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Atmosphere
Special Issues
Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation
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Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 June 2024 | Viewed by 5784

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nina Nikolova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Climatology, Hydrology and Geomorphology, Faculty of Geology and Geography, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: climate change; extreme weather and climate events; microclimatology
Dr. Martin Gera

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Astronomy, Physics of the Earth, and Meteorology, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia
Interests: dynamic adaptation of meteorological data; modeling of atmospheric processes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Atmospheric circulation is one of the main climate-forming factors that determine changes in the regime and territorial distribution of climatic elements. On the other hand, changes in air temperature affect baric centers in the atmosphere and lead to changes in atmospheric circulation characteristics. Knowledge of the role of atmospheric circulation in changes in air temperature and precipitation can contribute to a better determination of the extent of anthropogenic influence on climate change. Scientific research shows that due to climate change, extreme weather and climate phenomena such as high temperatures, heat waves, intense precipitation, and droughts are becoming more frequent and intense. At the regional and local level, the manifestation of extreme phenomena is influenced by the specific features of relief and atmospheric circulation, which determines the importance of regional studies of climate and climate-forming factors.

The aim of this Special Issue is to contribute to the clarification of causal relationships in the climate system and specifically of the relationships among air temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation at the global, regional, and local levels. Special attention will be given to the circulation mechanisms leading to the occurrence of extreme temperatures and precipitation.

The results from original research works and review papers analyzing the peculiarities of the spatial and temporal variabilities of air temperature and precipitation in relation to global, regional, and local circulation patterns will be published in the Special Issue.

Dr. Nina Nikolova
Dr. Martin Gera
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • temperature and precipitation variabilities
  • extreme high/low temperature
  • heavy rainfalls
  • drought
  • atmospheric teleconnection
  • large scale/regional/local circulation processes
  • cyclones/anticyclones

