14(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010145 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3441
Abstract
Ecosystem services delivered by natural ecosystems are increasingly important for climate change adaptation and mitigation and play a huge role in biodiversity conservation. For this reason, the EU has the ambitious goal of protecting at least 30% of land by 2030. Member states [...] Read more.
Ecosystem services delivered by natural ecosystems are increasingly important for climate change adaptation and mitigation and play a huge role in biodiversity conservation. For this reason, the EU has the ambitious goal of protecting at least 30% of land by 2030. Member states are called to improve and expand the network of protected areas within the next few years; to do so, scientific studies aimed at identifying areas with high ecological value, as well as at defining best management practices, are highly needed. In this study, we used the InVEST suite of models to spatially assess three regulating ecosystem services, that is, carbon storage, seasonal water yield, and urban flood risk mitigation in three administrative regions of central Italy. Using overlay analysis, we found areas with the highest delivery in each of the considered ESs; based on these findings, we eventually proposed four new protected areas, which combine for 888 km2, that is, 2.73% of the study area. Interestingly, each of the newly proposed protected areas has somehow been discussed and hypothesized by stakeholders, but only one is presumably going to be part of the national network of protected areas within the next years. Hopefully, by prioritizing areas according to the production of ecosystem services, this study can be intended as a step towards the systematic inclusion of ecosystem services studies for enhancing the network of areas under national protection schemes and achieving the goal of protecting at least 30% of land in Europe by 2030. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions for Climate and Environmental Change)
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14 pages, 4801 KiB  
Article
Distinct Rainfall Interception Profiles among Four Common Pacific Northwest Tree Species
by Dylan G. Fischer, Spencer T. Vieira and Anand D. Jayakaran
Forests 2023, 14(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010144 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2428
Abstract
Forest tree canopies have a critical influence on water cycles through the interception of precipitation. Nevertheless, radial patterns of canopy interception may vary interspecifically. We analyzed canopy interception using catchments along radial transects underneath four common forest tree species (Acer macrophyllum, [...] Read more.
Forest tree canopies have a critical influence on water cycles through the interception of precipitation. Nevertheless, radial patterns of canopy interception may vary interspecifically. We analyzed canopy interception using catchments along radial transects underneath four common forest tree species (Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Thuja plicata) in the Pacific Northwest over two years. Near the center of the canopy in the leaf-off season, interception was 51.6%–67.2% in conifer species and only 20.1%–40.1% in broadleaf species, and interception declined to 19.9–29.9 for all species near the edge of the canopy. One deciduous species (A. rubra) showed spatially uniform interception during the leaf-off period (19.9%–20.96%), while another varied from 23.1%–40.1%. Patterns were more pronounced in the leaf-on period (under high vapor pressure deficit conditions), where conifers intercepted 36.5%–95.9% of precipitation, depending on the species and position under the canopy. Deciduous species similarly intercepted 42.1%–67.7% of rainfall, depending on species and canopy position. Total throughfall was curvilinearly related to the amount of rainfall near canopy centers for conifer trees but less so for deciduous trees. Soil moisture was predictably related to interception across and within species. These data highlight interspecific differences in radial interception patterns, with consequences for soil moisture, hydrologic processes, and ecosystem function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Hydrology)
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12 pages, 3924 KiB  
Article
Root-Growth-Related MaTCP Transcription Factors Responsive to Drought Stress in Mulberry
by Wuqi Wei, Jinzhi He, Yiwei Luo, Zhen Yang, Xiaoyu Xia, Yuanxiang Han and Ningjia He
Forests 2023, 14(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010143 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1964
Abstract
Root growth regulation plays a crucial role in the acclimatization of plants to their surroundings, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely uncertain. Teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor (TCP) transcription factors are crucial elements linking together plant growth and development, phytohormone signaling, [...] Read more.
Root growth regulation plays a crucial role in the acclimatization of plants to their surroundings, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely uncertain. Teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor (TCP) transcription factors are crucial elements linking together plant growth and development, phytohormone signaling, and stress response. In this study, 15 TCP transcription factors were identified in the mulberry (Morus alba) genome. Gene structure, conserved motif, and phylogenetic analyses revealed the conservation and divergence of these MaTCPs, thus providing insights into their functions. A promoter analysis uncovered distinct numbers and compositions of cis-elements in MaTCP gene promoter regions that may be connected to reproductive growth and phytohormone and stress responses. An expression pattern analysis of the 15 MaTCP genes in mulberry roots indicated that transcriptional levels of MaTCP2, MaTCP4-1, MaTCP8, MaTCP9-1, and MaTCP20-2 are correlated with root development. As revealed by changes in their expressions after drought treatment, these five MaTCP genes are involved in root growth and may increase mulberry tolerance to drought. Our findings lay the foundation for future functional studies of these genes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Tree Improvement under Stress Conditions)
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13 pages, 3085 KiB  
Article
Potential and Constraints on In Vitro Micropropagation of Juniperus drupacea Labill.
