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Catalysts
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Catalysis and Carbon-Based Materials, 2nd Edition
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Catalysis and Carbon-Based Materials, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Catalytic Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 3962

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jose Luis Diaz de Tuesta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
2. Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
Interests: carbon-based materials; nanostructured materials; magnetic composites; carbon electrodes; geopolymers; advanced oxidation processes; electro-Fenton; wastewater treatment; municipal solid wastes treatment and management; reactor modelling and design (kinetic modeling)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Helder T. Gomes

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
Interests: heterogeneous catalysis; magnetic nanocatalysts; carbon-based materials; design, preparation, and characterization of catalysts; advanced oxidation processes; environmental catalysis; catalytic wet peroxide oxidation; valorization of sub-products; chemical engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Carbon catalysts and materials, the focus of the present Special Issue, are very important in many fields of science, engineering and technology, which is why papers reporting on “carbon materials” are published in journals in a wide range of specialties. Even when targeting a specific subject (e.g., the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials or activated carbon applications), a large number of scientific papers are published. This is mainly due to the existence of several carbon sources, production methods and widespread applications of carbon materials, as a result of the ability of carbon atoms to bond with each other in various ways to form linear, planar and tetrahedral bonding arrangements, thus producing carbon materials with a large range of properties and applications. In addition, their physicochemical characteristics, such as electrical and thermal conductivity, surface area and porosity, surface chemistry and mechanical properties, may be tuned for specific applications by several methods, such as doping, functionalization and graphitization, among others.

Carbon materials such as activated carbons, carbon blacks and graphitic materials, have been used for decades in adsorption and heterogeneous catalysis, either as catalyst supports or as catalysts themselves. Activated carbons are some of the most known and used materials, due to their high-surface-area which makes them exceptional adsorbents for several applications, such as drinking water, wastewater and gas purification. Their predominant applications include adsorption, filling (in rubber production) or use as refractory materials. However, their application in the catalyst market has gained increasing attention specially of its use as catalyst support. An example can be found in hydrogenation reactions, where those carbon materials are used to support precious metals due to their high thermal stability in reducing atmospheres and their ability to facilitate the preparation of well-dispersed metal particles on surfaces that do not exhibit acid–base properties. The recovery and recycling of metals, particularly of noble metals, is simplified with carbons, as these supports can be burned off. In addition, novel carbon nanomaterials and carbon composites are synthesized day by day or find applications in new scientific fields.

This Special Issue is the second edition of the successful Special Issue with the same title, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts/special_issues/Catalysis_Carbon_Materials. The purpose is to provide readers with the latest research progress and state-of-the-art technologies developed in the manufacture, properties and applications of carbon materials in catalysis.

Dr. Jose Luis Diaz de Tuesta
Prof. Dr. Helder T. Gomes
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Catalysts is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • char
  • activated carbon
  • carbon materials
  • nanostructured carbons
  • carbon composites
  • carbon catalysts
  • carbonaceous supports
  • activation methods
  • carbonization
  • graphitization
  • superporous materials
  • doped carbons
  • functionalized carbons
  • carbon surface chemistry
  • carbon molecular sieves
  • ordered mesoporous carbons
  • carbon-coated materials
  • carbon electrodes