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 5702 KiB  
Article
Comparison of RegCM4.7.1 Simulation with the Station Observation Data of Georgia, 1985–2008
by Mariam Elizbarashvili, Avtandil Amiranashvili, Elizbar Elizbarashvili, George Mikuchadze, Tamar Khuntselia and Nino Chikhradze
Atmosphere 2024, 15(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030369 - 18 Mar 2024
Viewed by 808
Abstract
The global climate change, driven by natural processes and increasing human activities, is especially significant for Georgia. The region is experiencing increases in temperature, desertification, redistribution of precipitation, and a rise in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Georgia’s complex topography [...] Read more.
The global climate change, driven by natural processes and increasing human activities, is especially significant for Georgia. The region is experiencing increases in temperature, desertification, redistribution of precipitation, and a rise in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Georgia’s complex topography and its proximity to the Black and Caspian seas make it essential to employ high-resolution regional climate models to evaluate future climate change risks. In this study, we examine the results of a high-resolution simulation of mean and extreme precipitation and temperature using the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model version 4.7.1 for the period 1985–2008, providing an initial evaluation of the model’s performance for the territory of Georgia. The model domain (1524 km; 2388 km) encompasses the entirety of Georgia’s territory and surrounding regions. The simulation, conducted at a 12 km horizontal grid spacing using ERA5 data as boundary conditions, indicates that the least discrepancy between observed and modeled average annual temperatures and precipitation, falling within a −1 to 1 °C and −200 to 200 mm range, respectively, was observed at most stations of eastern Georgia. The largest disparities between the model and observed average annual precipitation totals were noted along the Black Sea coast, in the Kolkheti Lowland, and in some high mountain stations in western Georgia. The most significant differences in average annual temperatures between the model and observations were observed in Ambrolauri, Mt. Sabueti, and Dedoplistskaro. For Georgia territory, such a long run with such a high resolution using ERA5 as boundary conditions was conducted for the first time. Overall, the modeling results are quite satisfactory, providing a solid basis for the successful utilization of the regional climate model RegCM4.7.1 with the selected parameterization for modeling monthly mean and extreme temperatures and precipitation in Georgia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation)
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15 pages, 4634 KiB  
Article
Detecting Indonesian Monsoon Signals and Related Features Using Space–Time Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
by Adi Mulsandi, Yonny Koesmaryono, Rahmat Hidayat, Akhmad Faqih and Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan
Atmosphere 2024, 15(2), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15020187 - 31 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1011
Abstract
Several investigations have proven the existence of monsoons in Indonesia. However, this has received little attention due to the scientific argument that the region of 10° N–10° S is not monsoonal because it receives precipitation all year round. This study used space–time SVD [...] Read more.
Several investigations have proven the existence of monsoons in Indonesia. However, this has received little attention due to the scientific argument that the region of 10° N–10° S is not monsoonal because it receives precipitation all year round. This study used space–time SVD analysis of atmospheric and oceanic field data for 30 years (1990–2020) to detect monsoon signals and related features. The single-field SVD analysis of rainfall revealed that the first mode accounts for only 33% of the total variance, suggesting it is highly variable. Both the PC space and time series show the well-known monsoon pattern. Further, the Indonesian monsoon regimes and phases are defined based on the revealed rainfall features. The wet season lasts from November to April, accounting for more than 77% of annual precipitation. The coupled-field SVD analyses show that Indonesian monsoon rainfall strongly correlates with local SST (PC1 accounts for 70.4%), and the pattern is associated with the Asian winter monsoon. The heterogonous vector correlation map analysis revealed that the related features during the monsoon, including the strengthening and weakening of subtropical anticyclones, the intertwining of westerly wind in the Indian Ocean, and variations in the north–south dipole structure of the ocean temperature, are linked to variations in Indonesia’s monsoon rainfall. This result can serve as the dynamic basis for defining the Indonesian monsoon index in the context of the center of action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation)
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14 pages, 4600 KiB  
Article
Differences of East Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Responses between Transient and Stabilization Simulations
by Jiawei Liu, Haiming Xu, Jiechun Deng, Jing Ma and Leying Zhang
Atmosphere 2023, 14(12), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121763 - 29 Nov 2023
Viewed by 657
Abstract
The differences between the two global warming targets of the Paris Agreement, 1.5 °C and 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, have drawn much attention from the scientific community. However, there is a remaining gap to distinguish regional climate responses in these two most [...] Read more.
The differences between the two global warming targets of the Paris Agreement, 1.5 °C and 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, have drawn much attention from the scientific community. However, there is a remaining gap to distinguish regional climate responses in these two most typical pathways, i.e., transient and stabilization simulations, toward specific warming levels. In this study, we discern the East Asia summer monsoon (EASM) responses between these two types of simulations at low-warming targets, based on the fully coupled community Earth system model (CESM). The two types of responses display a similar increase pattern in the EASM precipitation. However, the quantitative differences between these two types of responses are as large as those between the 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming scenarios. The moist budget analysis reveals that the EASM precipitation differences are mainly caused by the thermodynamic, dynamic, and transient eddy effects. Specifically, the thermodynamic effect contributes to the precipitation increment in the coastal area of East Asia in both types of responses, with the enhanced low-level specific humidity. The dynamic contribution shows tripolar and bipolar patterns in East Asia in the transient and stabilization responses, respectively. Remarkably, the transient eddy effect contribution emerges only in the stabilization responses. Further, we reveal the dominant role of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) in determining the contributions from dynamic and transient eddy effects. The changes in the EASJ’s position and intensity are greatly regulated by the temperature change patterns at the mid-high levels in response to different greenhouse gas emission pathways. Our study highlights the differences between transient and stabilization climate states on a regional scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation)