by Kostas Ioannidis, Ioanna Tomprou, Danae Panayiotopoulou, Stefanos Boutsios and Evangelia N. Daskalakou
Forests 2023, 14(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010142 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2900
Abstract
Juniperus drupacea Labill. (Cupressaceae) is a species with ecological and medicinal value. In Europe, it is native only in southern Greece, and is listed as endangered. Due to its uniqueness, this study attempted, for the first time, an in vitro propagation effort of [...] Read more.
Juniperus drupacea Labill. (Cupressaceae) is a species with ecological and medicinal value. In Europe, it is native only in southern Greece, and is listed as endangered. Due to its uniqueness, this study attempted, for the first time, an in vitro propagation effort of Syrian juniper. Explants of the lateral shoot tips were surface-sterilized and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The cultures were subcultured on MS, woody plant medium (WPM), and Driver and Kuniyaki Walnut (DKW) supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), thidiazuron (TDZ), or meta-topolin [6-(3-hy-droxybenzylamino)purine] for shoot induction. Explants derived from female trees exhibited 54.17% bud proliferation on DKW medium with 4 μM meta-topolin or 4 μM TDZ and on WPM with 4 μM meta-topolin or 4 μM BA. A total of 62.50% of the male tree derived explants produced multiple shoots on DKW with 4 μM BA. The maximum average number of shoots per explant were 1.17 per explant in both cases. The length of the shoot derived from explants of female origin was 2.94 mm compared to 2.69 mm of the in vitro shoots from the explants of male trees. Overall, the best medium and plant growth regulator combination for the explants derived from both female and male trees, for the traits under study, was proven to be DKW + 4 µM TDZ. Our experiments show that Juniperus drupacea, under in vitro conditions, shows recalcitrance in rooting, as the applications of IBA, NAA, and IAA concentrations were proven to be ineffective treatments. Although the results show low values, this avant-garde study provides a foundation for further research on the in vitro regeneration of Juniperus drupacea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Plant Biotechnology in Forestry)
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22 pages, 8984 KiB  
Article
Detection of Growth Change of Young Forest Based on UAV RGB Images at Single-Tree Level
by Xiaocheng Zhou, Hongyu Wang, Chongcheng Chen, Gábor Nagy, Tamas Jancso and Hongyu Huang
Forests 2023, 14(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010141 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2175
Abstract
With the rapid development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology, more and more UAVs have been used in forest survey. UAV (RGB) images are the most widely used UAV data source in forest resource management. However, there is some uncertainty as to the [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology, more and more UAVs have been used in forest survey. UAV (RGB) images are the most widely used UAV data source in forest resource management. However, there is some uncertainty as to the reliability of these data when monitoring height and growth changes of low-growing saplings in an afforestation plot via UAV RGB images. This study focuses on an artificial Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lancelota, named as Chinese Fir) young forest plot in Fujian, China. Divide-and-conquer (DAC) and the local maximum (LM) method for extracting seedling height are described in the paper, and the possibility of monitoring young forest growth based on low-cost UAV remote sensing images was explored. Two key algorithms were adopted and compared to extract the tree height and how it affects the young forest at single-tree level from multi-temporal UAV RGB images from 2019 to 2021. Compared to field survey data, the R2 of single saplings’ height extracted from digital orthophoto map (DOM) images of tree pits and original DSM information using a divide-and-conquer method reached 0.8577 in 2020 and 0.9968 in 2021, respectively. The RMSE reached 0.2141 in 2020 and 0.1609 in 2021. The R2 of tree height extracted from the canopy height model (CHM) via the LM method was 0.9462. The RMSE was 0.3354 in 2021. The results demonstrated that the survival rates of the young forest in the second year and the third year were 99.9% and 85.6%, respectively. This study shows that UAV RGB images can obtain the height of low sapling trees through a computer algorithm based on using 3D point cloud data derived from high-precision UAV images and can monitor the growth of individual trees combined with multi-stage UAV RGB images after afforestation. This research provides a fully automated method for evaluating the afforestation results provided by UAV RGB images. In the future, the universality of the method should be evaluated in more afforestation plots featuring different tree species and terrain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
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15 pages, 3422 KiB  
Article
Benefits and Requirements of Mathematical Optimization in the Allocation of Wood to a Network of Forest Product Mills
by Maxime Auger, Luc LeBel and Edith Brotherton
Forests 2023, 14(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010140 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1637
Abstract
Supply planning is a challenge for the forest industry in the context of natural forests characterized by heterogeneity among raw materials. Several mathematical models have been proposed in the literature to support forest planning, though few have been used by companies. The complexity [...] Read more.