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 11692 KiB  
Article
Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition Comparisons: Carbon Catalyst Structure, Hydrocarbon Feed and Regeneration
by Mpila Makiesse Nkiawete and Randy Vander Wal
Catalysts 2023, 13(10), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13101382 - 20 Oct 2023
Viewed by 994
Abstract
Thermo-catalytic decomposition (TCD) activity and stability depend upon the initial carbon catalyst structure. However, further transitions in the carbon structure depend on the carbon material (structure and composition) originating from the TCD process. In this article, reaction data are presented that illustrates the [...] Read more.
Thermo-catalytic decomposition (TCD) activity and stability depend upon the initial carbon catalyst structure. However, further transitions in the carbon structure depend on the carbon material (structure and composition) originating from the TCD process. In this article, reaction data are presented that illustrates the time-dependent TCD activity as TCD-formed carbon contributes and then dominates conversion. A variety of initial carbon catalysts are compared, including sugar char, a conductive carbon black (AkzoNobel Ketjenblack), a rubber-grade carbon black (Cabot R250), and its graphitized analogue as formed and partially oxidized. Regeneration of carbon catalysts by partial oxidation is evaluated using nascent carbon black as a model, coupled with subsequent comparative TCD performance relative to the nascent, non-oxidized carbon black. Activation energies for TCD with nascent and oxidized carbons are evaluated by a leading-edge analysis method applied to TCD. Given the correlation between nanostructure and active sites, two additional carbons, engine soots, are evaluated for regeneration and dependence upon nanostructure. Active sites are quantified by oxygen chemisorption, followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The structure of carbon catalysts is assessed pre- and post-TCD by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Last, energy dispersive X-ray analysis mapping (EDS) is carried out for its potential to visualize oxygen chemisorption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis and Carbon-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)
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27 pages, 4941 KiB  
Article
Towards Photothermal Acid Catalysts Using Eco-Sustainable Sulfonated Carbon Nanoparticles—Part I: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity towards Fischer Esterification
by María Paula Militello, María Victoria Martínez, Luciano Tamborini, Diego F. Acevedo and Cesar A. Barbero
Catalysts 2023, 13(10), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13101341 - 04 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 785
Abstract
The development of photothermal catalysts for biodiesel synthesis reaction (transesterification) requires the production of light-absorbing nanoparticles functionalized with catalytic (acid) groups. Using Stöber method, it is possible to produce resorcinol/formaldehyde resin (RF) nanoparticles, which can be carbonized (pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere) and [...] Read more.
The development of photothermal catalysts for biodiesel synthesis reaction (transesterification) requires the production of light-absorbing nanoparticles functionalized with catalytic (acid) groups. Using Stöber method, it is possible to produce resorcinol/formaldehyde resin (RF) nanoparticles, which can be carbonized (pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere) and sulfonated. In this work, vegetable tannins are used as a replacement for synthetic resorcinol in the Stöber synthesis of resin (TF) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are characterized using DLS, FESEM, TEM and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. Both resin and carbon nanoparticles are sulfonated by reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid. The attachment of sulfonic groups is verified by FTIR and EDX. The number of sulfonic groups is measured by acid/base titration and TGA. All sulfonated nanoparticles show catalytic activities towards Fischer esterification of ethanoic acid with ethanol, and high (up to 70%) conversion is obtained. The conversion is lower with TF-based nanoparticles, but the turnover numbers are similar in the RF- and TF-based materials. Sulfonated carbon and resin nanoparticles show higher catalytic activity compared to commercial acidic catalysts (e.g., Nafion®). Photothermal heating of carbon nanoparticles is observed. In Part II, sunflower oil transesterification, catalyzed by sulfonated nanoparticles, is observed. Photothermal catalysis of acetic acid esterification and sunflower oil transesterification is demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis and Carbon-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 8351 KiB  
Article
Sterical Self-Consistency of Carbonaceous Nanopolyhedra Triggered by Introduced CNTs to Optimize ORR Performance
by Yuanhui Zuo, Yanlong Tang, Huancong Shi, Shijian Lu and Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul
Catalysts 2023, 13(9), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13091307 - 19 Sep 2023
Viewed by 777
Abstract
The electrocatalyst of oxygen reduction reactions is one of the basic components of a fuel cell. In addition to costly Pt/C benchmark catalysts, cost-effective carbon-based catalysts have received the most attention. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to trade off the catalyst performance against [...] Read more.
The electrocatalyst of oxygen reduction reactions is one of the basic components of a fuel cell. In addition to costly Pt/C benchmark catalysts, cost-effective carbon-based catalysts have received the most attention. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to trade off the catalyst performance against the economic benefit. Optimizing composition and/or structure is a universal strategy for improving performance, but it is typically limited by tedious synthesis steps. Herein, we have found that directly introducing CNT into MOF-derived carbonaceous nanopolyhedra, i.e., introduced carbon nanotubes (CNTs) penetrated porous nitrogen-doped carbon polyhedra (NCP) dotted with cobalt nanoparticles (denoted as CNTs-Co@NCP), can optimize the catalytic activity, stability, and methanol tolerance. The hierarchical architecture combines the 0D/1D/3D Co/CNT/NCP interfaces and 1D/3D CNT/NCP junctions with the frameworks with a greatly exposed active surface, strengthened mass transport kinetics, stereoscopic electrical conductivity networks and structural robustness. The sterical self-consistency of MOF-self-assembly triggered by introduced CNTs demonstrates tactful ORR electrocatalytic activity regulation. Eventually, the CNTs-Co@NCP showed a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.86 V and a diffusion-limited current density (JL) of 5.94 mA/cm2 in alkaline electrolyte. The CNTs-Co@NCP was integrated into the cathode of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with an anion-exchange membrane, and an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.93 V and a high power density of 46.6 mW cm−2 were achieved. This work successfully developed a catalyst with competitive ORR performance through plain parameter fine-tuning without complex material design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis and Carbon-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 2127 KiB  
Article
Carbon Nanomaterials from Polyolefin Waste: Effective Catalysts for Quinoline Degradation through Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation
by Fernanda F. Roman, Larissa De Grande Piccinin, Adriano Santos Silva, Jose L. Diaz de Tuesta, Isabella V. K. Freitas, Admilson Vieira, Giane Gonçalves Lenzi, Adrián Manuel Tavares Silva, Joaquim Luís Faria and Helder Teixeira Gomes
Catalysts 2023, 13(9), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13091259 - 30 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1005
Abstract
Quinoline (QN) is highly toxic and carcinogenic and has been detected in soil, groundwater, and biological tissues. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have shown promise to address its degradation in wastewater treatment, with catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) being highlighted due to its cost-effectiveness [...] Read more.
Quinoline (QN) is highly toxic and carcinogenic and has been detected in soil, groundwater, and biological tissues. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have shown promise to address its degradation in wastewater treatment, with catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) being highlighted due to its cost-effectiveness and mild operation. However, developing active and inexpensive catalysts is crucial for CWPO’s effectiveness. Another pressing issue is the accumulation of mixed, dirty plastic solid waste (PSW), particularly polyolefins used in packaging. Although recycling rates have increased, much plastic packaging remains in landfills. However, polyolefins can be converted into carbon-based nanostructured materials (CNMs), such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using PSW as a carbon precursor. While many studies focus on CNT preparation, their application is often overlooked. In this context, this work proposes the preparation of CNMs, particularly CNTs, through CVD using a single-stage pyrolysis reactor. Polyolefins (LDPE, HDPE, and PP), both individually and in a mixture simulating PSW, were used as carbon sources. Given a sufficiently high temperature, the desired CNT architecture was successfully synthesized regardless of the starting polymer. These CNMs were then tested as catalysts for CWPO in simulated wastewater containing QN. The results showed a rapid degradation of QN (30–120 min) and high removals of total organic carbon (TOC) and aromatic compounds (75% and >90%, respectively), demonstrating the applicability of PSW-derived CNTs in the CWPO process for QN abatement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis and Carbon-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)
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