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14 pages, 5537 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Typhoon Precipitation Forecasts Based on Topographic Factors
by Xu-Zhe Chen, Yu-Long Ma, Chun-Qiao Lin and Ling-Li Fan
Atmosphere 2023, 14(11), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111607 - 26 Oct 2023
Viewed by 786
Abstract
For this paper, a new global atmospheric model (Global-to-Regional Integrated forecast SysTem; GRIST) with improved sub-grid scale orographic parameterization was verified and assessed, with an emphasis on the precipitation caused by typhoons. Four typical typhoon cases were selected for the verification of the [...] Read more.
For this paper, a new global atmospheric model (Global-to-Regional Integrated forecast SysTem; GRIST) with improved sub-grid scale orographic parameterization was verified and assessed, with an emphasis on the precipitation caused by typhoons. Four typical typhoon cases were selected for the verification of the model. The results indicate that, compared to the control experiments, the sensitivity experiments consistently simulated the trends in the three-hour cumulative precipitation changes and the high-value regions of total precipitation better. However, the improved experiments only had an ameliorating effect on the cumulative precipitation modelling biases for Typhoon LEKIMA and Typhoon HAGUPIT, not all of them. Precipitation bias is smaller on flat land than that on mountainous land, but the precipitation bias on windward/leeward slopes depends on the typhoon case. Precipitation modelling accuracy varies considerably between flat and mountainous terrain but very little between windward and leeward slopes. The precipitation simulation is poor for all terrains, with large precipitation thresholds in three typhoon cases, but for Typhoon HOTA, after improving the terrain, the model has the ability to forecast the heavy rainfall scenarios of the mountainous terrain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation)
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15 pages, 1444 KiB  
Article
Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index Approach for Drought Assessment in Slovakia—Statistical Evaluation of Different Calculations
by Jaroslava Slavková, Martin Gera, Nina Nikolova and Cyril Siman
Atmosphere 2023, 14(9), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091464 - 21 Sep 2023
Viewed by 836
Abstract
In the conditions of rising air temperature and changing precipitation regimes in Central Europe and Slovakia over the last two decades, it is necessary to analyse drought, develop high-quality tools for drought detection, and understand its reactions to the emerging drought situation. One [...] Read more.
In the conditions of rising air temperature and changing precipitation regimes in Central Europe and Slovakia over the last two decades, it is necessary to analyse drought, develop high-quality tools for drought detection, and understand its reactions to the emerging drought situation. One of the frequently used meteorological drought indices is the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Several parameters can be modified in different steps of the calculation process of SPEI. In the article, we analyse the influence of selected adjustable parameters on the index results. Our research has shown that the choice of a statistical distribution (Log-logistic, Pearson III, or Generalized Extreme Value) for fitting water balance can affect the feasibility of calculating distribution parameters (and thus the index) from the provided input data, as well as lead to either underestimation or overestimation of the index. The normality test of SPEI can be used as a tool for the detection and elimination of highly skewed indices and cases when the indices were not well determined by the distribution function. This study demonstrated improved results when using the GEV distribution, despite the common use of the Log-logistic distribution. With the Pearson III distribution, unusually high or low SPEI values (|SPEI| > 6) were detected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation)
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22 pages, 5716 KiB  
Article
Spatial–Temporal Variations in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes during 1960–2019 in Guizhou Province, China
by Xu Xue, Shuangshuang Hou and Chuncan Meng
Atmosphere 2023, 14(7), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071162 - 18 Jul 2023
Viewed by 898
Abstract
Under the background of global warming, climate extremes have become a crucial issue with distinct heterogeneity features in different regions. Hence, spatial–temporal changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in Guizhou Province were investigated utilizing daily maximums and minimums of temperature and daily precipitation [...] Read more.
Under the background of global warming, climate extremes have become a crucial issue with distinct heterogeneity features in different regions. Hence, spatial–temporal changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in Guizhou Province were investigated utilizing daily maximums and minimums of temperature and daily precipitation data during 1960–2019 based on trend analysis. It was concluded that, firstly, all warm extremes but warm spell duration indicator (WSDI) are significantly enhanced, whereas for cold extremes, the monthly minimum value of daily minimum temperature (TNn) is significantly enhanced, while cool nights (TN10P), frost days (FD0), ice days (ID0), and cold spell duration indicator (CSDI) are significantly decreased. And all precipitation extremes but consecutive wet days (CWD) have no significant variational trend in Guizhou Province. Secondly, variational trends of temperature extremes are more prominent and robust in western Guizhou Province. Temperature and precipitation extremes show large differences from spring to winter. Thirdly, temperature extremes are closely correlated with strength, area, and the westernmost ridge point index of western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), whereas precipitation extremes show no distinct correlation with WPSH. The WPSH has significantly strengthened and shifted westward in the past 60 years, leading to less total cloud cover and more downward solar wave flux reaching Earth’s surface, accordingly, exacerbating warm extremes and weakening cold extremes. These results will benefit understanding the heterogeneity of climate extremes at a regional scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation)
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