Supply planning is a challenge for the forest industry in the context of natural forests characterized by heterogeneity among raw materials. Several mathematical models have been proposed in the literature to support forest planning, though few have been used by companies. The complexity of the natural environment and the expertise required to use these models limit their application. Nevertheless, these tools can significantly improve profitability. Three main elements were analyzed to assess benefits fostered by computer-optimized planning: (i) assessing the potential of implementing mathematical optimization in companies, particularly by pinpointing the additional resources necessary; (ii) determining the benefits of mathematical optimization to support planning decisions in an industrial context; and (iii) analyzing the impact of variation in information precision. LogiLab, an optimization software was used to find the optimal allocation of raw materials to an industrial network of five mills. The plan produced using optimization was compared to the plan generated by company personnel. The optimized plan generated a nearly 20% greater net profit than the current planning method. This difference was in part due to the more efficient allocation of raw materials to mills. It also highlighted numerous benefits, including a 50% reduction in the time required to produce plans. Furthermore, if attributed volume can be distributed among sawmills, it would be possible to save CAD 3.21/m3 using optimized plans, greatly exceeding initial costs related to system implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wood Harvesting, Timber Logistics and Road Planning)
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15 pages, 2716 KiB  
Article
Refined Assessment of Economic Loss from Pine Wilt Disease at the Subcompartment Scale
by Feng Liu, Hongjun Su, Tiantian Ding, Jixia Huang, Tong Liu, Ning Ding and Guofei Fang
Forests 2023, 14(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010139 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1883
Abstract
Pine wilt disease is a major plant epidemic that has significantly impaired the ecological safety of pine wood, the national economy, and peoples’ livelihood. It is challenging to accurately assess the loss from pine wilt disease through academic research or field work. Based [...] Read more.
Pine wilt disease is a major plant epidemic that has significantly impaired the ecological safety of pine wood, the national economy, and peoples’ livelihood. It is challenging to accurately assess the loss from pine wilt disease through academic research or field work. Based on the 342,000 subcompartments of epidemic data of pine wilt disease in China in 2020, this study builds a refined assessment indicator system and measurement model for economic loss from disasters at the subcompartment scale and assesses direct economic loss and ecological service value loss. The results show that through direct economic loss and ecological service value loss, China lost USD 7.40 billion in 2020, including a direct economic loss of USD 1.11 billion and ecological service value loss of USD 6.29 billion. Of the direct economic loss, the forest material resource loss and protection expense reached USD 0.17 billion and USD 0.94 billion, respectively; of the ecological system service losses, regulation service, supporting service, and cultural service losses reached USD 4.58 billion, USD 1.35 billion, and USD 0.36 billion. Spatial distribution analysis showed that the loss declined from southeast to northwest, with Shandong, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi suffering the greatest losses. Based on the subcompartment scale, this study employs a more refined assessment indicator system and measurement model to provide accurate real-world assessment results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Health)
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21 pages, 6388 KiB  
Article
Harmonious Degree of Sound Sources Influencing Visiting Experience in Kulangsu Scenic Area, China
by Xuan Guo, Jiang Liu, Zhu Chen and Xin-Chen Hong
Forests 2023, 14(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010138 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2666
Abstract
Soundscapes are important resources and contribute to high-quality visiting experiences in scenic areas. Based on a public investigation of 195 interviewees in the Kulangsu scenic area, this study aimed to explore the relationships between the harmonious degree of sound sources (SHD) and visiting [...] Read more.
Soundscapes are important resources and contribute to high-quality visiting experiences in scenic areas. Based on a public investigation of 195 interviewees in the Kulangsu scenic area, this study aimed to explore the relationships between the harmonious degree of sound sources (SHD) and visiting experience indicators, in terms of soundscape perception, as well as the satisfaction degree of visual landscape and comprehensive impression. The results suggested that the dominating positions of human sounds did not totally suppress the perception of natural sounds such as birdsong and sea waves in the scenic area. Natural sound sources also showed a higher harmonious degree than other artificial sounds. Significant relationships existed between the SHD of most sound sources and the visiting experience indicators. Natural sounds were closely related to pleasant and comfortable soundscape perception, while mechanical sound sources were mainly related to eventful and varied soundscapes. The close relationships between certain sound sources and the satisfaction degree of the visual landscape and comprehensive impression evaluation indicated the effectiveness of audio-visual and even multi-sensory approaches to enhance visiting experience. The structural equation model further revealed that (1) natural sound was the most influential sound source of soundscape and visual landscape perception; (2) human sounds and mechanical sounds all showed significant positive effects on soundscape perception; and (3) indirect relationships could exist in the SHD of sound sources with comprehensive impression evaluation. The results can facilitate targeted soundscape and landscape management and landsense creation with the aim of improving visiting experience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landsenses in Green Spaces)
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15 pages, 1860 KiB  
Article
Moderate Nitrogen Deposition Alleviates Drought Stress of Bretschneidera sinensis
by Xiao Wang, Gaoyin Wu, Deyan Li and Xiaohui Song
Forests 2023, 14(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010137 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1678
Abstract
Droughts are becoming more frequent and intense, and the nitrogen deposition rate is increasing worldwide due to human activities. Young seedlings of Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl. are susceptible to mortality under drought conditions because their root tips have few root hairs. We studied the [...] Read more.
Droughts are becoming more frequent and intense, and the nitrogen deposition rate is increasing worldwide due to human activities. Young seedlings of Bretschneidera sinensis Hemsl. are susceptible to mortality under drought conditions because their root tips have few root hairs. We studied the effect of nitrogen deposition on the physiological characteristics of two-year-old B. sinensis seedlings under drought stress. Seedlings were grown under no nitrogen deposition (control; N0), low nitrogen deposition (N30, 30 kg·hm−2 year−1), medium nitrogen deposition (N60, 60 kg·hm−2 year−1), and high nitrogen deposition (N90, 90 kg·hm−2 year−1), and were subjected to either the normal watering regime (NW) or drought stress (DW). Under DW, the relative conductivity (RC) of seedlings receiving N60 was not significantly different from that of N0 seedlings, and the RC of seedlings receiving N90 was significantly higher than that of N0 seedlings. Under 10 d DW, N60 treatment increased antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities and content of soluble protein, chlorophyll a and a + b, with POD activity and soluble protein significantly increasing by 18.89% and 34.66%, respectively. Under DW, the proline (PRO) content of seedlings treated with N90 increased. Our data suggested that moderate nitrogen deposition could alleviate drought stress by decreasing cell membrane permeability, reducing cell membrane peroxidation, increasing the content of osmoregulatory substances, and reducing the tendency for chlorophyll to decline, whereas high nitrogen deposition increased the sensitivity of B. sinensis seedlings to drought stress and aggravated the degree of stress, thereby affecting growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecophysiology of Forest Trees and Responses to Environmental Changes)
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24 pages, 2503 KiB  
Review
Unravelling the Role of Institutions in Market-Based Instruments: A Systematic Review on Forest Carbon Mechanisms
by Xinran Shen, Paola Gatto and Francesco Pagliacci
Forests 2023, 14(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010136 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2848
Abstract
Forest ecosystems provide various services that are crucial to human beings, in which carbon sequestration and storage is one of them with the most market potential and is usually governed by market-based instruments (MBIs). MBIs do not operate alone but in the hybrid [...] Read more.
Forest ecosystems provide various services that are crucial to human beings, in which carbon sequestration and storage is one of them with the most market potential and is usually governed by market-based instruments (MBIs). MBIs do not operate alone but in the hybrid governance arrangements. While the importance of public institutions has been identified, there is still a need to examine the specific role of public institutions in the market-oriented mechanism. Our work seeks answers to this question. This meta-study presents an up-to-date picture of MBIs targeted at forest carbon, in which 88 mechanisms are synthesized in a quantitative database. We analyze and discuss policy design features of these mechanisms and group them into nine types of MBIs. We find that many instruments coexist and/or interact with other instruments. In light of these results, we introduce the concept of policy mix and argue that the interplay among policy instruments can be complementary or interdependent. Using cluster analysis to identify underlying patterns, we reconfirm previous findings that there are distinct differences between public and private PES schemes, but also recognize a new cluster and label it as a ‘legally binding mechanism’. We discover that the role of public institutions is pronounced in the forest carbon mechanisms, and they can be the buyer, seller, regulator, coordinator, intermediary, and facilitator. Besides, public institutions tend to play an increasing role in the future climate policy arena. We believe that public institutions should stand out and create enabling conditions for private governance and finance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
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